1
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Naveed M, Naveed R, Aziz T, Azeem A, Afzal M, Waseem M, Alharbi M, Alshammari A, Alasmari AF, Albekairi TH. Biodegradation of PVCs through in-vitro identification of Bacillus albus and computational pathway analysis of ABH enzyme. Biodegradation 2024; 35:451-468. [PMID: 38289541 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics pose significant challenges to ecosystems and organisms. They can be ingested by marine and terrestrial species, leading to potential health risks and ecological disruptions. This study aims to address the urgent need for effective remediation strategies by focusing on the biodegradation of microplastics, specifically polyvinyl chloride (PVC) derivatives, using the bacterial strain Bacillus albus. The study provides a comprehensive background on the accumulation of noxious substances in the environment and the importance of harnessing biodegradation as an eco-friendly method for pollutant elimination. The specific objective is to investigate the enzymatic capabilities of Bacillus albus, particularly the alpha/beta hydrolases (ABH), in degrading microplastics. To achieve this, in-silico studies were conducted, including analysis of the ABH protein sequence and its interaction with potential inhibitors targeting PVC derivatives. Docking scores of - 7.2 kcal/mol were obtained to evaluate the efficacy of the interactions. The study demonstrates the promising bioremediation prospects of Bacillus albus for microplastics, highlighting its potential as a key player in addressing microplastic pollution. The findings underscore the urgent need for further experimental validation and practical implementation of Bacillus albus in environmental remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Rida Naveed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece.
| | - Arooj Azeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mahrukh Afzal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Li X, Pu Q, Xu Y, Yang H, Wu Y, Wang W, Li Y. The masking phenomenon of microplastics additives on oxidative stress responses in freshwater food chains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172156. [PMID: 38588742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The variability and intrinsic mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by microplastics at different trophic levels in freshwater food chains are not well understood. To comprehensively assess the oxidative stress induced by polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) in freshwater food chains, the present study first quantified the oxidative stress induced by PS-MPs in organisms at different trophic levels using factorial experimental design and molecular dynamics methods. Then focuses on analyzing the variability of these responses across different trophic levels using mathematical statistical analysis. Notably, higher trophic level organisms exhibit diminished responses under PS-MPs exposure. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple additives was found to mask these responses, with antioxidant plastic additives significantly influencing oxidative stress responses. Mechanism analysis using computational chemistry simulation determines that protein structure and amino acid characteristics are key factors driving PS-MPs induced oxidative stress variation in freshwater organisms at different nutrient levels. Increased hydrophobic additives induce protein helicalization and amino acid residue aggregation. This study systematically reveals the variability of biological oxidative stress response under different nutrient levels, emphasizing the pivotal role of chemical additives. Overall, this study offers crucial insights into PS-MPs' impact on oxidative stress responses in freshwater ecosystems, informing future environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qikun Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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3
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Li X, Chen X, Chen B, Zhang W, Zhu Z, Zhang B. Tire additives: Evaluation of joint toxicity, design of new derivatives and mechanism analysis of free radical oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133220. [PMID: 38101020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is one of the most widely used antioxidant agents in tire additives. Its ozonation by-product 6PPD-quinone has recently been recognized as inducing acute mortality in aquatic organisms such as coho salmon. In this study, we aimed to develop an in-silico method to design environmentally friendly 6PPD derivatives and evaluate the joint toxicity of 6PPD with other commonly used tire additives on coho salmon through full factorial design-molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. The toxicity mentioned in this study is represented by the binding energy of chemical(s) binding to the coho salmon growth hormone. The recommended formula for tire additives with relatively low toxicity was then proposed. To further reduce the toxicity of 6PPD, 129 6PPD derivatives were designed based on the N-H bond dissociation reaction, and three of these derivatives showed improved antioxidant activity and 6PPD-106 was finally screened as the optimum alternative with lower toxicity to coho salmon. Besides, the mechanism of free radical oxidation (i.e., antioxidation and ozonation metabolic pathway) for 6PPD-106 was also analyzed and found that after ozonation, the toxicity of 6PPD-106's by-products is much lower than that of 6PPD's by-products. This study provided a molecular modelling-based examination of 6PPD, which comprehensively advanced the understanding of 6PPD's environmental behaviors and provided more environmentally friendly 6PPD alternatives with desired functional property and lower ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
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4
