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Đokić M, Nekić T, Varenina I, Varga I, Solomun Kolanović B, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Vratarić D, Bilandžić N. Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Milk and Dairy Products in Croatia: A Health Risk Assessment. Foods 2024; 13:1155. [PMID: 38672828 PMCID: PMC11049040 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate contamination levels and the frequency of detection of organochlorine (OCPs) and organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), pyrethroids, carbamates and polychlorinated biphenyls (seven PCB congeners) in a total of 534 samples of cow's, sheep's and goat's milk and dairy products from Croatia. Concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ) were measured for fourteen OCPs, nine OPPs, six pyrethroids, one carbamate and PCBs with a total of 172 results, and no concentrations exceeded the maximal residue levels defined by the European Union. The mean concentrations of pesticides and the sum of seven PCBs were determined in the ranges 0.92-17.4 μg/kg and 1.38-2.74 μg/kg. Pesticides were quantified in 27% of samples, and seven PCBs were quantified in 5.23% of samples. Among the three pesticide groups, the highest numbers of quantified results were found for OCPs (12.1-20.8%). The highest frequencies of detection were found for the sum of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its isomers (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene and seven PCBs. The sum of seven PCBs was quantified within the range of 3.3-6.67% of samples per milk type and dairy products. Among the OPPs, the highest frequency of detection was found for chlorpyrifos in cow's milk. Based on the estimated daily intakes, chronic risk characterisation showed no risk for adults or ten-year-old children for the consumption of cow's milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Đokić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Tamara Nekić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Marija Sedak
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Bruno Čalopek
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Darija Vratarić
- Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Croatia, Planinska 2a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
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Đokić M, Nekić T, Varenina I, Varga I, Solomun Kolanović B, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Kmetič I, Murati T, Vratarić D, Bilandžić N. Distribution of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food of Animal Origin in Croatia. Foods 2024; 13:528. [PMID: 38397505 PMCID: PMC10887917 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants. When entering the food chain, they can represent a public health problem due to their negative effects on health. In this study, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), pyrethroids, carbamates, and PCBs-a total 73 compounds-were determined in a total of 2268 samples of fat tissues (beef, pork, sheep, goat, poultry, game, horse, rabbit) and processed fat, meat, and processed meat products collected in Croatia during an 8-year period. In fatty tissues, 787 results exceeded the limits of quantification (LOQ): 16 OCPs, eight OPPs, six pyrethroids, one carbamate, and seven PCBs. The most positive results in fat samples were found for OCPs, with a frequency of quantification in the range of 57.5-87.5%. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were quantified in the highest percentages, in the ranges of 5.5-66.7% and 5.4-55.8%. Concentrations above the MRL values were determined for chlorpyrifos in pork fat and for resmethrin in six fat samples and one pâté. In 984 samples of meat and meat products, only 62 results exceeded the LOQ values. The highest frequency of quantification was determined for OCPs (25 samples), of which 40% were DDT isomers (60% DDE). Frequency quantifications of PCBs in fat samples were between 7.23 and 36.7%. An evaluation of the health risk assessment showed that the consumption of fat, meat, and meat products does not pose a threat to consumer health, since all EDI values were well below the respective toxicological reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Đokić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Tamara Nekić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Marija Sedak
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Bruno Čalopek
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Ivana Kmetič
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Teuta Murati
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Darija Vratarić
- Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Croatia, Planinska 2a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
