1
|
Isca VMS, Bangay G, Princiotto S, Saraíva L, Dos Santos DJVA, García-Sosa AT, Rijo P. Extraction optimization and reactivity of 7α-acetoxy-6β-hydroxyroyleanone and ability of its derivatives to modulate PKC isoforms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16990. [PMID: 39043734 PMCID: PMC11266714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C is a family of kinases that play important roles in carcinogenesis. Medicinal plants from Plectranthus spp. (Lamiaceae) are a well-known source of interesting abietanes, such as 7α-acetoxy-6β-hydroxyroyleanone (Roy). This study aimed to extract and isolate Roy from P. grandidentatus Gürke, comparing two extraction methods (CO2 supercritical and ultrasound-assisted acetonic extraction), and design new royleanone derivatives for PKC modulation focusing on breast cancer therapy. The concentration of Roy in the extracts was determined by HPLC-DAD. The supercritical extraction method yielded 3.6% w/w, with the presence of 42.7 μg mg-1 of Roy (yield of 0.13%), while ultrasound-assisted acetonic extraction yielded 2.3% w/w, with the presence of 55.2 μg mg-1 of Roy (yield of 0.15%). The reactivity of Roy was investigated aiming at synthetizing new ester derivatives through standard benzoylation and esterification reactions. The benzoylated (Roy-12-Bz) and acetylated (Roy-12-Ac) derivatives in the C12 position were consistently prepared with overall good yields (33-86%). These results indicate the 12-OH position as the most reactive for esterification, affording derivatives under mild conditions. The reported di-benzoylated (RoyBz) and di-acetylated (RoyAc) derivatives were also synthesized after increasing the temperature (50 °C), reaction time, and using an excess of reagents. The cytotoxic potential of Roy and its derivatives was assessed against breast cancer cell lines, with RoyBz emerging as the most promising compound. Derivatization at position C-12 did not offer advantages over di-esterification at positions C-12 and C-6 or over the parent compound Roy and the presence of aromatic groups favored cytotoxicity. Evaluation of royleanones as PKC-α, βI, δ, ε, and ζ activators revealed DeRoy's efficacy across all isoforms, while RoyPr showed promising activation of PKC-δ but not PKC-ζ, highlighting the influence of slight structural changes on isoform selectivity. Molecular docking analysis emphasized the importance of microenvironmental factors in isoform specificity, underscoring the complexity of PKC modulation and the need for further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera M S Isca
- CBIOS - Center for Research in Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Farmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabrielle Bangay
- CBIOS - Center for Research in Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas (Área de Farmacología), Nuevos agentes antitumorales, Acción tóxica sobre células leucémicas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33, 600 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvatore Princiotto
- CBIOS - Center for Research in Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucília Saraíva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel J V A Dos Santos
- CBIOS - Center for Research in Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Patrícia Rijo
- CBIOS - Center for Research in Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Farmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Albert V, Piendl G, Yousseff D, Lammert H, Hummel M, Ortmann O, Jagla W, Gaumann A, Wege AK, Brockhoff G. Protein kinase C targeting of luminal (T-47D), luminal/HER2-positive (BT474), and triple negative (HCC1806) breast cancer cells in-vitro with AEB071 (Sotrastaurin) is efficient but mediated by subtype specific molecular effects. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022; 306:1197-1210. [PMID: 35298675 PMCID: PMC9470618 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a pivotal role in malignant cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness and migration. However, its exploitation as therapeutic target in breast cancer has been merely explored. Here were evaluated the AEB071 (Sotrastaurin™) treatment efficiency of breast cancer cell lines derived from estrogen receptor positive (T-47D), estrogen/HER2 receptor positive (BT474), and triple negative (HCC1806) breast cancer cells under 2D (monolayer) and 3D (multicellular tumor spheroids) culture conditions. Additionally, spheroid cocultures of BC and N1 fibroblasts were analyzed. Methods We quantitatively assessed the proliferation capacity of breast cancer cells and fibroblasts as a function of AEB071 treatment using flow cytometry. The activities of PKC isoforms, substrates, and key molecules of the PKC signaling known to be involved in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation and cellular survival were additionally evaluated. Moreover, a multigene expression analysis (PanCancer Pathways assay) using the nanoString™ technology was applied. Results All breast cancer cell lines subjected to this study were sensitive to AEB071 treatment, whereby cell proliferation in 2D culture was considerably (BT474) or moderately (HCC1806) retarded in G0/G1 or in G2/M phase (T-47D) of the cell cycle. Regardless of the breast cancer subtype the efficiency of AEB071 treatment was significantly lower in the presence of N1 fibroblast cells. Subtype specific driver molecules, namely IL19, c-myb, and NGFR were mostly affected by the AEB071 treatment. Conclusion A combined targeting of PKC and a subtype specific driver