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Jiao F, Rong H, Zhao Y, Wu P, Long Y, Xu J, Zhao T, Han L, Wang J, Yang H. Insights into spirotetramat-induced thyroid disruption during zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval development: An integrated approach with in vivo, in vitro, and in silico analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123242. [PMID: 38154778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat (SPT), a tetronic acid-derived insecticide, is implicated in reproductive and lipid metabolism disorders, as well as developmental toxicity in fish. While these effects are documented, the precise mechanisms underlying its developmental toxicity are not fully elucidated. In this study, zebrafish embryos (2 h post-fertilization, hpf) were exposed to four concentrations of SPT (0, 60, 120, and 240 μg/L) until 21 dpf (days post-fertilization). We delved into the mechanisms by examining its potential disruption of the thyroid endocrine system, employing in vivo, in vitro, and in silico assays. The findings showed notable developmental disturbances, including reduced hatching rates, shortened body lengths, and decelerated heart rates. Additionally, there was an increase in malformations and a decline in locomotor activity. Detailed analyses revealed that SPT exposure led to elevated thyroid hormone levels, perturbed the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis transcript levels, amplified deiodinase type I (Dio1) and deiodinase type II (Dio2) activities, and both transcriptionally and proteomically upregulated thyroid receptor beta (TRβ) in larvae. Techniques like molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed SPT's affinity for TRβ, consistent with in vitro findings suggesting its antagonistic effect on the T3-TR complex. These insights emphasize the need for caution in using tetronic acid-derived insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jiao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Hua Rong
- Xiangyang Polytechnic Xiangyang, 441050, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Panfeng Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Avenue, Xianning, 437100, PR China
| | - Yaohui Long
- Xiangyang Polytechnic Xiangyang, 441050, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Xiangyang Polytechnic Xiangyang, 441050, PR China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Xiangyang Polytechnic Xiangyang, 441050, PR China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Huirong Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
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5
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Okus F, Yuzbasioglu D, Unal F. Molecular docking study of frequently used food additives for selected targets depending on the chromosomal abnormalities they cause. Toxicology 2024; 502:153716. [PMID: 38159899 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Food additives (FAs) (flavor enhancers, sweeteners, etc.) protect foods during storage and transportation, making them attractive to consumers. Today, while the desire to access natural foods is increasing, the chemicals added to foods have started to be questioned. In this respect, genotoxicity tests have gained importance. Studies show that some food additives may have genotoxic risks. Previous studies carried out in our laboratory also revealed genotoxic effects of Monopotassium glutamate (MPG), Monosodium glutamate (MSG), Magnesium diglutamate (MDG) as flavor enhancers; Potassium benzoate (PB), Potassium sorbate (PS), Sodium benzoate (SB), Sodium sorbate (SS) as preservatives; Acesulfame potassium (ACE-K), Xylitol (XYL) as sweeteners. In this study, we determined the interactions of these food additives with ATM and p53 proteins, which are activated in the cell due to genotoxic effects, and with DNA by employing the molecular docking method for the first time. Among the food additives, SB (-4.307) for ATM, XYL (-4.629) for p53, and XYL (-4.927) for DNA showed the highest affinity. Therefore, flexible docking (IFD) scores were determined for SB, XYL, and MDG from flavor enhancers. The potential binding modes of the food additives to target molecules' possible inhibition mechanisms were determined by molecular docking. Thus, new information was obtained to show how these additives cause chromosomal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Okus
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Yuzbasioglu
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Fatma Unal
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Türkiye
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6
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Li JJ, Dai MJ, Xue JZ. Investigation on toxicity and mechanism to Daphnia magna for 14 disinfection by-products: Enzyme activity and molecular docking. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167059. [PMID: 37709078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) has been found to induce a range of toxic effects in aquatic organism. Previous studies have consistently demonstrated that a majority of DBPs have the ability to induce in vivo toxicity in aquatic organisms. However, the impact of DBPs on the metabolic processes of Daphnia magna (D. magna) and the underlying molecular toxicity mechanisms are still not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 14 DBPs on two oxidative stress enzymes and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in D. magna. Additionally, we employed molecular docking to simulate the toxicity of DBPs to D. magna at the molecular level. This comprehensive analysis allowed us to gain further insights into the toxicity of DBPs on D. magna. The results showed that among the aliphatic DBPs, the more bromine substituents, the lower the toxicity effect, and it's opposite in the aromatic DBPs. In the detection of oxidative stress level, catalase (CAT) enzyme and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme in D. magna under compound stress showed a low increase and decrease with the increase of concentration. The level of MDA showed a positive correlation with the concentration. In the last, molecular docking simulations have shown promise in predicting the toxicity of DBPs and providing insights into their toxic effects to a certain extent, and the docking situation of P53 is slightly different. Hence, it is imperative to further regulate the presence of aromatic DBPs due to their pronounced toxic effects on D. magna, and these simulations can be complemented with actual experiments to enhance our understanding of the toxicity mechanisms of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin J Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Min J Dai
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jun Z Xue
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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7