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Ohoro CR, Wepener V. Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22142. [PMID: 38045185 PMCID: PMC10692828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely used in agriculture and industry, causing serious health and ecological consequences upon exposure. This review offers a thorough overview of OCPs analysis emphasizing the necessity of ongoing work to enhance the identification and monitoring of these POPs in environmental and human samples. The benefits and drawbacks of the various OCPs analysis techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are discussed. Challenges associated with validation and optimization criteria, including accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), must be met for a method to be regarded as accurate and reliable. Suitable quality control measures, such as method blanks and procedural blanks, are emphasized. The LOD and LOQ are critical quality control measure for efficient quantification of these compounds, and researchers have explored various techniques for their calculation. Matrix interference, solubility, volatility, and partition coefficient influence OCPs occurrences and are discussed in this review. Validation experiments, as stated by European Commission in document SANTE/11813/2017, showed that the acceptance criteria for method validation of OCP analytes include ≤20 % for high precision, and 70-120 % for recovery. This may ultimately be vital for determining the human health risk effects of exposure to OCP and for formulating sensible environmental and public health regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Gong Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhao X, Chang H, Huang J, Yu Z, Zhang H, Liu H. Ambient particulate matter, maternal thyroid function, and birth weight: A mediation analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115420. [PMID: 37660528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth weight (BW) is an indicator of fetal growth and development. Previous studies showed inconsistent results on the association of ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure with BW, and the role of maternal thyroid function has not been clarified. METHODS We recruited 1711 gravidas between 2017 and 2019 in Henan, China. All participants were followed up until delivery. Daily concentrations of PM, including PM2.5 and PM10, were evaluated by using the spatial-temporal model. Maternal thyroid hormone (TH) levels were quantified by electrochemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Linear regression models were employed to examine the association among PM, BW, and maternal TH. Mediating effects of maternal TH interrelated with PM exposure on BW were investigated by causal mediation analyses. RESULTS A total of 1049 gravidas were identified. We found that per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 were associated with a decreased BW of 9.941 g, and 7.758 g (PM2.5: 95 %CI: -18.184, -1.698; PM10: 95 %CI: -14.436, -1.080). An inverse correlation of maternal FT4 levels with BW was found, with the pooled β of -319.983 g (95 %CI: -483.216, -156.750). We found a prominent positive correlation between gestational FT4 and PM exposure (PM2.5: β = 0.004, 95 %CI: 0.001, 0.007; PM10: β = 0.003, 95 %CI: 0.000, 0.006). Mediation analysis found that FT4 levels mediated the relationship between maternal PM exposure and BW, ranging from 5.55 % to 15.86 %. CONCLUSIONS Maternal PM exposure may induce a reduction in newborn BW by affecting the maternal TH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Gong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueshu Zhao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Chang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Li A, Yang M, Mei Y, Zhou Q, Zhao J, Li Y, Li K, Zhao M, Xu J, Xu Q. Quantitative analysis of the minimum days of dietary survey to estimate dietary pesticide exposure: Implications for dietary pesticide sampling strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121630. [PMID: 37062403 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Populations are exposed to pesticides through diet on a daily basis. However, there is no research guiding how to evaluate dietary pesticide exposure, and researchers used 1-day, 3-days, 7-days or even longer dietary survey to evaluate without any consensus. It is important for dietary pesticide evaluation to identify the minimum survey days. To increase knowledge of this, a data combination was applied between a two-wave consecutive repeated-measures study in Baoding City and the Fifth China Total Diet Study. Further policy consistency on pesticides were evaluated to explain its credibility. We computed the sensitivity and specificity to evaluate how well different days of dietary survey classify participants with high exposure, and calculated the minimum days required to estimate the participant-specific mean at different acceptable error range. With 1 day of dietary survey, the classification sensitivity was low (<0.6) for total HCH, endosulfan, chlordane, cyhalothrin, allethrin, and prallethrin; that for the other pesticides was high sensitivity (≥0.6). Sensitivity increased as the number of days increased, and the maximum marginal sensitivity increase (≥0.039) occurred from 1 to 2 days for all pesticides except phenothrin, whose maximum marginal sensitivity increase (0.042) occurred from 2 to 3 days. The specificity increased gradually from 0.8 to 0.9 from 1 to 7 days. Under the acceptable error range of 0.5%, 3-28 days were required for participant-specific mean estimation and 1-7 days were required when acceptable error range was shrunk in 1%. Only 1 day was enough if 5% error range was acceptable. In conclusion, 3 days in the study period was cost-effective to distinguish high exposure group, and it rose to 7 when estimating participant-specific mean from a conservative perspective. This study can serve as a reference to determine the minimum survey days for epidemiological studies employing dietary surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yayuan Mei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Meiduo Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Qun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Wei