molecule might complement specified breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veruschka Albert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Piendl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Hedwig Lammert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Black AR, Black JD. The complexities of PKCα signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100769. [PMID: 33307285 PMCID: PMC8141086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PKC family of serine/threonine kinases with diverse functions in normal and neoplastic cells. Early studies identified anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing functions for PKCα in some normal tissues (e.g., regenerating epithelia) and pro-proliferative effects in others (e.g., cells of the hematopoietic system, smooth muscle cells). Additional well documented roles of PKCα signaling in normal cells include regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration, and PKCα can function as a survival factor in many contexts. While a majority of tumors lose expression of PKCα, others display aberrant overexpression of the enzyme. Cancer-related mutations in PKCα are uncommon, but rare examples of driver mutations have been detected in certain cancer types (e. g., choroid gliomas). Here we review the role of PKCα in various cancers, describe mechanisms by which PKCα affects cancer-related cell functions, and discuss how the diverse functions of PKCα contribute to tumor suppressive and tumor promoting activities of the enzyme. We end the discussion by addressing mutations and expression of PKCα in tumors and the clinical relevance of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wagner E, Wietrzyk J, Psurski M, Becan L, Turlej E. Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Derivatives of Isoxazolo[4,5- e][1,2,4]triazepine Derivatives and Potential Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:119-134. [PMID: 33458465 PMCID: PMC7807470 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, using Thorpe's reaction with Gewald's modification, 4-acetylamino-5-acetyl or 5-benzoyl 3-carboxamide compounds 3 or 4 were obtained. From these compounds, two series of compounds (5, 7, and 9 and 6, 8, and 10) were obtained with 98% hydrazine. Compounds 6, 7, 8, and 9 were then reacted with the appropriate aldehydes to afford a series of new isoxazole derivatives (11-18, 27-36, and 37-41) and the main compounds, 19-26 and 42-45, were isoxazolo[4,5-e][1,2,4]triazepine derivatives. The anticarcinogenic activities of selected compounds were tested on six lines of cancer cells, and their activities were compared with the relevant concentrations of the anticarcinogenic drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin in IITD PAN. Several compounds were tested on 60 lines of cancer cells by the NCI (Bethesda, MD, USA). The cyclization of compound 12 into derivative 46 was also carried out. Compound 21 showed extremely high antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Wagner
- Department
of Drugs Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-367, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department
of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental
Therapy, Polish Academy Sciences, Wroclaw 53-114, Poland
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Department
of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental
Therapy, Polish Academy Sciences, Wroclaw 53-114, Poland
| | - Lilianna Becan
- Department
of Drugs Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-367, Poland
| | - Eliza Turlej
- Department
of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental
Therapy, Polish Academy Sciences, Wroclaw 53-114, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Claudin 1 Is Highly Upregulated by PKC in MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cells and Correlates Positively with PKCε in Patient Biopsies. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:561-575. [PMID: 30658316 PMCID: PMC6349319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provide compelling evidence to suggest that the tight junction protein claudin 1, aberrantly expressed in several cancer types, plays an important role in cancer progression. Dysregulation of claudin 1 has been shown to induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, activation of the ERK signaling pathway by protein kinase C (PKC) was shown to be necessary for EMT induction. Whether PKC is involved in regulating breast cancer progression has not been addressed. The PKC activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) was used to investigate the effect of PKC activity on claudin 1 transcription and protein levels, subcellular distribution, and alterations in EMT markers in human breast cancer (HBC) cell lines. As well, tissue microarray analysis (TMA) of a large cohort of invasive HBC biopsies was conducted to investigate correlations between claudin 1 and PKC isomers. TPA upregulated claudin 1 levels in all HBC cell lines analyzed. In particular, a high induction of claudin 1 protein was observed in the MCF7 cell line. TPA treatment also led to an accumulation of claudin 1 in the cytoplasm. Additionally, we demonstrated that the upregulation of claudin 1 was through the ERK signaling pathway. In patient biopsies, we identified a significant positive correlation between claudin 1, PKCα, and PKCε in ER+ tumors. A similar correlation between claudin 1 and PKCε was identified in ER- tumors, and high PKCε was associated with shorter disease-free survival. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that claudin 1 and the ERK signaling pathway are important players in HBC progression.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun Z, Wang J, Weng M, Tang J, Wang J, Xu J, Lin L, Yuan H. Role of Small Interfering RNA Silencing Protein Kinase C‐α Gene on the Occurrence of Ultrafiltration Failure in Peritoneal Dialysis Rats. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4607-4616. [PMID: 28485503 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Wei Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunhua Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650031P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of NephrologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunhua Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650031P. R. China