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de Araújo-Neto JB, Oliveira-Tintino CDDM, de Araújo GA, Alves DS, Ribeiro FR, Brancaglion GA, Carvalho DT, Lima CMG, Mohammed Ali HSH, Rather IA, Wani MY, Emran TB, Coutinho HDM, Balbino VDQ, Tintino SR. 3-Substituted Coumarins Inhibit NorA and MepA Efflux Pumps of Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1739. [PMID: 38136773 PMCID: PMC10741188 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are compounds with scientifically proven antibacterial properties, and modifications to the chemical structure are known to improve their effects. This information is even more relevant with the unbridled advances of antibiotic resistance, where Staphylococcus aureus and its efflux pumps play a prominent role. The study's objective was to evaluate the potential of synthetic coumarins with different substitutions in the C-3 position as possible inhibitors of the NorA and MepA efflux pumps of S. aureus. For this evaluation, the following steps took place: (i) the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); (ii) the association of coumarins with fluoroquinolones and ethidium bromide (EtBr); (iii) the assessment of the effect on EtBr fluorescence emission; (iv) molecular docking; and (v) an analysis of the effect on membrane permeability. Coumarins reduced the MICs of fluoroquinolones and EtBr between 50% and 87.5%. Coumarin C1 increased EtBr fluorescence emission between 20 and 40% by reinforcing the evidence of efflux inhibition. The molecular docking results demonstrated that coumarins have an affinity with efflux pumps and establish mainly hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, C1 did not change the permeability of the membrane. Therefore, we conclude that these 3-substituted coumarins act as inhibitors of the NorA and MepA efflux pumps of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José B. de Araújo-Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-570, PE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (V.d.Q.B.)
| | - Cícera D. de M. Oliveira-Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Gildênia A. de Araújo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Daniel S. Alves
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Fernanda R. Ribeiro
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil; (F.R.R.); (G.A.B.); (D.T.C.)
| | - Guilherme A. Brancaglion
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil; (F.R.R.); (G.A.B.); (D.T.C.)
| | - Diogo T. Carvalho
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil; (F.R.R.); (G.A.B.); (D.T.C.)
| | | | - Hani S. H. Mohammed Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.H.M.A.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.H.M.A.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Mohmmad Y. Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Talha B. Emran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Valdir de Q. Balbino
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-570, PE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (V.d.Q.B.)
| | - Saulo R. Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
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8
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Li X, Li R, Niu Y, Du M, Yang H, Liu D. Mitigating abortion risk of synthetic musk-contained body wash in pregnant women: Risk assessment and mechanism analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122672. [PMID: 37797926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs), the widely used odor component in personal care products have attracted attention due to their environmental impacts, especially the abortion risks. Given that women comprise a significant consumer demographic for personal care products, it is imperative to promptly initiate research on avoidance strategies for pregnant women concerning their exposure to synthetic chemicals (SMs). This study tried to establish novel theoretical approaches to eliminate the abortion risks of SM-contained body wash by designing the SM-contained proportioning scheme and analyzing the abortion risk mechanisms. The binding energy of SMs to estrogen-progesterone protein complex was used as an indicator of the abortion risk. A total of 324 SM-contained body wash proportioning schemes were designed using full factorial design and No. 218 was found as the most effective formula for body wash proportioning with the binding energy value of 68.6 kJ/mol. Results showed the abortion risk could be effectively alleviated (reduced 0.6%-163.4%) by regulating the proportioning scheme of SM-contained body wash. In addition, the mechanism analysis of SM-contained proportioning scheme proportioning scheme found that xanthan gum and disodium EDTA played essential roles in reducing the abortion risk in pregnant women after exposure. The selection of proper body wash components for reducing the abortion risk of SMs on pregnant women was first proposed. It sheds lights on the potential risks of people's daily life and proposes risk-eliminating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Meijin Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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9
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Kumar K, Umapathi R, Ghoreishian SM, Tiwari JN, Hwang SK, Huh YS, Venkatesu P, Shetti NP, Aminabhavi TM. Microplastics and biobased polymers to combat plastics waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140000. [PMID: 37652244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have become the major global concern due to their adverse effects on the environment, human health, and hygiene. These complex molecules have numerous toxic impacts on human well-being. This review focuses on the methods for chemically quantifying and identifying MPs in real-time samples, as well as the detrimental effects resulting from exposure to them. Biopolymers offer promising solutions for reducing the environmental impact caused by persistent plastic pollution. The review also examines the significant progress achieved in the preparation and modification of various biobased polymers, including polylactic acid (PLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), lignin-based polymers, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), and poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA), which hold promise for addressing the challenges associated with unplanned plastic waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, India; NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Reddicherla Umapathi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, India; NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyed Majid Ghoreishian
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jitendra N Tiwari
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Hwang
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580 031, Karnataka, India; University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Panjab, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580 031, Karnataka, India; University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Panjab, India.
