Sipeimine ameliorates PM2.5-induced lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway: A network pharmacology approach

Huperzine A protected against ferroptosis via activating PI3K/Akt signaling in lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury

Huperzine A (Hup A), an extract from Huperzia serrata, exerted its anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effect to protect against neurodegenerative disorders and organ injury. Ferroptosis was indicated to involve in the development of acute lung injury (ALI) accompanying by lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) overexpressed. However, there is little research focused on the protective effect of Hup A on ALI, and the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. This study aims to determine the therapeutic effect of Hup A on ALI in vivo and in vitro. Hup A attenuated lung injury and cellular damage in lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI (LPS-ALI) models, both in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by the upregulation of ferroptosis-associated proteins (SLC7A11 and GPX4). Furthermore, the pretreatment with Hup A decreased the abundance of inflammation factors (IL-6, TNF-α), MDA, lipid ROS, and Fe2+ in the LPS-ALI model, while it also promoted the secretion of SOD and GSH to antagonize peroxidation. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing and network pharmacological analysis synergistically revealed the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway as a potential target of Hup A. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Hup A effectively activated GPX4 through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which was subsequently reversed by LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Consequently, our results revealed that Hup A inhibited ferroptosis in LPS-ALI by activating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway which indicated the potential therapeutical effect of Hup A and further emphasized the pivotal role of ferroptosis in ALI.

CircCDR1as orchestrates the advancement of asthma triggered by PM2.5 through the modulation of ferroptosis

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the ambient environment augments susceptibility to respiratory ailments. Circular RNAs, a distinctive subclass of endogenous non-coding RNAs, have been acknowledged as pivotal regulators of pathological conditions. Ferroptosis, an innovative iron-dependent form of cellular demise, has emerged as a consequential participant in numerous maladies. Despite the established association between PM2.5 exposure and the exacerbation of asthma, scant investigations have probed into the implication of circRNAs and ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced asthma. Consequently, this inquiry sought to scrutinize the potential involvement of circCDR1as and ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced asthma. Through the formulation of a PM2.5 exposure model in asthmatic mice and an in vitro cellular model, it was discerned that PM2.5 induced ferroptosis, thereby intensifying asthma progression. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed an upregulation of circCDR1as in the PM2.5-stimulated asthma cell model. Molecular biology assays demonstrated that diminished circCDR1as expression hindered the onset of ferroptosis in response to PM2.5 exposure. Notably, Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), an inhibitor of ferroptosis, manifested the ability to impede the advancement of asthma. Mechanistically, RNA pull-down and molecular biology experiments substantiated that circCDR1as selectively bound to insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2), thereby modulating the occurrence of ferroptosis. CircCDR1as emerged as a potential orchestrator of asthma progression by regulating ferroptosis under PM2.5 exposure. Additionally, PM2.5 exposure elicited activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, subsequently influencing the expression of C-myc and Cyclin D1, ultimately exacerbating asthma development. In summation, the interaction between circCDR1as and IGF2BP2 in regulating ferroptosis was identified as a critical facet in the progression of asthma under PM2.5 exposure. This investigation underscores the pivotal roles of circCDR1as and ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced asthma, offering a novel theoretical foundation for the therapeutic and preventive approaches to asthma.

Melatonin protects against particulate matter-induced ovarian dysfunction by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway to alleviate ferroptosis

Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to ambient airborne PM2.5 increases the risk of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, whether ferroptosis, a newly discovered type of cell death involved in PM2.5-induced lung injury and fibrosis, is involved in PM2.5-induced POI has not been determined. This study aimed to verify the involvement of PM2.5-induced ferroptosis in ovarian dysfunction and further demonstrate that melatonin inhibits ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway to ameliorate POI in vivo and in vitro. In our study, PM2.5 promoted iron accumulation and induced lipid peroxidation, thus contributing to ferroptosis in KGN cells and ovaries. However, these effects were eliminated and enhanced in Nrf2-overexpressing and Nrf2-knockdown cells, respectively. In addition, melatonin and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) inhibited ferroptosis by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway, as evidenced by the silencing of Nrf2 in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, Nrf2-knockout mice were more susceptible to ferroptosis and PM2.5-induced POI than control mice. Moreover, melatonin suppressed changes in morphological and biochemical indicators related to ferroptosis, such as MDA and GSH depletion and GPX4 and XCT downregulation, by enhancing Nrf2 signaling. Here, we first reported that PM2.5 triggered ferroptosis by increasing ROS levels, lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion. Notably, melatonin significantly decreased ferroptosis levels and improved ovarian function by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.

Time of day-dependent alterations of ferroptosis in LPS-induced myocardial injury via Bmal-1/AKT/ Nrf2 in rat and H9c2 cell

Background

One of the most prevalent causes of death in sepsis is sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM). Circadian disruption is involved in the progress of sepsis. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear.

