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Yang Y, Guo L, Li S, Zhang P. Association between percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3 and N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide among the general adult population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175360. [PMID: 39122035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have confirmed the mutual enhancement of percutaneous permeation of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), which are effective ingredients in sunscreen products and insect repellents, respectively. However, the association between percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET in a large general adult population remains to be elucidated. METHODS This cross-sectional study included US adults who had available data on urinary BP-3 and two DEET metabolites, 3-(diethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid (DCBA) and 3-(ethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid (ECBA), from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in 2015-2016. We conducted three weighted multivariable linear regression models to investigate the potential correlation between percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET, along with trend tests, smooth curve fitting, and subgroup analysis to assess the robustness of the findings. RESULTS Weighted multivariable linear logistic regression revealed a positive correlation between log10 BP-3 and log10 DCBA (β = 0.1678, 95 % CI: 0.0970 to 0.2386) as well as log10 ECBA (β = 0.1416, 95 % CI: 0.0707 to 0.2125), after adjusting for all covariates. After converting log10 BP-3 from a continuous variable to a categorical variable (quartiles), the trend tests showed that the results were stable (all P for trend < 0.05). Smoothed curve fitting demonstrated a linear positive correlation between log10 BP-3 and both log10 DCBA and log10 ECBA. In subgroup analyses, the positive correlation between BP-3 and DEET metabolites was more pronounced in participants who were male, middle-aged, non-Hispanic white, had a moderate PIR level and reported always or most of the time using sunscreen. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a statistically significant linear and positive correlation between the percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET in the general adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Siyao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Clinical Medical Research Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Pihong Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China.
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Savva K, Llorca M, Borrell X, Bertran-Solà O, Farré M, Moreno T. Granulated rubber in playgrounds and sports fields: A potential source of atmospheric plastic-related contaminants and plastic additives after runoff events. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135697. [PMID: 39216238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of "crumb rubber" coming from recycling materials in outdoor floors like playgrounds has been a frequent practice during the last years. However, these surfaces are object of abrasion and weathering being a potential source of micro and nanoplastics (MNPLs) to the atmosphere and a potential source of human exposure to them. Our main goal has been to expose different crumb rubber materials to summer weathering effects. The released inhalable fractions were sampled for two months with passive samplers and the composition of MNPLs and plastic additives (organic and inorganic) were evaluated. The ecotoxicological effects of leached materials emulating runoff events was evaluated in freshwater micro crustacean Daphnia magna and the green algae Chlorella vulgaris. The analysis of MNPLs showed the presence of polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polysiloxanes and polybutylene at concentrations up to 30,426 ng/m3. In the same fraction, we also identified up to 56 plastic additives, including antioxidants, pigments, copolymers, flame retardants, fungicides, lubricants, plasticizers, UV filters and metal ions. Finally, runoff ecotoxicological effects on D. magna and C. vulgaris showed that leached compounds, either from virgin or aged material, would be toxicants for exposed organisms although at concentrations much higher than those expected to be released to the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Savva
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain.
| | - Xavier Borrell
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | - Ona Bertran-Solà
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | - Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain.
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Lee H, Park J, Ortiz DM, Park K. Estrogen receptor/androgen receptor transcriptional activation of benzophenone derivatives and integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) for estrogenic effects. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 100:105914. [PMID: 39094913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) transactivation assays for the benzophenone compounds (BPs) were performed using hERα-HeLa-9903 cells for ER and MMTV/22Rv1_GR-KO cells for AR. Results showed that some BPs, such as BP-1, BP-2, 4OH-BP, 4DHB, and 4-MBP, showed agonistic activity on ER with a higher RPCmax than 1 nM 17-β estradiol. The other BPs (BP, BP-3, BP-6, BP-7, and BP-8) showed low RPCmax in accordance with the OECD Test guideline (TG) 455 criteria, with BP-4 as the only ER-negative. However, the potency of the BPs was at least 1000 times less than the reference chemical, 17-β-estradiol. None of the BPs exhibited agonistic activity on AR except BP-2 which showed a small increase in activity. For further evaluation of the estrogenic effect of BPs based on the integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) approach, existing data on ER binding, steroidogenesis, MCF-7 cell proliferation, and in vivo uterotrophic assays were collected and evaluated. There seemed to be a close association between the in vitro data on BPs, especially ER transcriptional activity, and the in vivo results of increased uterine weight. This case study implied that integrated approaches using in vitro data can be a useful tool for the prediction of in vivo data for estrogenic effects, without the need for additional animal toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handule Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Darlene M Ortiz
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea.