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10
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He W, Sun P, Zhao Y, Pu Q, Yang H, Hao N, Li Y. Source toxicity characteristics of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin in multi-environmental media: Product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration control through silica methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162861. [PMID: 36931521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP/MCCP) have been widely studied because of their extensive environmental hazards. In this study, product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration of SCCP and MCCP in multi-environmental media were comprehensively considered. The additive combination of SCCP and MCCP in the air, water and soil environment was adjusted, and PVC, PU and rubber products with the lowest source toxicity were screened. The source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the water environment was inhibited by design of the feed additive addition scheme (highest inhibition was 16.29 %), and the source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the soil environment was affected by different field management measures (highest inhibition was 38.22 %). A forage fertilizer addition plan, a cattle feed addition plan and a special population healthy complementary food regulation plan were developed to prevent the migration step by step and absorption of SCCP and MCCP in the terrestrial food chain. In addition, by means of density functional theory and analysis of key amino acid residues, the mechanism of toxicity difference between SCCP and MCCP was analyzed from the level of chemical interaction, and rationality of the inhibition scheme designed in this study was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peixuan Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qikun Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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11
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Mohsen M, Lin C, Abdalla M, Liu S, Yang H. Microplastics in canned, salt-dried, and instant sea cucumbers sold for human consumption. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115040. [PMID: 37216877 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Determining the amount of microplastics (MPs) in food is key to clarifying their potential toxicity to humans. Here, we collected canned, instant, and salt-dried sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus, the most valued sea cucumbers, from Chinese markets to determine their content of MPs. Sea cucumbers contained MPs in the range of 0-4 MP individual-1, an average of 1.44 MP individual-1, and 0.081 MP g-1. Accordingly, consuming 3 g of sea cucumbers could result in an exposure risk of an average of 0.51 MPs, 0.135 MPs, and 0.078 MPs day-1 for canned, instant, and salt-dried sea cucumbers, respectively. MPs were in size range of 12-575 μm, and fibrous shape was dominant. Furthermore, among the five polymers identified, polypropylene showed the highest energy binding with two catalysts engaged in organic chemical oxidation. This study extends the knowledge regarding MPs occurrence in food and provides a theoretical basis for MPs toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohsen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Chenggang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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12
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Yao WH, Mo LY, Fang LS, Qin LT. Molecular dynamics simulations on interactions of five antibiotics with luciferase of Vibrio Qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114910. [PMID: 37062261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A large number of antibiotics have been used in the medical industry, agriculture, and animal husbandry industry in recent years. It may cause pollution to the aquatic environment and ultimately threaten to human health due to their prolonged exposure to the environment. We aim to study the toxicity mechanism of enrofloxacin (ENR), chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC), trimethoprim (TMP), chloramphenicol (CMP), and erythromycin (ETM) to luciferase of Vibrio Qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) by using toxicity testing combined with molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and binding free energy analysis. The curve categories for ENR were different from the other four antibiotics, with ENR being J-type and the rest being S-type, and the toxicity of these five antibiotics (pEC50) followed the order of ENR (7.281) > ETM (6.814) > CMP (6.672) > CTC (6.400) > TMP (6.123), the order of toxicity value is consistent with the the magnitude of the binding free energy (ENR (-47.759 kcal/mol), ETM (-46.821 kcal/mol), CMP (-42.905 kcal/mol), CTC (-40.946 kcal/mol), TMP (-28.251 kcal/mol)). The van der Waals force provided the most important contribution to the binding free energy of the five antibiotics in the binding system with Q67 luciferase. Therefore, the dominant factor for the binding of antibiotics to luciferase was shape compensation. The face-to-face π-π stacking interaction between the diazohexane structure outside the active pocket region and the indoles structure of Phe194 and Phe250 in the molecular structure was the main reason for the highest toxicity value of antibiotic ENR. The hormesis effect of ENR has a competitive binding relationship with the α and β subunits of luciferase. Homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations were used to derive the toxicity magnitude of different antibiotics against Q67, and insights at the molecular level. The conclusion of toxicological experiments verified the correctness of the simulation results. This study contributes to the understanding of toxicity mechanisms of five antibiotics and facilitates risk assessment of antibiotic contaminants in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Yao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Ling-Yun Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Technology Innovation Center for Mine Geological Environment Restoration Engineering in Southern Shishan Region, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanning 530028, China.
| | - Liu-Sen Fang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Technology Innovation Center for Mine Geological Environment Restoration Engineering in Southern Shishan Region, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanning 530028, China.
