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Wang J, Shi Z, Wu Z, Wang H, Qi H, Sheng Q, Zhang S, Song J, Wang J, Zhang L, Cheng C. Molluscicidal activity and biochemical impacts of borrelidins against an aquatic invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata for crop protection. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 204:106105. [PMID: 39277409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The invasive golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is one of the devastating threats to aquatic ecosystems and wetland agriculture worldwide. Macrolides from microbes display various advantages over other compounds in controlling snails. However, emergence of antibiotic-resistant phenotypes against certain macrolides in the field appeals for exploring more effectively molluscicidal macrolides. Here, two borrelidins, borrelidin BN1 and BN2, from the extract of a Streptomyces strain fermentation were evaluated for molluscicidal potential against P. canaliculata using both immersion and contact bioassay methods. Borrelidin BN1 (borrelidin A) presented a significant molluscicidal activity comparable to the chemical pesticide metaldehyde, and had a much lower median lethal concentration value (LC50, 522.984 μg·ml-1) than avermectin B1 at 72 h of contact-killing treatment. Snail growth was inhibited by borrelidin BN1 more than by metaldehyde at sublethal concentrations, consistent with responses of key biochemical parameters. Exposure to borrelidin BN1 decreased the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as the levels of energy reserves and sex steroids in snail tissues, while increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Further application assay confirmed that borrelidin BN1 protected crop plant Zizania latifolia from P. canaliculata damage via suppressing snail population density. These findings suggest great potential of borrelidin BN1 as a molluscicide. Additionally, its higher activity than the stereoisomeric borrelidin BN2 (borrelidin F) implied better molluscicidal borrelidins could be acquired through structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Zhihang Shi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Zihuan Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Qiang Sheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Shaoyong Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Junhuan Song
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Jidong Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Liqin Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Chihang Cheng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden.
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Qu G, Yao J, Wang J, Zhang X, Dai J, Yu H, Dai Y, Xing Y. Molluscicide screening and identification of novel targets against Pomacea canaliculata. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4264-4272. [PMID: 38624214 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the nonavailability of any clear targets for molluscicides against Pomacea canaliculata, target-based screening strategy cannot be employed. In this study, the molluscicidal effects of typical pesticides on P. canaliculata were evaluated to obtain the molluscicide target. A series of arylpyrrole compounds were synthesized based on the discovered target, and their structure-activity relationships explored. A preliminary strategy for screening molluscicides based on specific targets was also developed. RESULTS A laboratory colony of P. canaliculata was developed, which showed no difference in sensitivity to niclosamide compared with the wild group, while exhibiting a higher stability against pesticide response. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase inhibitors and mitochondrial membrane potential uncouplers were identified and validated as potential targets for molluscicide screening against P. canaliculata. A series of arylpyrrole compounds were designed and synthesized. The median lethal concentration of 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (Compound 102) was 10-fold lower than that of niclosamide. CONCLUSION New molluscicide targets were discovered and validated, and preliminary strategies were explored for pesticide screening based on these targets. Compound 102 exhibited a high molluscicidal activity and had a great potential value for exploring a molluscicide to control P. canaliculata. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Qu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiakai Yao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jianrong Dai
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Haonan Yu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Dai
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuntian Xing
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
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Liu J, Chen X, Zhang J, Yao F, Shi Z, Chen Y, Chen Q, Qin Z. Effect of Metaldehyde on Survival, Enzyme Activities, and Histopathology of the Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822). BIOLOGY 2024; 13:428. [PMID: 38927309 PMCID: PMC11200788 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Pomacea canaliculata, as an invasive exotic species in Asia, can adversely affect crop yields, eco-environment, and human health. Application of molluscicides containing metaldehyde is one effective method for controlling P. canaliculata. In order to investigate the effects of metaldehyde on adult snails, we conducted acute toxicological experiments to investigate the changes in enzyme activities and histopathology after 24 h and 48 h of metaldehyde action. The results showed that the median lethal concentrations (LC) of metaldehyde on P. canaliculata were 3.792, 2.195, 1.833, and 1.706 mg/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. Treatment and time significantly affected acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activity, with sex significantly affecting AChE, GST, and TAC activity and time significantly affecting carboxylesterase (CarE). In addition, the interaction of treatment and time significantly affected the activity of GST, CarE and TAC. In addition, histopathological changes occurred in the digestive glands, gills and gastropods of apple snail exposed to metaldehyde. Histological examination of the digestive glands included atrophy of the digestive cells, widening of the hemolymph gap, and an increase in basophils. In treated snails, the hemolymph gap in the gills was widely dilated, the columnar cells were disorganized or even necrotic, and the columnar muscle cells in the ventral foot were loosely arranged and the muscle fibers reduced. The findings of this study can provide some references for controlling the toxicity mechanism of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Jiaen Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fucheng Yao
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Zhaoji Shi
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Yingtong Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Zhong Qin
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Wu H, Yuan X, Tian X, Gao J, Xie M, Xie Z, Song R, Ou D. Investigating Immunotoxicity in Black Carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus) Fingerlings Exposed to Niclosamide. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:544. [PMID: 38792567 PMCID: PMC11122308 DOI: 10.3390/life14050544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide (NIC) is a potent salicylanilide molluscicide/helminthicide commonly utilized for parasite and mollusc control in aquatic environments. Due to its persistent presence in water bodies, there is growing concern regarding its impact on aquatic organisms, yet this remains inadequately elucidated. Consequently, this study aims to assess the hepatotoxic effects and detoxification capacity of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) in a semi-static system, employing various parameters for analysis. NIC was applied to juvenile black carp at three different concentrations (0, 10 and 50 μg/L) for 28 days in an environmentally realistic manner. Exposure to 50 μg/L NIC resulted in an increase in hepatic lysozyme (LYZ), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and complement 4 (C4) levels while simultaneously causing a decrease in peroxidase (POD) activity. Additionally, NIC exposure exhibited a dose-dependent effect on elevating serum levels of LYZ, ALP, complement 3 (C3), C4, and immunoglobulin T (IgT). Notably, the mRNA levels of immune-related genes tnfα, il8, and il6, as well as nramp and leap2, were upregulated in fish exposed to NIC. RNA-Seq analysis identified 219 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in M. piceus after NIC exposure, with 94 upregulated and 125 downregulated genes. KEGG and GO analyses showed enrichment in drug metabolism pathways and activities related to oxidoreductase, lip oprotein particles, and cholesterol transport at 50 μg/L NIC. Additionally, numerous genes associated with lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and innate immunity were upregulated in NIC-exposed M. piceus. Taken together, these findings indicate that NIC has the potential to cause hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity in M. piceus. This research offers important insights for further understanding the impact of molluscicide/helminthicide aquatic toxicity in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhonggui Xie
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (X.T.); (J.G.); (M.X.); (D.O.)