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Yang F, Kong D, Liu W, Huang D, Wu H, Che X, Pan Z, Li Y. Benzophenone-4 inhibition in marine diatoms: Physiological and molecular perspectives. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:117021. [PMID: 39265266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone-4 (BP-4), a widely utilized organic ultraviolet (UV) filter, is recognized as a pseudo-persistent contaminant in aquatic environments. To elucidate the effects and mechanisms of BP-4 on marine diatoms, an investigation was conducted on the growth rate, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, cellular structure, and transcriptome profile of the model species, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The results showed a pronounced inhibition of algal growth upon exposure to BP-4, with a 144 h-EC50 value of 201 mg·L-1. In addition, BP-4 exposure resulted in a significant reduction in biomass, disruption of cell membrane integrity, and increased MDA accumulation, with levels escalating 3.57-fold at 125 mg·L-1 of BP-4. In the BP-4-treated samples, 1556 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 985 were upregulated and 571 were downregulated. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the carbon fixation and carbon metabolism processes in P. tricornatum were disrupted in response to BP-4 exposure, along with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The upregulation of genes associated with photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoids) synthesis, phospholipid synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, and translation-related pathways may be regarded as a component of P. tricornatum's tolerance mechanism towards BP-4. These results provide preliminary insights into the toxicity and tolerance mechanisms of BP-4 on P. tricornatum. They will contribute to a better understanding of the ecotoxicological impacts of BP-4 on the marine ecosystem and provide valuable information for elimination of BP-4 in aquatic environment by bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Marine Biotechnology; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology; College of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Dexin Kong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Marine Biotechnology; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology; College of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Marine Biotechnology; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology; College of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Dazhi Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Marine Biotechnology; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology; College of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Marine Biotechnology; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology; College of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xingkai Che
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bioresources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhenyi Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Marine Biotechnology; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology; College of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bioresources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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Đurić L, Milanović M, Drljača Lero J, Milošević N, Milić N. In silico analysis of endocrine-disrupting potential of triclosan, bisphenol A, and their analogs and derivatives. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39129338 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Owning to the increasing body of evidence about the ubiquitous exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDCs), particularly bisphenol A (BPA), and associated health effects, BPA has been gradually substituted with insufficiently tested structural analogs. The unmanaged excessive use of antimicrobial agents such as triclosan (TCS) during the COVID-19 outbreak has also raised concerns about its possible interferences with hormonal functions. The similarity of BPA and estradiol, as well as TCS and non-steroidal estrogens, imply that endocrine-disrupting properties of their analogs could be predicted based on the chemical structure. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the endocrine-disrupting potential of BPA substitutes as well as TCS derivatives and degradation/biotransformation metabolites, in comparison to BPA and TCS based on their molecular properties, computational predictions of pharmacokinetics and binding affinities to nuclear receptors. Based on the obtained results several under-researched BPA analogs exhibited higher binding affinities for nuclear receptors than BPA. Notable analogs included compounds detected in receipts (DD-70, BTUM-70, TGSA, and BisOPP-A), along with a flame retardant, BDP. The possible health hazards linked to exposure to TCS and its mono-hydroxylated metabolites were also found. Further research is needed in order to elucidate the health impacts of these compounds and promote better regulation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Đurić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Milanović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovana Drljača Lero
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Kim S, Cho SY, Yoon S, Kim D, Park HW, Kang J, Huh SW. Relationship between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4. Ann Occup Environ Med 2024; 36:e20. [PMID: 39188668 PMCID: PMC11345219 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Benzophenone-3 is a type of ketone with 2 benzene rings attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and one benzene ring attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH). As an endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3 is known to be associated with reproductive, developmental, thyroid, and endocrine toxicities. Benzophenone-3 is commonly used in hair products, cosmetics, and ultraviolet (UV) filters because of its characteristic property to absorb UV light. This study aims to investigate the association between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3 using the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4 (2018-2020), which represents the Korean population. Methods Using the KoNEHS cycle 4 survey, the data of 3,796 adults aged ≥ 19 years were analyzed. Based on the 75th percentile concentration of urine benzophenone-3, the participants were divided into the low- and high-concentration groups. Chi-square test was conducted to analyze the association of urine benzophenone-3 with distribution of general characteristics, use of personal care products, consumption of marine foods, and use of plastic products as the variable. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine benzophenone-3 based on the use of hair products. Results Women with < 6 times or ≥ 6 times of hair product usage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those who did not use hair products. The calculated ORs were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.38) for women with < 6 times of usage and 1.54 (95% CI: 1.33-1.79) for women with ≥ 6 times of usage. Conclusions This study revealed the association between the use of hair products and the concentration of urine benzophenone-3 in the general Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyoung Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Seong-yong Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Seongyong Yoon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Jisoo Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Huh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