Methods

Here, we built LPS-induced SICM in-vivo and in-vitro models. LPS was administrated at the particular Zeitgeber times (ZT), ZT4-ZT10-ZT16-ZT22 and ZT10-ZT22 in vivo and vitro experiments, respectively.

Results

In vivo experiment, injection of LPS at ZT10 induced higher infiltration of inflammatory cells and content of intracellular Fe2+, and lower level of Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and cardiac function than other ZTs (P < 0.05), which indicated that myocardial ferroptosis in septic rat presented a time of day-dependent manner. Bmal-1 protein and mRNA levels of injection of LPS at ZT10 were lower than those at other three ZTs (P < 0.05). The ratios of pAKT/AKT at ZT4 and ZT10 LPS injection were lower than those at ZT16 and ZT22 (P < 0.05). Nrf2 protein levels at ZT10 LPS injection were lower than those at other three ZTs (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the circadian of Bmal-1 and its downstream AKT/Nrf2 pathway in rat heart were inhibited under SICM condition. Consistent with in-vivo experiment, we found LPS could significantly reduce the expressions of Bmal-1 protein and mRNA in H9c2 cell. Up-regulation of Bmal-1 could reduce the cell death, oxidative stress, ferroptosis and activation of AKT/Nrf2 pathway at both ZT10 and ZT22 LPS administration. Conversely, its down-regulation presented opposite effects. AKT siRNA could weaken the effect of Bmal-1 pcDNA.

Conclusion

Ferroptosis presented the time of day-dependent manners via Bmal-1/AKT/Nrf2 in vivo and vitro models of SICM.

Network pharmacology and phytochemical composition combined with validation in vivo and in vitro reveal the mechanism of platycodonis radix ameliorating PM2.5-induced acute lung injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Platycodonis radix (PR), the root of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., is a traditional Chinese medicine recognized for its dual role as both a medicinal and dietary substance, exhibiting significant anti-inflammatory properties. It is frequently utilized in the treatment of lung diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PR exerts its effects in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study presents a novel strategy that integrates network pharmacology, molecular docking, untargeted metabolomics analysis and experimental validation to investigate the molecular mechanisms through which PR treats ALI.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Initially, the bioactive components of PR, along with its targets and pathways in the treatment of ALI, were identified using network pharmacology. Following this, preliminary validation was conducted through molecular docking. The active ingredients in the aqueous extract of PR were characterized using HPLC-MS. Finally, in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to further validate the findings from the network pharmacology.

RESULTS

A total of 14 bioactive components and 156 effective targets were identified using the TCMSP, DisGeNET, Genecard, OMIM databases and Venny 2.1.0. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed 22 core targets including TP53, AKT1, STAT3 and JUN. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that these targets primarily participate in the regulation of cellular apoptosis, lung cancer and inflammatory pathways. Molecular docking demonstrated that four bioactive components exhibited strong affinities with their respective docking targets. LC-MS analysis confirmed that the aqueous extract of PR contained 87 components, including two active ingredients identified through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Preliminary validation was conducted in mice with ALI induced by acute PM2.5 exposure, revealing that the aqueous extract of PR reduced inflammatory factor levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, enhanced antioxidant capacity in lung tissue, and decreased lung cell apoptosis in PM2.5-exposed mice. Notably, PR alleviated PM2.5-induced ALI through the STAT3, JUN, and AKT1 signaling pathways. Similarly, the results of in vitro intervention experiments further confirmed that the aqueous extract of PR protected pulmonary epithelial cells against PM2.5 exposure through activating AKT1 sinalling pathway, and inhibiting STAT3 and JUN signalling pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study identifies the active components of PR and elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which PR alleviates ALI, specifically by inhibiting the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 and c-JUN, or by activating the phosphorylation level of AKT1. These results provide a foundational basis for the application of PR in the treatment or prevention of lung injuries induced by particulate matter.

The application of alkaloids in ferroptosis: A review

Alkaloids have remarkable biological and pharmacological properties and have recently garnered extensive attention. Various alkaloids, including commercially available drugs such as berberine, substantially affect ferroptosis. In addition to the three main pathways of ferroptosis, iron metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, and the glutathione peroxidase 4-regulated pathway, novel mechanisms of ferroptosis are continuously being identified. Alkaloids can modulate the progression of various diseases through ferroptosis and exhibit the ability to exert varied effects depending on dosage and tissue type underscores their versatility. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes primary targets and the latest advancements of alkaloids in ferroptosis, as well as the dual roles of alkaloids in inhibiting and promoting ferroptosis.