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13
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Wang Y, Yang H, He W, Sun P, Zhao W, Liu M. Exploring the Potential Hormonal Effects of Tire Polymers (TPs) on Different Species Based on a Theoretical Computational Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071719. [PMID: 37050333 PMCID: PMC10097371 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tire polymers (TPs) are the most prevalent type of microplastics and are of great concern due to their potential environmental risks. This study aims to determine the toxicity of TPs with the help of molecular-dynamics simulations of their interactions with receptors and to highlight the differences in the toxicity characteristics of TPs in different environmental media (marine environment, freshwater environment, soil environment). For this purpose, five TPs—natural rubber, styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber, nitrile–butadiene rubber, and isobutylene–isoprene rubber—were analyzed. Molecular-dynamics calculations were conducted on their binding energies to neurotoxic, developmental, and reproductive receptors of various organisms to characterize the toxic effects of the five TPs. The organisms included freshwater species (freshwater nematodes, snails, shrimp, and freshwater fish), marine species (marine nematodes, mussels, crab, and marine fish), and soil species (soil nematodes, springtails, earthworms, and spiders). A multilevel empowerment method was used to determine the bio-toxicity of the TPs in various environmental media. A coupled-normalization method–principal-component analysis–factor-analysis weighting method—was used to calculate the weights of the TP toxicity (first level) categories. The results revealed that the TPs were the most biologically neurotoxic to three environmental media (20.79% and 10.57% higher compared with developmental and reproductive toxicity, respectively). Regarding the effects of TPs on organisms in various environmental media (second level), using a subjective empowerment approach, a gradual increase in toxicity was observed with increasing trophic levels due to the enrichment of TPs and the feeding behavior of organisms. TPs had the greatest influence in the freshwater-environment organisms according to the subjective empowerment approach employed to weight the three environmental media (third level). Therefore, using the minimum-value method coupled with the feature-aggregation method, the interval-deflation method coupled with the entropy-weighting method, and the standard-deviation normalization method, the three toxicity characteristics of SBR in three environmental media and four organisms were determined. SBR was found to have the greatest impact on the overall toxicity of the freshwater environment (12.38% and 9.33% higher than the marine and soil environments, respectively). The greatest contribution to neurotoxicity (26.01% and 15.95% higher than developmental and reproductive toxicity, respectively) and the greatest impact on snails and shrimp among organisms in the freshwater environment were observed. The causes of the heterogeneity of SBR’s toxicity were elucidated using amino-acid-residue analysis. SBR primarily interacted with toxic receptors through van der Waals, hydrophobic, π-π, and π-sigma interactions, and the more stable the binding, the more toxic the effect. The toxicity characteristics of TMPs to various organisms in different environments identified in this paper provide a theoretical basis for subsequent studies on the prevention and control of TMPs in the environment.
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14
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Enyoh CE, Duru CE, Ovuoraye PE, Wang Q. Evaluation of nanoplastics toxicity to the human placenta in systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130600. [PMID: 36584646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of plastics in the human placenta, this study evaluated the toxicity of ten different nanoplastics (NPs) in the human placenta. Since the placenta performs metabolic and excretion functions by the enzymatic system, the NPs were docked on these human enzymes including soluble epoxide hydrolase, uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, beta 1,3-glucuronyltransferase I, sulfotransferase, N-acetyltransferase 2, and cytochrome P450 1A1at their active sites with toxicity (binding affinity) determined and compared to control compounds. Density functional theory analysis were conducted on the NPs to identify their global reactivity descriptors and Artificial Neural Networks to predict toxicity based on reactivity descriptors. Polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS) showed the highest toxicity to all enzymes and thus the most toxic polymers due to the presence of an electron-withdrawing group in their aromatic rings, which demonstrated an improved recognition of the enzyme active site by pi- and alkyl interactions. A 210-6 fractional factorial design approach was used in conjunction with a fixed effects model to assess the primary and secondary effects of NPs in a composite system on binding affinity to the placental enzymes. The simulation results suggest that NPs mixture may pose significant risks to the placenta through inhibition of its key enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ebere Enyoh
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Chidi Edbert Duru
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Imo State University, PMB2000 Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Prosper E Ovuoraye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, PMB 1221 Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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15
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Li P, Yu R, Hou F, Zhao Y. Legacy and emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater treatment plant and receiving water: abundance, removal, and potential ecological risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29929-29941. [PMID: 36417070 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are toxic persistent organic pollutants and bioaccumulative chemicals, which affect the environment and ecology. PFASs in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and receiving river downstream were investigated. Fourteen out of eighteen PFASs were detected, ranging from 197 to 0.14 ng L-1. The main pollutants were 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-propoxy) propanoic acid (HFPO-DA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The concentration of HFPO-DA (181 ng L-1) was the highest in influent, which indicated the use and emission of PFASs in the sewage collection region of WWTP changed from legacy to emerging ones. However, PFOS from catering wastewater as the main source was dominant PFASs in the reclaimed water. Biological treatment could be effective in the removal of PFASs, especially for HFPO-DA. HFPO-DA could directly bind to cytochrome P450 and bring potential ecotoxicity to the surrounding environment, and the ecological risk of degradation products should be under consideration. Coagulation might result in PFASs release from sludge. More attention should be paid to sewage treatment process decision of WWTP for the control of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- SDIC Xinkai Water Environment Investment Co., Ltd, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101101, China
- Beijing Zhiyu Tiancheng Design Consulting Co., Ltd, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101101, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Daxing District, Beijing, 101176, China.