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Varshavsky JR, Meeker JD, Zimmerman E, Woodbury ML, Aung MT, Rosario-Pabon ZY, Cathey AL, Vélez-Vega CM, Cordero J, Alshawabkeh A, Eick SM. Association of Phenols, Parabens, and Their Mixture with Maternal Blood Pressure Measurements in the PROTECT Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:87004. [PMID: 39140735 PMCID: PMC11323763 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenols and parabens are two classes of high production volume chemicals that are used widely in consumer and personal care products and have been associated with reproductive harm and pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. However, studies examining their influence on maternal blood pressure and gestational hypertension are limited. OBJECTIVES We investigated associations between individual phenols, parabens, and their mixture on maternal blood pressure measurements, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and hypertension during pregnancy (defined as stage 1 or 2 hypertension), among N = 1,433 Puerto Rico PROTECT study participants. METHODS We examined these relationships cross-sectionally at two time points during pregnancy (16-20 and 24-28 wks gestation) and longitudinally using linear mixed models (LMMs). Finally, we used quantile g-computation to examine the mixture effect on continuous (SBP, DBP) and binary (hypertension during pregnancy) blood pressure outcomes. RESULTS We observed a trend of higher odds of hypertension during pregnancy with exposure to multiple analytes and the overall mixture [including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), triclocarbon (TCC), triclosan (TCS), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), methyl paraben (M-PB), propyl paraben (P-PB), butyl paraben (B-PB), and ethyl paraben (E-PB)], especially at 24-28 wk gestation, with an adjusted mixture odds ratio ( OR ) = 1.57 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.38). Lower SBP and higher DBP were also associated with individual analytes, with results from LMMs most consistent for methyl paraben (M-PB) or propyl paraben (P-PB) and increased DBP across pregnancy [adjusted M-PB β = 0.78 (95% CI: 0.17, 1.38) and adjusted P-PB β = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.19, 1.51)] and for BPA, which was associated with decreased SBP (adjusted β = - 0.57 ; 95% CI: - 1.09 , - 0.05 ). Consistent with other literature, we also found evidence of effect modification by fetal sex, with a strong inverse association observed between the overall exposure mixture and SBP at visit 1 among participants carrying female fetuses only. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that phenol and paraben exposure may collectively increase the risk of stage 1 or 2 hypertension during pregnancy, which has important implications for fetal and maternal health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Varshavsky
- Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Zimmerman
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan L. Woodbury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Max T. Aung
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zaira Y. Rosario-Pabon
- Department of Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Amber L. Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carmen M. Vélez-Vega
- Department of Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - José Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Akram Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Eick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yoshida N, Lyu Z, Kim S, Park N, Hitomi T, Fujii Y, Kho Y, Choi K, Harada KH. Temporal trends in exposure to parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban in adult females in Kyoto, Japan, from 1993 to 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37050-37059. [PMID: 38758445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Products used in daily life can contain chemicals such as parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban that have potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Little is known about the temporal trends of exposure levels to some of these chemicals in Japan. Our study assessed the intake and risk associated with exposure to commonly used chemicals. We measured the concentrations of five parabens, four benzophenones, and triclosan and triclocarban in 133 single spot urine samples. The urine samples were collected in 1993, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, and 2016 from healthy female residents in Kyoto, Japan. With the exception of methylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben, there were no significant fluctuations in the concentrations of target chemicals over the study period; however, methylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben showed temporal changes in concentrations. Methylparaben concentrations peaked in 2003 with a median value of 309 μg/g creatinine, ethylparaben concentrations peaked in 1993 with a median value of 17.3 μg/g creatinine, and butylparaben showed a decline, with the median values becoming non-detectable in 2009 and 2016. We calculated estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients for each chemical. In the analysis of total samples, 2.3% (3 samples) for butylparaben and 0.8% (1 sample) for propylparaben were found to surpass a hazard quotient of 1. Overall, 3% (n = 4) of the study participants exceeded a hazard index of 1. The potential health risks associated with exposure to butylparaben and propylparaben emphasize the need for further monitoring and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yoshida
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Zhaoqing Lyu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Nayoun Park
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Toshiaki Hitomi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Tan Z, Deng H, Ou H, Liao Z, Wu X, Liu R, Ou H. Microplastics and volatile organic compounds released from face masks after disinfection: Layers and materials differences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170286. [PMID: 38280606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Effective disinfection methods are critical for ensuring the reusability of masks, yet these methods may inadvertently introduce health concerns associated with microplastics (MPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study investigated the impact of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) bleaching on mask filter layers composed of four distinct materials. Our results revealed that UVGI induced more pronounced damage compared to bleaching, leading to the significant release of both MPs and VOCs. After UVGI treatment at conventional disinfection doses, meltblown (MB) fabrics released MPs reaching 864 ± 182 μg/g (92 ± 19 particles/g). For all filter layers, the quantity of released MPs followed the order: MB > HDPE>PU ≈ NW. These MPs were identified as degraded debris from the mask filter layers. The specific VOCs generated varied depending on the material composition. Non-woven (NW) and MB fabrics, both comprised of polypropylene, predominantly produced various branched aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivative oxides. The cotton-like fabric, composed of high-density polyethylene, primarily emitted different linear aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates. In contrast, the polyurethane filter layer of reusable masks released aromatic compounds, nitrogenous compounds, and their oxidation products. The formation of VOCs was primarily attributed to bond breakage and oxidative damage to the filter structure resulting from the disinfection process. In summary, as UVGI induced higher yields of MPs and VOCs compared to bleaching, the latter would be a safer option for mask disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Haiyang Deng
- CECEP Construction Engineering Design Institute Limited Company, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Huali Ou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhianqi Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinni Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huase Ou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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