A novel antitumor mechanism of triptonide in colorectal cancer: inducing ferroptosis via the SLC7A11/GPX4 axis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy affecting the human digestive tract. Triptonide has been shown to have some anticancer activity, but its effect in CRC is vague. Herein, we examined the effect of triptonide on CRC. In this study, the results of bioinformatics analysis displayed that triptonide may regulate ferroptosis in CRC by modulating GPX4 and SLC7A11. In HCT116 and LoVo cells, the expression levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11 were significantly reduced after triptonide management versus the control group. Triptonide inhibited proliferation, but promoted ferroptosis in CRC cells. SLC7A11 upregulation overturned the effects of triptonide on proliferation and ferroptosis in CRC cells. Triptonide inhibited activation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling in CRC cells. Activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling or Nrf2 upregulation overturned the effects of triptonide on proliferation and ferroptosis in CRC cells. Triptonide suppressed CRC cell growth in vivo by modulating SLC7A11 and GPX4. In conclusion, Triptonide repressed proliferation and facilitated ferroptosis of CRC cells by repressing the SLC7A11/GPX4 axis through inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling.

Soot nanoparticles promote ferroptosis in dopaminergic neurons via alteration of m6A RNA methylation in Parkinson's disease

Soot nanoparticles (SNPs) are black carbon prevalent in atmospheric environment with significant impacts on public health, leading to neurodegenerative diseases including development of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigated the effects of SNPs exposure on PD symptoms, employing both in vivo and in vitro PD models. In the in vivo experiments, animal behavior assessments showed that SNPs exposure exacerbated motor and cognitive impairments in PD mice. Molecular biology techniques further unveiled that SNPs aggravated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In vitro experiments revealed that SNPs exposure intensified ferroptosis of PD cells by increasing reactive oxygen species and iron ion levels, while reducing glutathione levels and mitochondrial membrane potential. Sequencing tests indicated elevated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) alteration of the ferroptosis-related protein, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4). This study demonstrates that SNPs may exacerbate the onset and progression of PD by recruiting YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) protein, enhancing m6A methylation in the ACSL4 5'UTR, amplifying ACSL4 protein expression, and accelerating the ferroptosis process in dopaminergic neurons. These molecular mechanisms underlying SNPs exacerbation of PD development may provide crucial insights for formulating environmental safety regulations and potential therapeutic strategies addressing PD in populations residing in regions with varied air quality.

Shen-Qi-Ling-Bi Decoction Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Growth by Inducing Ferroptosis Through Inactivation of PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy with poor prognosis. Shen-Qi-Ling-Bi Decoction (SQLB), a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, was found to exert antitumor effects in CRC. This study aimed to explore the biological functions of SQLB in CRC. Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8), wound healing, and transwell invasion assays in vitro were used to evaluate the antitumor effects of SQLB in CRC cells. In addition, ferroptosis in CRC cells was determined by evaluating Fe2+ content and lipid ROS, MDA, and GSH levels. SQLB treatment partially reduced CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; however, a ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), abolished these effects. In addition, SQLB treatment triggered CRC cell ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased Fe2+, lipid ROS, and MDA levels and decreased GSH levels; conversely, these levels were reversed by Fer-1. Furthermore, SQLB notably suppressed tumor growth in nude mice in vivo. Meanwhile, SQLB decreased phosphorylated PI3K and AKT levels, downregulated Nrf2, GPX4, and SLC7A11 levels, and upregulated ACSL4 levels in CRC cells and in tumor tissues; however, these effects were reversed by Fer-1. Collectively, SQLB inhibited CRC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration by triggering ferroptosis through inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of action for SQLB in the treatment of CRC.

FGF10 protects against particulate matter-induced lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via Nrf2-dependent signaling

Particulate matter (PM) is considered the fundamental component of atmospheric pollutants and is associated with the pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) mediates mesenchymal-epithelial signaling and has been linked with the repair process of PM-induced lung injury (PMLI). However, the pathogenic mechanism of PMLI and the specific FGF10 protective mechanism against this injury are still undetermined. PM was administered in vivo into murine airways or in vitro to human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs), and the inflammatory response and ferroptosis-related proteins SLC7A11 and GPX4 were assessed. The present research investigates the FGF10-mediated regulation of ferroptosis in PMLI mice models in vivo and HBECs in vitro. The results showed that FGF10 pretreatment reduced PM-mediated oxidative damage and ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, FGF10 pretreatment led to reduced oxidative stress, decreased secretion of inflammatory mediators, and activation of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant signaling. Additionally, silencing of Nrf2 using siRNA in the context of FGF10 treatment attenuated the effect on ferroptosis. Altogether, both in vivo and in vitro assessments confirmed that FGF10 protects against PMLI by inhibiting ferroptosis via the Nrf2 signaling. Thus, FGF10 can be used as a novel ferroptosis suppressor and a potential treatment target in PMLI.

Sipeimine ameliorates osteoarthritis progression by suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through inhibition of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway: An in vitro and in vivo study

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative condition that persists and progresses over time. Sipeimine (Sip), a steroidal alkaloid derived from Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, has attracted considerable attention due to its exceptional anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-cancer characteristics. However, Sip's effects on OA and its mechanism still need further research.

