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Gong Y, Chu J, Kwong R, Nunes LM, Zhao D, Tang W, Li C, Wei Z, Ju Y, Li H, Ma LQ, Yu X, Zhong H. Contamination and Carcinogenic Risks of Lead in Lip Cosmetics in China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:27. [PMID: 38281165 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
There are growing concerns about elevated lead (Pb) levels in lip cosmetics, yet in China, the largest lip cosmetic market, recent Pb contamination in lip cosmetics and associated Pb exposure remain unclear. Here, we measured Pb levels of 29 popular lip cosmetics in China and conducted the bioaccessibility-corrected carcinogenic risk assessments and sensitivity analysis regarding Pb exposure for consumers using Monte Carlo simulation. The Pb concentrations of collected samples ranged from undetectable (< 0.05 µg/kg) to 0.21 mg/kg, all of which were well below the Pb concentration limit set for cosmetics in China (10 mg/kg). The 50th percentile incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of Pb in Chinese cosmetics (1.20E-07) was below the acceptable level (1E-06), indicating that the application of lip cosmetics and subsequent Pb exposure does not pose carcinogenic risks to consumers in most cases. The results of this study provide new insights into understanding the Pb risk in lip cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing, 210042, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Junru Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Raymond Kwong
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Luis M Nunes
- University of Algarve, Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability Center, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Di Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengjiu Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhongbo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yongming Ju
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing, 210042, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiezhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
- Environmental and Life Science Program (EnLS), Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
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Wang X, Zhang X, Li N, Yang Z, Li B, Zhang X, Li H. Prioritized regional management for antibiotics and heavy metals in animal manure across China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132706. [PMID: 37804761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
High levels of antibiotics and heavy metals in animal manure pose a potential threat to both the ecological environment and public health. A regional knowledge of their distribution and risk assessment across China remains unclear. A dataset containing 4082 records covering a total of forty-two antibiotics and eight heavy metals was established for animal manure across China. The results showed that the residual concentration of antibiotics was in the order of tetracyclines > aminoglycosides > fluoroquinolones > macrolides > sulfonamides > β-lactams, and that of heavy metals is Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > As > Cd > Hg. The mean concentration of antibiotics and heavy metals was higher in pig manure compared to chicken and cow manure (Kruskal-Wallis test). The lowest level of antibiotics was observed in Northwest China based on geographic distribution characteristics. It was related to the high ratio of cow and sheep farming that less antibiotics were administered to. The pollution status of heavy metals was more severe in East China. Furthermore, high correlations were observed between antibiotics (tetracyclines) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and As). Especially, tetracycline in North China and Cd in Northeast China exhibited a high risk in manure; thus, they were priority regions for antibiotics/heavy metals pollution control. This study identified risk assessment of typical antibiotics and heavy metals in animal manure and emphasized the necessity of regional management across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Binxu Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongna Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Thomas VG, Kanstrup N. Promoting enforcement of non-lead hunting ammunition regulations and compliance in Europe and North America. AMBIO 2023; 52:1350-1358. [PMID: 37079207 PMCID: PMC10272061 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The direct regulation of lead ammunition in North America and Europe has been mainly for hunting in wetlands. Little support among hunters and the ammunition makers exists for further regulation despite suitable lead substitutes and much education about the known risks to wildlife and human health from ingested lead. In the absence of personnel to detect use of lead ammunition and enforce regulations, hunter compliance is low. Identification of non-lead ammunition using existing electronic technology and an international protocol on the identification of non-lead rifle bullets is proposed to aid enforcement. An explicit definition of the chemical composition of lead substitutes is required in European Union legislation together with a more enforceable distinction between 'possession during hunting' and 'ownership' of lead ammunition. A more transdisciplinary regulatory approach to transitioning to non-lead ammunition is advised. It comprises widespread public health advisories, setting a maximum allowable lead level in commercial game meats in EU legislation, and public communication that emphasizes the benefits of non-lead ammunition use to all categories of wildlife and the public perception of hunting, whether in North America or Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon G. Thomas
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Niels Kanstrup
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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