Y, Wang L, Liu J. The diabetogenic effects of pesticides: Evidence based on epidemiological and toxicological studies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121927. [PMID: 37268216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While the use of pesticides has improved grain productivity and controlled vector-borne diseases, the widespread use of pesticides has resulted in ubiquitous environmental residues that pose health risks to humans. A number of studies have linked pesticide exposure to diabetes and glucose dyshomeostasis. This article reviews the occurrence of pesticides in the environment and human exposure, the associations between pesticide exposures and diabetes based on epidemiological investigations, as well as the diabetogenic effects of pesticides based on the data from in vivo and in vitro studies. The potential mechanisms by which pesticides disrupt glucose homeostasis include induction of lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, acetylcholine accumulation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The gaps between laboratory toxicology research and epidemiological studies lead to an urgent research need on the diabetogenic effects of herbicides and current-use insecticides, low-dose pesticide exposure research, the diabetogenic effects of pesticides in children, and assessment of toxicity and risks of combined exposure to multiple pesticides with other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yile Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linping Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Lv YZ, Luo XJ, Li QQ, Yang Y, Zeng YH, Mai BX. A new insight into the emission source of DDT in indoor environment from rural area of South China and comprehensive human health exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:35189-35199. [PMID: 36527556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and the subsequent risk to human health remain an important concern due to the "new" input of DDTs in the environment, especially since exposure to DDTs in indoor microenvironments is often ignored. In this study, we identified a new source of DDT emission in indoor environments and evaluated the health risk from the exposure to DDTs by investigating DDTs in indoor and outdoor dust, air, and coatings of household items in rural areas of Qingyuan, South China. The concentrations of DDTs in house dust and air were < MQL (method quantification limit)-3450 ng/g (median 42.4 ng/g) and 22.7-965 pg/m3 (median 49.5 pg/m3), respectively, which were significantly higher than the outdoor DDT values. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) was the main isomer in air samples, while DDT was the dominant isomer in indoor dust. Significant correlations between different DDT isomers were observed in indoor samples but not in outdoor samples. Furniture coating was identified as a source of DDTs in the indoor dust. The total daily exposure dose of DDTs (1.75 × 10-2 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1.28 × 10-1 ng/kg bw/day for toddlers) through inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal contact was found unlikely to pose a health risk. Our findings provide new insights into the emission sources and health risks caused by DDT indoors, highlighting the need to further investigate the toxicity mechanisms of parent DDT compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Zhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Qi-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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8
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Wang N, Cui Z, Wang Y, Zhang J. Characteristics and Residual Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Fresh Vegetables in the Suburb of Changchun, Northeast China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12547. [PMID: 36231851 PMCID: PMC9566688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, eleven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in fresh vegetables in the Changchun suburb were investigated, and their potential health risks were evaluated. The average concentrations of OCPs in edible parts of vegetables were found in the following descending order: Σhexachlorocyclohexanes (ΣHCHs) (6.60 µg·kg-1) > Σdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (ΣDDTs) (5.82 µg·kg-1) > ΣChlordanes (2.37 µg·kg-1) > heptachlor (0.29 µg·kg-1). Moreover, OCPs in different types of vegetables exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the exceeding rates in various vegetables decreased in the following order: leafy vegetables (19.12%) > root vegetables (18.75%) > fruit vegetables (3.85%). The proportions of OCPs exceeding MRL in different vegetables were found in the following descending order: Welsh onion (22.50%) > radish (18.75%) > Chinese cabbage (14.29%) > pepper (6.90%) > cucumber (3.23%) > eggplant (2.94%) > tomato (2.78%). The sources' identification results showed that DDTs in vegetables came mainly from newly imported technical DDTs and dicofol, while HCHs originated mainly from lindane. For both adults and children, the average target hazard quotients (avg. THQ) were all less than 1, and the average hazard index (avg. HI) values were 0.043 and 0.036, respectively. There were no significant health risks associated with OCP exposure for the inhabitants of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Zhengwu Cui
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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