Methods

This study utilized network pharmacology to identify initial targets for Sip. Functional associations of Sip in OA were clarified through Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, bioinformatically analyzing a list of targets. Subsequently, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis assessed pathways linked to Sip's therapeutic efficacy in OA. Molecular docking techniques explored Sip's binding affinity with key targets. In vitro experiments assessed Sip's impact on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory factors and its protective effects on collagen-II and aggrecan degradation within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Western blotting and fluorescence analyses were conducted to determine Sip-mediated signaling pathways. Moreover, in vivo experiments using a mouse OA model validated Sip's therapeutic efficacy.

Results

The results from network pharmacology revealed a total of 57 candidate targets for Sip in OA treatment. GO enrichment analysis demonstrated a robust correlation between Sip and inflammatory response, response to LPS and NF-κB-inducing kinase activity in OA. KEGG enrichment analysis highlighted the significance of NF-κB and PI3K-AKT pathways in Sip's therapeutic potential for OA. Furthermore, molecular docking results demonstrated Sip's robust binding affinity with p65 and PI3K. In vitro experiments demonstrated Sip's effectively suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors induced by LPS, such as COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-18. Besides, Sip counteracted the degradation of collagen-II and aggrecan within the ECM and the expression of MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5 mediated by LPS. The safeguarding effects of Sip were ascribed to its inhibition of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome mediated pyroptosis. Additionally, in vivo experiments revealed that Sip could alleviate the subchondral remodeling, cartilage degeneration, synovitis as well as ECM degradation a mouse model of OA.

Conclusion

Sip exhibited potential in attenuating OA progression by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway, consequently inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis.

The translational potential statement

The translational potential of this articleThis study provides a biological rationale for the use of Sip as a potential candidate for OA treatment, provide a new concept for the cartilage targeted application of natural compounds.

Potential of natural products in inflammation: biological activities, structure-activity relationships, and mechanistic targets

A balance between the development and suppression of inflammation can always be found in the body. When this balance is disturbed, a strong inflammatory response can damage the body. It sometimes is necessary to use drugs with a significant anti-inflammatory effect, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroid hormones, to control inflammation in the body. However, the existing anti-inflammatory drugs have many adverse effects, which can be deadly in severe cases, making research into new safer and more effective anti-inflammatory drugs necessary. Currently, numerous types of natural products with anti-inflammatory activity and distinct structural features are available, and these natural products have great potential for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs. This review summarizes 260 natural products and their derivatives with anti-inflammatory activities in the last two decades, classified by their active ingredients, and focuses on their structure-activity relationships in anti-inflammation to lay the foundation for subsequent new drug development. We also elucidate the mechanisms and pathways of natural products that exert anti-inflammatory effects via network pharmacology predictions, providing direction for identifying subsequent targets of anti-inflammatory natural products.

Songorine inhibits oxidative stress-related inflammation through PI3K/AKT/NRF2 signaling pathway to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced septic acute lung injury

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to investigate the protective action and mechanism of songorine on sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI).

METHODS

The sepsis-induced ALI mouse and cell models were established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. Lung injury was assayed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, lung injury score, and lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio. Apoptosis in lung tissues was evaluated by TUNEL assay, and the expression of apoptosis-related markers (Bcl2, Bax, and caspase-3) was measured by western blotting. Levels of pro-inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice were measured by ELISA and RT-qPCR. The expression of PI3K/AKT/NRF2 pathway-related proteins was analyzed by western blotting.

RESULTS

Songorine treatment at 40 mg/kg mitigated sepsis-induced ALI, characterized by improved histopathology, lung injury score, and lung W/D weight ratio (p < 0.05). Moreover, songorine markedly attenuated sepsis-induced apoptosis in lung tissues; this was evidenced by an increase in Bcl2 levels and a decrease in Bax and caspase-3 levels (p < 0.01). Also, songorine reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MPO) and oxidative stress regulators (SOD and GSH) in the BALF of LPS-induced sepsis mice and RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.05). In addition, songorine upregulated the PI3K/AKT/NRF2 pathway-related proteins in LPS-induced sepsis mice and RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) treatment reversed the protective effect of songorine on sepsis-induced ALI.

CONCLUSION

Songorine inhibits oxidative stress-related inflammation in sepsis-induced ALI via the activation of the PI3K/AKT/NRF2 signaling pathway.

TRPA1-PI3K/Akt-OPA1-ferroptosis axis in ozone-induced bronchial epithelial cell and lung injury

BACKGROUND

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) could mediate ozone-induced lung injury. Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1) is one of the significant mitochondrial fusion proteins. Impaired mitochondrial fusion, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis, may drive the onset and progression of lung injury. In this study, we examined whether TRPA1 mediated ozone-induced bronchial epithelial cell and lung injury by activating PI3K/Akt with the involvement of OPA1, leading to ferroptosis.