| | - Feng Hou
- SDIC Xinkai Water Environment Investment Co., Ltd, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101101, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Tongzhou District Water Affairs Bureau, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101100, China
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16
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LaLone CA, Blatz DJ, Jensen MA, Vliet SM, Mayasich S, Mattingly KZ, Transue TR, Melendez W, Wilkinson A, Simmons CW, Ng C, Zhang C, Zhang Y. From Protein Sequence to Structure: The Next Frontier in Cross-Species Extrapolation for Chemical Safety Evaluations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:463-474. [PMID: 36524855 PMCID: PMC11265300 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Computational screening for potentially bioactive molecules using advanced molecular modeling approaches including molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation is mainstream in certain fields like drug discovery. Significant advances in computationally predicting protein structures from sequence information have also expanded the availability of structures for nonmodel species. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop an analysis pipeline to harness the power of these bioinformatics approaches for cross-species extrapolation for evaluating chemical safety. The Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility (SeqAPASS) tool compares protein-sequence similarity across species for conservation of known chemical targets, providing an initial line of evidence for extrapolation of toxicity knowledge. However, with the development of structural models from tools like the Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (ITASSER), analyses of protein structural conservation can be included to add further lines of evidence and generate protein models across species. Models generated through such a pipeline could then be used for advanced molecular modeling approaches in the context of species extrapolation. Two case examples illustrating this pipeline from SeqAPASS sequences to I-TASSER-generated protein structures were created for human liver fatty acid-binding protein (LFABP) and androgen receptor (AR). Ninety-nine LFABP and 268 AR protein models representing diverse species were generated and analyzed for conservation using template modeling (TM)-align. The results from the structural comparisons were in line with the sequence-based SeqAPASS workflow, adding further evidence of LFABL and AR conservation across vertebrate species. The present study lays the foundation for expanding the capabilities of the web-based SeqAPASS tool to include structural comparisons for species extrapolation, facilitating more rapid and efficient toxicological assessments among species with limited or no existing toxicity data. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:463-474. © 2022 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A. LaLone
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Donovan J. Blatz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marissa A. Jensen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesota Duluth, Swenson College of Science and Engineering, Department of Biology, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara M.F. Vliet
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sally Mayasich
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Aquatic Sciences Center at U.S. EPA Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kali Z. Mattingly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- SpecPro Professional Services, Contractor to U.S. EPA Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas R. Transue
- Congruence Therapeutics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wilson Melendez
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Audrey Wilkinson
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cody W. Simmons
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carla Ng
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Pu Q, Sun P, Zhao W, Liu M, Li Y. Aquatic toxicity of tire microplastics on marine and freshwater organisms: An in silico approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137523. [PMID: 36509193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles are a notable source of tire microplastics (TMPs) in the environment. However, only a few reports have focused on the aquatic toxicity effects of composite TMPs and their additives and the mechanistic analysis at the microscopic level. Therefore, this paper study the toxic effects of tire microplastics and their additives on zebrafish based on theoretical chemical calculation method (Taguchi orthogonal experiment method, full factorial experimental design, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics computational technique). We designed five kinds of proportioning schemes of tire rubber polymers and additive components (64 groups in each). The compound toxicity effects of the tire rubber polymers and their additives on zebrafish were simulated and calculated. The simulation results indicated styrene butadiene rubber had the most significant toxic effect on zebrafish. Subsequently, taking the composition ratio scheme of styrene butadiene rubber with the lowest biotoxicity effect as an example, we analyzed the main effects, second-order interactions, and third-order interactions of styrene butadiene rubber polymer and its additive combination in terms of biotoxicity using the fixed effects model. The toxic effects (developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity) of styrene butadiene rubber on marine and freshwater organisms could be drastically alleviated by adjusting the ratio of rubber additives. The analysis of