| | - Min Weng
- Department of NutritionThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunming650032P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Zhong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunhua Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650031P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Feng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunhua Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650031P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of NephrologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunhua Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650031P. R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Geriatric CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunming650032P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Ling Yuan
- Department of NephrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunming650032P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Targeting Protein Kinase C Downstream of Growth Factor and Adhesion Signalling. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1271-91. [PMID: 26184315 PMCID: PMC4586769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling outputs of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, G-protein coupled receptors and integrins converge to mediate key cell process such as cell adhesion, cell migration, cell invasion and cell proliferation. Once activated by their ligands, these cell surface proteins recruit and direct a diverse range of proteins to disseminate the appropriate response downstream of the specific environmental cues. One of the key groups of proteins required to regulate these activities is the family of serine/threonine intracellular kinases called Protein Kinase Cs. The activity and subcellular location of PKCs are mediated by a series of tightly regulated events and is dependent on several posttranslational modifications and the availability of second messengers. Protein Kinase Cs exhibit both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects making them an interesting target for anti-cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Perez White B, Molloy ME, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Tonetti DA. Extranuclear ERα is associated with regression of T47D PKCα-overexpressing, tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:34. [PMID: 23634843 PMCID: PMC3661391 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prior to the introduction of tamoxifen, high dose estradiol was used to treat breast cancer patients with similar efficacy as tamoxifen, albeit with some undesirable side effects. There is renewed interest to utilize estradiol to treat endocrine resistant breast cancers, especially since findings from several preclinical models and clinical trials indicate that estradiol may be a rational second-line therapy in patients exhibiting resistance to tamoxifen and/or aromatase inhibitors. We and others reported that breast cancer patients bearing protein kinase C alpha (PKCα)- expressing tumors exhibit endocrine resistance and tumor aggressiveness. Our T47D:A18/PKCα preclinical model is tamoxifen-resistant, hormone-independent, yet is inhibited by 17β-estradiol (E2) in vivo. We previously reported that E2-induced T47D:A18/PKCα tumor regression requires extranuclear ERα and interaction with the extracellular matrix. Methods T47D:A18/PKCα cells were grown in vitro using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel and in vivo by establishing xenografts in athymic mice. Immunofluoresence confocal microscopy and co-localization were applied to determine estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) subcellular localization. Co-immunoprecipitation and western blot were used to examine interaction of ERα with caveolin-1. Results We report that although T47D:A18/PKCα cells are cross-resistant to raloxifene in cell culture and in Matrigel, raloxifene induces regression of tamoxifen-resistant tumors. ERα rapidly translocates to extranuclear sites during T47D:A18/PKCα tumor regression in response to both raloxifene and E2, whereas ERα is primarily localized in the nucleus in proliferating tumors. E2 treatment induced complete tumor regression whereas cessation of raloxifene treatment resulted in tumor regrowth accompanied by re-localization of ERα to the nucleus. T47D:A18/neo tumors that do not overexpress PKCα maintain ERα in the nucleus during tamoxifen-mediated regression. An association between ERα and caveolin-1 increases in tumors regressing in response to E2. Conclusions Extranuclear ERα plays a role in the regression of PKCα-overexpressing tamoxifen-resistant tumors. These studies underline the unique role of extranuclear ERα in E2- and raloxifene-induced tumor regression that may have implications for treatment of endocrine-resistant PKCα-expressing tumors encountered in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Perez White