METHODS

Wild-type, TRPA1-knockout (KO) mice (C57BL/6 J background) and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1)-pretreated mice were exposed to 2.5 ppm ozone for 3 h. Human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells were treated with 1 ppm ozone for 3 h in the presence of TRPA1 inhibitor A967079 or TRPA1-knockdown (KD) as well as pharmacological modulators of PI3K/Akt-OPA1-ferroptosis. Transcriptome was used to screen and decipher the differential gene expressions and pathways. Oxidative stress, inflammation and ferroptosis were measured together with mitochondrial morphology, function and dynamics.

RESULTS

Acute ozone exposure induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), reduced mitochondrial fusion, and enhanced ferroptosis in mice. Similarly, acute ozone exposure induced inflammatory responses, altered redox responses, abnormal mitochondrial structure and function, reduced mitochondrial fusion and enhanced ferroptosis in BEAS-2B cells. There were increased mitochondrial fusion, reduced inflammatory responses, decreased redox responses and ferroptosis in ozone-exposed TRPA1-KO mice and Fer-1-pretreated ozone-exposed mice. A967079 and TRPA1-KD enhanced OPA1 and prevented ferroptosis through the PI3K/Akt pathway in BEAS-2B cells. These in vitro results were further confirmed in pharmacological modulator experiments.

CONCLUSION

Exposure to ozone induces mitochondrial dysfunction in human bronchial epithelial cells and mouse lungs by activating TRPA1, which results in ferroptosis mediated via a PI3K/Akt/OPA1 axis. This supports a potential role of TRPA1 blockade in preventing the deleterious effects of ozone.

Recent advances in the potential effects of natural products from traditional Chinese medicine against respiratory diseases targeting ferroptosis

Respiratory diseases, marked by structural changes in the airways and lung tissues, can lead to reduced respiratory function and, in severe cases, respiratory failure. The side effects of current treatments, such as hormone therapy, drugs, and radiotherapy, highlight the need for new therapeutic strategies. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) offers a promising alternative, leveraging its ability to target multiple pathways and mechanisms. Active compounds from Chinese herbs and other natural sources exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects, making them valuable in preventing and treating respiratory conditions. Ferroptosis, a unique form of programmed cell death (PCD) distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and others, has emerged as a key area of interest. However, comprehensive reviews on how natural products influence ferroptosis in respiratory diseases are lacking. This review will explore the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of natural products from TCM in modulating ferroptosis for respiratory diseases like acute lung injury (ALI), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer, aiming to provide new insights for research and clinical application in TCM for respiratory health.

Natural product-derived ferroptosis mediators

It has been 11 years since ferroptosis, a new mode of programmed cell death, was first proposed. Natural products are an important source of drug discovery. In the past five years, natural product-derived ferroptosis regulators have been discovered in an endless stream. Herein, 178 natural products discovered so far to trigger or resist ferroptosis are classified into 6 structural classes based on skeleton type, and the mechanisms of action that have been reported are elaborated upon. If pharmacodynamic data are sufficient, the structure and bioactivity relationship is also presented. This review will provide medicinal chemists with some effective ferroptosis regulators, which will promote the research of natural product-based treatment of ferroptosis-related diseases in the future.

Integrated analysis and validation of ferroptosis-related genes and immune infiltration in acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is indeed a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in individuals with coronary heart disease. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death, is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular lipid peroxides, which is implicated in cardiomyocyte injury. This study aims to identify biomarkers that are indicative of ferroptosis in the context of AMI, and to examine their potential roles in immune infiltration.

METHODS

Firstly, the GSE59867 dataset was used to identify differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes (DE-FRGs) in AMI. We then performed gene ontology (GO) and functional enrichment analysis on these DE-FRGs. Secondly, we analyzed the GSE76591 dataset and used bioinformatic methods to build ceRNA networks. Thirdly, we identified hub genes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. After obtaining the key DE-FRGs through the junction of hub genes with ceRNA and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). ImmucellAI was applied to estimate the immune cell infiltration in each sample and examine the relationship between key DE-FRGs and 24 immunocyte subsets. The diagnostic performance of these genes was further evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Ultimately, we identified an immune-related ceRNA regulatory axis linked to ferroptosis in AMI.

RESULTS

Among 56 DE-FRGs identified in AMI, 41 of them were integrated into the construction of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. TLR4 and PIK3CA were identified as key DE-FRGs and PIK3CA was confirmed as a diagnostic biomarker for AMI. Moreover, CD4_native cells, nTreg cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, central-memory cells, effector-memory cells, and CD8_T cells had higher infiltrates in AMI samples compared to control samples. In contrast, exhausted cells, iTreg cells, and Tfh cells had lower infiltrates in AMI samples. Spearman analysis confirmed the correlation between 24 immune cells and PIK3CA/TLR4. Ultimately, we constructed an immune-related regulatory axis involving XIST and OIP5-AS1/miR-216a/PIK3CA.

CONCLUSION

Our comprehensive analysis has identified PIK3CA as a robust and promising biomarker for this condition. Moreover, we have also identified an immune-related regulatory axis involving XIST and OIP5-AS1/miR-216a/PIK3CA, which may play a key role in regulating ferroptosis during AMI progression.