the interaction between amino acid residues and non-bonds during the docking process of styrene butadiene rubber and toxic receptors revealed the interaction mechanisms between the styrene butadiene rubber polymer and its additives and between the additive molecules. Hydrophobic interaction was found to be the key factor for the binding of styrene butadiene rubber additives to nonpolar amino acids in the receptor proteins. Our findings are expected to provide theoretical support for identifying and regulating the toxicity characteristics of rubber TMPs and to aid in proposing a strategy to alleviate the toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; College of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, 519041, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Qikun Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Peixuan Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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18
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Enyoh CE, Wang Q, Ovuoraye PE, Maduka TO. Toxicity evaluation of microplastics to aquatic organisms through molecular simulations and fractional factorial designs. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136342. [PMID: 36087717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular docking, molecular dynamics modelling, and fractional factorial design methodologies were used in the current work to examine the harmful effects of ten microplastic (MPs) such as polystyrene (PS), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyamide (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polychloropene (PCP) and polycarbonate (PC) on the aquatic organism (zebrafish). The toxicity was evaluated based on the docking of the MPs on cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) protein crystals. The binding affinities (ΔG) followed the order, PC (-6.9 kcal/mol) > PET (-6.1 kcal/mol) > PP (-5.8 kcal/mol) > PA (-5.6 kcal/mol) > PS (-5.1 kcal/mol) > PU (-4.1 kcal/mol) > PMMA (-3.9 kcal/mol) > PCP (-3.3 kcal/mol) > PVC (-2.4 kcal/mol) > PE (-2.1 kcal/mol). The primary driving factors for the binding of the MPs and the protein were hydrophobic force, and hydrogen bonding based on the molecular dynamics analysis and surrounding amino acid residues. Furthermore, a 210-5 fractional factorial design method was estimated to identify the main effect and second-order effects of MPs in a composite contamination system on binding affinity/energy to CYP450 receptor protein of zebrafish, combined with a fixed effects model. The findings showed that different MPs combinations had varying impacts on aquatic toxicity; as a consequence, the best combination of MPs with the lowest aquatic toxicity effect could be excluded. The factorial designs showed that the PU-PS and PP-PA combination and single PCP, has the most significant main effect on CYP450 receptor protein of zebrafish which translates to an optimum toxicity level of -4.61 kcal/mol. The investigation offers a theoretical foundation for identifying the hazardous impacts of MPs on aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ebere Enyoh
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Prosper E Ovuoraye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, PMB 1221, Effurun, Nigeria
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19
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Zhang F, Wang Z, Vijver MG, Peijnenburg WJGM. Theoretical investigation on the interactions of microplastics with a SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragment and their potential impacts on viral transport and exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156812. [PMID: 35738381 PMCID: PMC9212631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic spread across the world and remains difficult to control. Environmental pollution and habitat conditions do facilitate SARS-CoV-2 transmission as well as increase the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. The coexistence of microplastics (MPs) with SARS-CoV-2 affects the viral behavior in the indoor and outdoor environment, and it is essential to study the interactions between MPs and SARS-CoV-2 because they both are ubiquitously present in our environment. To determine the mechanisms underlying the impact of MPs on SARS-CoV-2, we used molecular dynamic simulations to investigate the molecular interactions between five MPs and a SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragment at temperatures ranging from 223 to 310 K in vacuum and in water. We furthermore compared the interactions of MPs and SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragment to the performance of SARS-CoV-1 and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA fragments in interacting with the MPs. The interaction affinity between the MPs and the SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragment was found to be greater than the affinity between the MPs and the SARS-CoV-1 or HBV RNA fragments, independent of the environmental media, temperature, and type of MPs. The mechanisms of the interaction between the MPs and the SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragment involved electrostatic and hydrophobic processes, and the interaction affinity was associated with the inherent structural parameters (i.e., molecular volume, polar surface area, and molecular topological index) of the MPs monomers. Although the evidence on the infectious potential of SARS-CoV-2 RNA is not fully understood, humans are exposed to MPs via their lungs, and the strong interaction with the gene materials of SARS-CoV-2 likely affects the exposure of humans to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands; Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, the Netherlands.