| | - Rui Song
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (X.T.); (J.G.); (M.X.); (D.O.)
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Wu H, Yuan X, Xie M, Gao J, Xiong Z, Song R, Xie Z, Ou D. The Impact of Niclosamide Exposure on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and the Expression of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Genes in Black Carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2196. [PMID: 38137017 PMCID: PMC10743074 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide (NIC, 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide) is a salicylanilide molluscicide, and the extensive utilization and environmental pollution associated with NIC engender a potential hazard to both human health and the wellbeing of aquatic organisms. However, the mechanism of the chronic toxicity of NIC at environmentally relevant concentrations in terms of oxidative stress, metabolic disorder, and barrier functions in black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) is unknown. Therefore, healthy juvenile black carp (M. piceus) (average weight: 38.2 ± 2.5 g) were exposed to NIC at an environmentally realistic concentration (0, 10, and 50 μg/L) for 28 days. The findings of this study indicate that exposure to NIC resulted in reductions in weight gain, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, and increased expression of the Nrf2 gene. Furthermore, the liver demonstrated a greater accumulation of NIC than that in the gut and gills, as determined with a chemical analysis. Additionally, NIC exposure led to a significant reduction in ATP content and the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase in the gut. Meanwhile, exposure to NIC resulted in a decrease in the liver glucose (Glu) level, gut cholesterol (CHO), and glycogen (Gln) and triglyceride (TG) content in all examined tissues. Conversely, it led to an increase in tissue lactic acid (LA) and acetyl-CoA levels, as well as LDH activity. Furthermore, NIC exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations demonstrated an upregulation in the expression of genes associated with glycolysis, such as PK and GK, while concurrently downregulating the gluconeogenesis gene G6Pase. Additionally, NIC exhibited an upregulation in the expression of genes related to β-oxidation, such as CPT1 and ACOX, while downregulating genes involved in triglyceride synthesis, including SREBP1, GPAT, FAS, and ACC1. Moreover, NIC facilitated fatty acid transportation through the overexpression of FATP and Fat/cd36. These results suggest that chronic exposure to NIC is associated with oxidative stress, compromised barrier function, and metabolic disorder. Moreover, these results underscore the significance of assessing the potential consequences of NIC for black carp and aquatic environments for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Song
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (J.G.); (Z.X.); (Z.X.); (D.O.)
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Li P, Hong J, Yuan Z, Huang Y, Wu M, Ding T, Wu Z, Sun X, Lin D. Gut microbiota in parasite-transmitting gastropods. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:105. [PMID: 38001502 PMCID: PMC10668521 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastropoda, the largest class within the phylum Mollusca, houses diverse gut microbiota, and some gastropods serve as intermediate hosts for parasites. Studies have revealed that gut bacteria in gastropods are associated with various biological aspects, such as growth, immunity and host-parasite interactions. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of gastropod gut microbiomes and highlight future research priorities and perspectives. METHODS A literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI for the articles on the gut microbiota of gastropods until December 31, 2022. We retrieved a total of 166 articles and identified 73 eligible articles for inclusion in this review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS Our analysis encompassed freshwater, seawater and land snails, with a specific focus on parasite-transmitting gastropods. We found that most studies on gastropod gut microbiota have primarily utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze microbial composition, rather than employing metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, or metabolomic approaches. This comprehensive review provided an overview of the parasites carried by snail species in the context of gut microbiota studies. We presented the gut microbial trends, a comprehensive summary of the diversity and composition, influencing factors, and potential functions of gastropod gut microbiota. Additionally, we discussed the potential applications, research gaps and future perspectives of gut microbiomes in parasite-transmitting gastropods. Furthermore, several strategies for enhancing our comprehension of gut microbiomes in snails were also discussed. CONCLUSIONS This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge on the composition, potential function, influencing factors, potential applications, limitations, and challenges of gut microbiomes in gastropods, with a specific emphasis on parasite-transmitting gastropods. These findings provide important insights for future studies aiming to understand the potential role of gastropod gut microbiota in controlling snail populations and snail-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-Vectors Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinni Hong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhong Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingrou Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-Vectors Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Datao Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-Vectors Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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