A peptide from the Japanese encephalitis virus failed to induce the production of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies via molecular mimicry in mice

Background

The development of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis following viral encephalitis, such as Japanese encephalitis, has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the mechanism of anti-NMDAR antibody production following Japanese encephalitis has not been explored.

Methods

A peptide from the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which shares a similar amino acid sequence with GluN1, was identified by sequence comparison. We then explored whether active subcutaneous immunization with the JEV peptide could induce the production of anti-NMDAR antibodies and related pathophysiological and behavioral changes in mice. In addition, a published active immune model of anti-NMDAR encephalitis using a GluN1 peptide was used as the positive control.

Results

A 6-amino-acid sequence with 83 % similarity between the envelope protein of the JEV (HGTVVI) and GluN1 (NGTHVI) was identified, and the sequence included the N368/G369 region. Active immunization with the JEV peptide induced a substantial and specific immune response in mice. However, anti-NMDAR antibodies were not detected in the serum of mice immunized with the JEV peptide by ELISA, CBA, and TBA. Moreover, mice immunized with the JEV peptide presented no abnormities related to anti-NMDAR antibodies according to western blotting, patch clamp, and a series of behavioral tests. In addition, active immunization with a recently reported GluN1 peptide failed to induce anti-NMDAR antibody production in mice.

Conclusions

In this study, the attempt of active immunization with the JEV peptide to induce the production of anti-NMDAR antibodies via molecular mimicry failed. The pathogenesis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis following Japanese encephalitis remains to be elucidated.

Therapeutic Effects of Melatonin in the Regulation of Ferroptosis: A Review of Current Evidence

Ferroptosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, kidney pathologies, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer. The current review article highlights the involvement of ferroptosis in traumatic brain injury, acute kidney damage, ethanol-induced liver injury, and PM2.5-induced lung injury. Melatonin, a molecule produced by the pineal gland and many other organs, is well known for its anti- aging, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties and is used in the treatment of different diseases. Melatonin's ability to activate anti-ferroptosis pathways including sirtuin (SIRT)6/p- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Nrf2/ antioxidant responsive element (ARE)/ heme oxygenase (HO-1)/SLC7A11/glutathione peroxidase (GPX4)/ prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/Nrf2, ferroportin (FPN), Hippo/ Yes-associated protein (YAP), Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and SIRT6/ nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)/ ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) signaling pathways suggests that it could serve as a valuable therapeutic agent for preventing cell death associated with ferroptosis in various diseases. Further research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms by which melatonin regulates ferroptosis and its potential as a therapeutic target.

Astaxanthin alleviates fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced lung injury in rats by suppressing ferroptosis and apoptosis

Objectives: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a small molecule particulate pollutant, can reach the lungs via respiration and cause lung damage. Currently, effective strategies and measures are lacking to prevent and treat the pulmonary toxicity of PM2.5. Astaxanthin (ASX), a natural xanthophyll carotenoid, has attracted attention due to its unique biological activity. Our research aims to probe into the prevention and treatment of ASX on PM2.5-induced lung injury and clarify its potential mechanism. Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given olive oil and different concentrations of ASX orally daily for 21 days. PM2.5 suspension was instilled into the trachea of rats every two days for one week to successfully develop the PM2.5 exposure model in the PM2.5-exposed and ASX-treated groups of rats. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected, and the content of lung injury-related markers was detected. Histomorphological changes and expression of markers associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, iron death, and apoptosis were detected in lung tissue. Results: PM2.5 exposure can cause changes in lung histochemistry and increase the expression levels of TP, AKP, ALB, and LDH in the BALF. Simultaneously, inflammatory responses and oxidative stress were promoted in rat lung tissue after exposure to particulate matter. Additionally, ASX preconditioning can alleviate histomorphological changes, oxidative stress, and inflammation caused by PM2.5 and reduce PM2.5-related ferroptosis and apoptosis. Conclusion: ASX preconditioning can alleviate lung injury after PM2.5 exposure by inhibiting ferroptosis and apoptosis.

Integrated analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq unveils the role of ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced asthma exacerbation

BACKGROUND

PM2.5 exposure increases asthma exacerbation risk and worsens airway inflammation and mucus secretion, but the underlying mechanisms, especially the epigenetic modification changes, are not fully understood.

METHODS

ATAC-seq was conducted in Beas-2B cells to explore the differential chromatin accessibilities before and after exposure to PM2.5. RNA-seq was applied to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as well. The integrated analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq was performed. The key up-regulated genes in the ferroptosis signaling pathway were identified by combined analysis with the FerrDb database and then verified. Meanwhile, to access the role of PM2.5-induced ferroptosis in asthma mice, house dust mites (HDM) were employed to conduct an allergic asthma mice model, and the ferroptosis-specific inhibitor (Ferrostatin-1, Fer-1) was used. The H&E staining, PAS staining, airway hyperresponsiveness, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counting were used to investigate the impact of PM2.5-induced ferroptosis in asthma mice.