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Zhang K, Hu J, Yang S, Xu W, Wang Z, Zhuang P, Grossart HP, Luo Z. Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by the marine fungus Cladosporium halotolerans 6UPA1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129406. [PMID: 35753302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lack of degradability and the accumulation of polymeric wastes increase the risk for the health of the environment. Recently, recycling of polymeric waste materials becomes increasingly important as raw materials for polymer synthesis are in short supply due to the rise in price and supply chain disruptions. As an important polymer, polyurethane (PU) is widely used in modern life, therefore, PU biodegradation is desirable to avoid its accumulation in the environment. In this study, we isolated a fungal strain Cladosporium halotolerans from the deep sea which can grow in mineral medium with a polyester PU (Impranil DLN) as a sole carbon source. Further, we demonstrate that it can degrade up to 80% of Impranil PU after 3 days of incubation at 28 ℃ by breaking the carbonyl groups (1732 cm-1) and C-N-H bonds (1532 cm-1 and 1247 cm-1) as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed polyols and alkanes as PU degradation intermediates, indicating the hydrolysis of ester and urethane bonds. Esterase and urease activities were detected in 7 days-old cultures with PU as a carbon source. Transcriptome analysis showed a number of extracellular protein genes coding for enzymes such as cutinase, lipase, peroxidase and hydrophobic surface binding proteins A (HsbA) were expressed when cultivated on Impranil PU. The yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that the hydrophobic surface binding protein ChHsbA1 directly interacts with inducible esterases, ChLip1 (lipase) and ChCut1 (cutinase). Further, the KEGG pathway for "fatty acid degradation" was significantly enriched in Impranil PU inducible genes, indicating that the fungus may use the degradation intermediates to generate energy via this pathway. Taken together, our data indicates secretion of both esterase and hydrophobic surface binding proteins by C. halotolerans plays an important role in Impranil PU absorption and subsequent degradation. Our study provides a mechanistic insight into Impranil PU biodegradation by deep sea fungi and provides the basis for future development of biotechnological PU recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jiege Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Peiwen Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin 16775, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bioindustry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, PR China.
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Control Strategies of Plastic Biodegradation through Adjusting Additives Ratios Using In Silico Approaches Associated with Proportional Factorial Experimental Design. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095670. [PMID: 35565062 PMCID: PMC9102786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastics, as a polymer material, have long been a source of environmental concern. This paper uses polystyrene plastics as the research object, and the relative contribution of each component of plastic additives to plastic degradation is screened using the molecular dynamics method. The factorial experimental design method is combined with molecular dynamics simulation to adjust the additive composition scheme, analyze the mechanism of interaction between the additive components, and select the plastic additive combination that is most readily absorbed and degraded by microorganisms. Seven different types of plastic additives, including plasticizers, antioxidants, light and heat stabilizers, flame retardants, lubricants, and fillers, are chosen as external stimuli affecting the biodegradability of plastics. Using molecular dynamics simulation technology, it is demonstrated that plastic additives can promote the biodegradability of plastics. The factorial experimental design analysis revealed that all plastic additives can promote plastic biodegradation and plasticizer is the most favorable factor affecting plastic degradation, that hydrophobicity interactions are the primary reason for enhancing plastic degradation, and that screening No. 116–45 (plasticizer A, light stabilizer C, flame retardant E) is the most advantageous combination of biodegradable plastic additives. The plastic biodegradation effect regulation scheme proposed in this study is based on optimizing the proportion of additive components. To continue research on aquatic biodegradable plastics, the optimal combination of plastic components that can be absorbed and degraded by microorganisms is recommended.
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Li X, He W, Zhao Y, Chen B, Zhu Z, Kang Q, Zhang B. Dermal exposure to synthetic musks: Human health risk assessment, mechanism, and control strategy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113463. [PMID: 35367890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) have been widely used as odor additives in personal care products (PCPs). Dermal exposure to SMs is the main pathway of the accumulation of these chemicals in human kerateins and poses potential health risks. In this study, in silico methods were established to reduce the human health risk of SMs from dermal exposure by investigating the risk mechanisms, designing lower bioaccumulation ability SMs and suggesting proper PCP ingredients using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. The binding energy, a parameter reflecting the binding ability of SMs and human keratin protein (4ZRY), was used as the indicator to assess the human health risk of SMs. According to the mechanism analysis, total energy was found as the most influential molecular structural feature influencing the bioaccumulation ability of a SM, and as one of the main factors influencing the function (i.e., odor sensitivity) of an SM. The 3D-QSAR models were constructed to control the human health risk of SMs by designing lower-risk SMs derivatives. The phantolide (PHAN)- 58 was determined to be the optimum SM derivative with lower bioaccumulation ability (reduced 17.25%) and improved odor sensitivity (increased 7.91%). A further reduction of bioaccumulation ability of PHAN-58 was found when adding proper body wash ingredients (i.e., alkyl ethoxylate sulfate (AES), dimethyloldimethyl (DMDM), EDTA-Na4, ethylene glycol distearate (EGDS), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), lemon yellow and octyl glucose), leading to a significant reduction of the bioaccumulation ability (42.27%) compared with that of PHAN. Results demonstrated that the proposed theoretical mechanism and control strategies could effectively reduce the human health risk of SMs from dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
| | - Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
| | - Qiao Kang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
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