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S, Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin SC, Chen WY, Lin KY, Chen SH, Chang CC, Lin SE, Fang CL. Clinicopathological correlation and prognostic significance of protein kinase cα overexpression in human gastric carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56675. [PMID: 23468872 PMCID: PMC3582558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the PKCα protein expression in gastric carcinoma, and correlated it with clinicopathological parameters. The prognostic significance of PKCα protein expression in gastric carcinoma was analyzed. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR test was applied to compare the PKCα mRNA expression in tumorous and nontumorous tissues of gastric carcinoma in ten randomly selected cases. Then PKCα protein expression was evaluated in 215 cases of gastric carcinoma using immunohistochemical method. The immunoreactivity was scored semiquantitatively as: 0 = absent; 1 = weak; 2 = moderate; and 3 = strong. All cases were further classified into two groups, namely PKCα overexpression group with score 2 or 3, and non-overexpression group with score 0 or 1. The PKCα protein expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Survival analysis was performed to determine the prognostic significance of PKCα protein expression in patients with gastric carcinoma. RESULTS PKCα mRNA expression was upregulated in all ten cases of gastric carcinoma via quantitative real-time PCR test. In immunohistochemical study, eighty-eight out of 215 cases (41%) of gastric carcinoma revealed PKCα protein overexpression, which was statistically correlated with age (P = 0.0073), histologic type (P<0.0001), tumor differentiation (P = 0.0110), depth of invasion (P = 0.0003), angiolymphatic invasion (P = 0.0373), pathologic stage (P = 0.0047), and distant metastasis (P = 0.0048). We found no significant difference in overall and disease free survival rates between PKCα overexpression and non-overexpression groups (P = 0.0680 and 0.0587). However, PKCα protein overexpression emerged as a significant independent prognostic factor in multivariate Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio 0.632, P = 0.0415). CONCLUSIONS PKCα protein is upregulated in gastric carcinoma. PKCα protein expression is statistically correlated with age, histologic type, tumor differentiation, depth of invasion, angiolymphatic invasion, pathologic stage, and distant metastasis. The PKCα protein overexpression in patients with gastric carcinoma is a significant independent prognostic factor in multivariate Cox regression analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shee-Chan Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sey-En Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Involvement of PKCα activation in TF/VIIa/PAR2-induced proliferation, migration, and survival of colon cancer cell SW620. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:837-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
11
|
Hoshino D, Jourquin J, Emmons SW, Miller T, Goldgof M, Costello K, Tyson DR, Brown B, Lu Y, Prasad NK, Zhang B, Mills GB, Yarbrough WG, Quaranta V, Seiki M, Weaver AM. Network analysis of the focal adhesion to invadopodia transition identifies a PI3K-PKCα invasive signaling axis. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra66. [PMID: 22969158 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cancer, deregulated signaling can produce an invasive cellular phenotype. We modeled the invasive transition as a theoretical switch between two cytoskeletal structures: focal adhesions and extracellular matrix-degrading invadopodia. We constructed molecular interaction networks of each structure and identified upstream regulatory hubs through computational analyses. We compared these regulatory hubs to the status of signaling components from head and neck carcinomas, which led us to analyze phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase C α (PKCα). Consistent with previous studies, PI3K activity promoted both the formation and the activity of invadopodia. We found that PI3K induction of invadopodia was increased by overexpression of SH2 (Src homology 2) domain-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2), which converts the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P(3)] that is produced by PI3K activity to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P(2)], which is believed to promote invadopodia formation. Knockdown of PKCα had divergent effects on invadopodia formation, depending on the status of PI3K. Loss of PKCα inhibited invadopodia formation in cells with wild-type PI3K pathway status. Conversely, in cells with constitutively active PI3K (through activating PI3K mutants or lacking the endogenous opposing enzyme PTEN), PKCα knockdown increased invadopodia formation. Mechanistic studies revealed a negative feedback loop from PKCα that dampened PI3K activity and invasive behavior in cells with genetic hyperactivation of the PI3K pathway. These studies demonstrated the potential of network modeling as a discovery tool and identified PI3K and PKCα as interacting regulators of invasive behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hoshino