RESULTS

A total of 4,921 regions with differential accessibility were identified, encompassing 4,031 unique genes. Among these, 250 regions exhibited increased accessibility while 4,671 regions displayed reduced accessibility. Through the integrated analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, ferroptosis was determined as the key enriched pathway based on up-regulated DEGs and increased chromatin accessibilities. Furthermore, the decreased cell viability, accelerated lipid peroxide and morphological changes in mitochondria observed upon PM2.5 exposure were rescued by Fer-1, which are indicative of ferroptosis. By overlapping with ferroptosis-related genes from the FerrDb database, FTH1 and FTL were identified as the prominent up-regulated genes with increased chromatin accessibility in ferroptosis pathway. In addition, ChIP-qPCR analysis indicated that histone modification like H3K4me3 and H3K27ac positively regulated FTH1 and FTL expression. Subsequently, in PM2.5-exposed asthmatic mice, inhibition of ferroptosis effectively attenuated airway inflammation and mucus secretion.

CONCLUSION

These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced asthma exacerbation, with epigenetic modifications playing a pivotal role. Furthermore, it suggests the therapeutic potential of targeting ferroptosis as an intervention strategy.

PM2.5 contributed to pulmonary epithelial senescence and ferroptosis by regulating USP3-SIRT3-P53 axis

Pulmonary epithelial cells act as the first line of defense against various air pollutant particles. Previous studies have reported that particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) could trigger pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by inducing pulmonary epithelial senescence and ferroptosis. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is one of critical the mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylases, exerting antioxidant and anti-aging effects in multiple diseases. The present study aimed to explore the role of SIRT3 in PM2.5-induced lung injury as well as possible mechanisms. The role of SIRT3 in PM2.5-induced lung injury was investigated by SIRT3 genetic depletion, adenovirus-mediated overexpression in type II alveolar epithelial (AT2) cells, and pharmacological activation by melatonin. The protein level and activity of SIRT3 in lung tissues and AT2 cells were significantly downregulated after PM2.5 stimulation. SIRT3 deficiency in AT2 cells aggravated inflammatory response and collagen deposition in PM2.5-treated lung tissues. RNA-sequence and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SIRT3 flox and SIRT3 CKO mice were mainly enriched in ferroptosis and cellular longevity. Western blot further showed that SIRT3 deficiency in AT2 cells significantly upregulated the proteins associated with ferroptosis and cell senescence in PM2.5-treated lung tissues. In vitro experiments also showed that SIRT3 overexpression could decrease the levels of ferroptosis and cell senescence in PM2.5-treated AT2 cells. In addition, we found that PM2.5 could increase the acetylation of P53 via triggering DNA damage in AT2 cells. And SIRT3 could deacetylate P53 at lysines 320 (K320), thus reducing its transcriptional activity. PM2.5 decreased the protein level of SIRT3 by inducing proteasome pathway through downregulating USP3. Finally, we found that SIRT3 agonist, melatonin treatment could alleviate PM2.5-induced senescence and ferroptosis in mice. In conclusion, targeting USP3-SIRT3-P53 axis may be a novel therapeutic strategy against PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by decreasing pulmonary epithelial senescence and ferroptosis.

Rosavidin protects against PM2.5-induced lung toxicity via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) contributes to adverse health effects through the promotion of inflammatory cytokine release. Rosavidin (Ro), a phenylpropanoid compound having multiple biological activities, is extracted from Rhodiola crenulata, a medicine and food homology plant. However, the protective role and mechanism of Ro in PM2.5-induced lung toxicity have not been previously studied. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect and mechanism of Ro in PM2.5-induced lung toxicity. A lung toxicity rat model was established through trachea drip of PM2.5 suspension after the different dose pretreatment of Ro (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) to evaluate the effect of Ro on PM2.5 caused lung toxicity. The results showed that Ro attenuated the pathological changes, edema, and inflammation response in rats. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may be associated with the protective effect of Ro against pulmonary toxicity. Subsequently, we verified the role of PI3K/AKT in the PM2.5 exposure lung tissue. Moreover, expression levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT were lower, and those of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, cleaved IL-1β, and GSDMD-N were higher in PM2.5 group compared to those in control group. Whereas pre-administration of Ro reversed the expression trends of these proteins in lung tissue. Notably, those protective effects of Ro were not observed after pretreatment with a combination of Ro with nigericin or LY294002. These results indicate that Ro mitigates PM2.5-caused lung toxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Hydroethanolic Extract of Fritillariae thunbergii Bulbus Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Integrity