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Awadelkarim KD, Callens C, Rossé C, Susini A, Vacher S, Rouleau E, Lidereau R, Bièche I. Quantification of PKC family genes in sporadic breast cancer by qRT-PCR: evidence that PKCι/λ overexpression is an independent prognostic factor. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2852-62. [PMID: 22511072 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drugs targeting protein kinase C (PKC) show promising therapeutic activity. However, little is known about the expression patterns of the 11 PKC genes in human tumors, and the clinical significance of most PKC genes is unknown. We used qRT-PCR assays to quantify mRNA levels of the 11 PKC genes in 458 breast tumors from patients with known clinical/pathological status and long-term outcome. The proportion of tumors in which the expression of the different genes was altered varied widely, from 9.6% for PKN2 to 40.2% for PKCι/λ. In breast tumors, overexpression was the main alteration observed for PKCι/λ (33.4%), PKCδ (29.5%) and PKCζ (9.6%), whereas underexpression was the main alteration observed for PKCα (27.3%), PKCε (11.6%), PKCη (8.7%) and PKN2 (8.1%). Both overexpression and underexpression were observed for PKCβ (underexpression 15.5%, overexpression 13.8%), PKCθ (underexpression 14.8%, overexpression 10.0%) and PKN1 (underexpression 6.6%, overexpression 7.4%). Several links were found between different PKC genes; and also between the expression patterns of PKC genes and several classical pathological and clinical parameters. PKCι/λ alone was found to have prognostic significance (p = 0.043), whereas PKCα showed a trend towards an influence on relapse-free survival (p = 0.052). PKCι/λ retained its prognostic significance in Cox multivariate regression analysis (p = 0.031). These results reveal very complex expression patterns of PKC genes in breast tumors, and suggest that their expression should be considered together when evaluating anti-tumoral drugs. PKCι/λ seems to be the most promising therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
13
|
Karp G, Abu-Ghanem S, Novack V, Mermershtain W, Ariad S, Sion-Vardy N, Livneh E. Localization of PKCη in cell membranes as a predictor for breast cancer response to treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:260-6. [PMID: 22868505 DOI: 10.1159/000338443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful treatment of breast cancer is frequently limited by the resistance of tumors to chemotherapy. Recent studies suggested a role for protein kinase C (PKC) in the resistance to chemotherapy. Here we used retrospective analysis of breast cancer biopsies of neoadjuvantly treated patients to investigate the correlation of PKC expression with aggressiveness and resistance to chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Our cohort (n = 25) included patients with advanced and aggressive breast cancers, who underwent neoadjuvant therapy with the CAF regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, fluorouracil). Core biopsies (pre-chemotherapy) and surgical biopsies of primary tumors and lymph node metastases (post-chemotherapy) were scored for PKCeta (PKCh) and PKCepsilon (PKCe) expression in the cytoplasm, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, and the nucleus. RESULTS Our results showed increased expression of PKCh (not PKCe) in the cytoplasm and cell membranes of post-chemotherapy biopsies (p = 0.03). PKCh presence in cell membranes, indicating activation, was in correlation with poor survival (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION PKCh staining in cell and nuclear membranes is an indicator for poor survival and a predictor for the effectiveness of neoadjuvant treatment. Other avenues of treatment should be considered for these patients. PKCh presents a target for therapy where inhibition of its activity and/or translocation to membranes could interfere with the resistance to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galia Karp
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lønne GK, Cornmark L, Zahirovic IO, Landberg G, Jirström K, Larsson C. PKCalpha expression is a marker for breast cancer aggressiveness. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:76. [PMID: 20398285 PMCID: PMC2873434 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are potential targets for breast cancer therapy. This study was designed to evaluate which PKC isoforms might be optimal targets for different breast cancer subtypes. Results In two cohorts of primary breast cancers, PKCα levels correlated to estrogen and progesterone receptor negativity, tumor grade, and proliferative activity, whereas PKCδ and PKCε did not correlate to clinicopathological parameters. Patients with PKCα-positive tumors showed poorer survival than patients with PKCα-negative tumors independently of other factors. Cell line studies demonstrated that PKCα levels are high in MDA-MB-231 and absent in T47D cells which proliferated slower than other cell lines. Furthermore, PKCα silencing reduced proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. PKCα inhibition or downregulation also reduced cell migration in vitro. Conclusions PKCα is a marker for poor prognosis of breast cancer and correlates to and is important for cell functions associated with breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gry Kalstad Lønne
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE- 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