The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC), an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, has rapidly increased in Asian countries over several decades. To overcome the limitations of conventional drug therapies, including biologics for UC management, the development of herbal medicine-derived products has received continuous attention. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of a hydroethanolic extract of Fritillariae thunbergii Bulbus (FTB) in a mouse model of DSS-induced UC. The DSS treatment successfully induced severe colonic inflammation and ulceration. However, the severity of colitis was reduced by the oral administration of FTB. Histopathological examination showed that FTB alleviated the infiltration of inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), damage to epithelial and goblet cells in the colonic mucosal layer, and fibrotic lesions. Additionally, FTB markedly reduced the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix remodeling. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that FTB alleviated the decrease in occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression induced by DSS. In a Caco-2 monolayer system, FTB treatment improved intestinal barrier permeability in a dose-dependent manner and increased tight junction expression. Overall, FTB has potential as a therapeutic agent through the improvement of tissue damage and inflammation severity through the modulation of intestinal barrier integrity.

TIMP1 represses sorafenib-triggered ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis is involved in the drug resistance mechanisms of some tumors. The present study aimed to explore the role of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotease 1 (TIMP1) in sorafenib-triggered ferroptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

HCT-8 CRC cell lines were generated that were sorafenib-resistant or that under- or overexpressed TIMP1. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were compared across the different cell lines. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of sorafenib against the different lines was determined based on cell viability. Expression of ferroptosis-related genes and the corresponding proteins was determined by quantitative RT-PCR or western blotting.

RESULTS

TIMP1 overexpression induced sorafenib resistance in HCT-8 cells. TIMP1 knockdown repressed the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and reduced levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), enhancing sorafenib-induced ferroptosis. This led to accumulation of ROS, iron, and MDA. Giving sorafenib and the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3 to sorafenib-resistant HCT-8 cells induced ferroptosis, leading to elevated levels of iron and lipid peroxides, ultimately reducing cell viability. TIMP1 depletion in CRC cells enhances sorafenib-triggered ferroptosis by reducing PI3K/Akt axis signal transduction.

CONCLUSION

The combination of sorafenib and GPX4 inhibitors such as RSL3 may be a promising therapy against CRC.

Gene Expression in Bronchial Epithelial Cell Responses to Vanadium Exposure

Vanadium exposure has the adverse effect on lung function in human, whereas the detailed mechanisms of vanadium exposure-induced pulmonary toxicity are limited. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the hub genes and signaling pathways related to sodium metavanadate (SMV)-induced pulmonary toxicity. The transcript expression profile GSE36684 downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus contained eight human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) samples including five SMV-treated and three control HBEC samples. Totally 455 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, especially 201 and 254 genes were up- and down-regulated in the HBECs treated with SMV. Gene ontology analysis suggested that the DEGs were mainly involved in signal transduction, the response to drug, cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the DEGs were primarily participated in NF-κB, Wnt, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Moreover, the hub genes, including ITGA5, ITGB3, ITGA2, LAMC2, MMP2, and ITGA4, might contribute to SMV-induced pulmonary toxicity. Our study improves the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which SMV induced the pulmonary toxicity.

Astragaloside IV regulates the ferroptosis signaling pathway via the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis to inhibit PM2.5-mediated lung injury in mice

OBJECTIVE

Exposure to PM2.5 will increase the risk of respiratory disease and increase the burden of social health care. Astragaloside Ⅳ (Ast-IV) is one of the main biologically active substances form Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus, which owns various pharmacological effects. Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death characterized by accumulation of iron-dependent lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is not clear whether there are typical features of ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced lung injury. This study investigates whether PM2.5-induced lung injury in mice has a special form of ferroptosis and the specific protective mechanism of Ast-IV.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Forty-two male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 7 per group): NS group (normal saline), Ast group (Ast-IV 100 mg/kg), PM2.5 group, Ast-L group (Ast-IV 50 mg/kg + PM2.5), Ast-H group (Ast-IV 100 mg/kg + PM2.5) and Era group (Ast-IV 100 mg/kg + erastin 20 mg/kg + PM2.5). Mice were pre-treated with Ast-IV intraperitoneally for three days. Then, PM2.5 (7.5 mg/kg) was given by non-invasive tracheal instillation to induce lung injury. The ferroptosis' agonist erastin was used to verify the mechanism of Ast-IV anti-ferroptosis. 12 h after PM2.5 stimulation, the mice were euthanized. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were collected for oxidative stress and cytokine determination. Lung tissues were collected for glutathione (GSH), tissue iron content, histology, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Ast-IV reduced the lung wet-dry ratio and the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in serum. Ast-IV could also improve the oxidative stress level in BALF, restore the GSH level in the lung tissue, and reduce the iron content in the lung tissue. Western blot outcomes revealed that Ast-IV regulated the ferroptosis signaling pathway via the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis to protect PM2.5-mediated lung injury.

CONCLUSION

The protective effect of Ast-IV on PM2.5-induced lung injury in mice might be related to the inhibition of ferroptosis in lung tissue. Anti-ferroptosis might be a new mechanism of Ast-IV on PM2.5-induced lung injury.