The protein kinase C agonist PEP005 (ingenol 3-angelate) in the treatment of human cancer: a balance between efficacy and toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:174-94. [PMID: 22069553 PMCID: PMC3206618 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The diterpene ester ingenol-3-angelate (referred to as PEP005) is derived from the plant Euphorbia peplus. Crude euphorbia extract causes local toxicity and transient inflammation when applied topically and has been used in the treatment of warts, skin keratoses and skin cancer. PEP005 is a broad range activator of the classical (α, β, γ) and novel (δ, ε, η, θ) protein kinase C isoenzymes. Direct pro-apoptotic effects of this drug have been demonstrated in several malignant cells, including melanoma cell lines and primary human acute myelogenous leukemia cells. At micromolar concentrations required to kill melanoma cells this agent causes PKC-independent secondary necrosis. In contrast, the killing of leukemic cells occurs in the nanomolar range, requires activation of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) and is specifically associated with translocation of PKCδ from the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane. However, in addition to this pro-apoptotic effect the agent seems to have immunostimulatory effects, including: (i) increased chemokine release by malignant cells; (ii) a general increase in proliferation and cytokine release by activated T cells, including T cells derived from patients with chemotherapy-induced lymphopenia; (iii) local infiltration of neutrophils after topical application with increased antibody-dependent cytotoxicity; and (iv) development of specific anti-cancer immune responses by CD8(+) T cells in animal models. Published studies mainly describe effects from in vitro investigations or after topical application of the agent, and careful evaluation of the toxicity after systemic administration is required before the possible use of this agent in the treatment of malignancies other than skin cancers.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lu HC, Chou FP, Yeh KT, Chang YS, Hsu NC, Chang JG. Analysing the expression of protein kinase C eta in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathology 2009; 41:626-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00313020903273076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
17
|
Lu HC, Chou FP, Yeh KT, Chang YS, Hsu NC, Chang JG. Expression of Protein Kinase C Family in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2009; 16:385-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in the transduction of signals for cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Unsurprisingly, disruption of PKC regulation is implicated in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. PKC function is complex in this context owing to the differing roles of individual isozymes within the cell and across tumour types. Therapeutically targeting PKC isozymes is not new; however, with many of the early PKC inhibitor cytotoxic drug combinations being discarded at the phase II level, and recent phase III studies in non-small-cell lung cancer proving negative, what's going wrong?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Mackay
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Almost three decades after the discovery of protein kinase C (PKC), we still have only a partial understanding of how this family of serine/threonine kinases is involved in tumour promotion. PKC isozymes - effectors of diacylglycerol (DAG) and the main targets of phorbol-ester tumour promoters - have important roles in cell-cycle regulation, cellular survival, malignant transformation and apoptosis. How do PKC isozymes regulate these diverse cellular processes and what are their contributions to carcinogenesis? Moreover, what is the contribution of all phorbol-ester effectors, which include PKCs and small G-protein regulators? We now face the challenge of dissecting the relative contribution of each DAG signal to cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Griner
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Koivunen J, Aaltonen V, Peltonen J. Protein kinase C (PKC) family in cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2006; 235:1-10. [PMID: 15907369 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PKC family consist of a number of serine-threonine kinases which are divided into three groups based on their activating factors. PKCs have been linked to carcinogenesis since PKC activators can act as tumor promoters. Furthermore, functional studies have suggested that PKCs play a role in the carcinogenesis and maintenance of malignant phenotype. Potentiation of malignant phenotype may be mediated by activation of selective PKC isoenzymes or through altered isoenzyme expression profile compared to the originating tissue. Activation of PKCalpha and beta isoenzymes have often been linked to malignant phenotype while PKCdelta is thought to mediate anti-cancer effects. This review will focus on the regulation and significance of PKC isoenzymes to cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Koivunen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aaltonen V, Koivunen J, Laato M, Peltonen J. Heterogeneity of cellular proliferation within transitional cell carcinoma: correlation of protein kinase C alpha/betaI expression and activity. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:795-806. [PMID: 16517978 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6839.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 18 histological samples containing both transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and normal urothelial epithelium were analyzed for protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha and -betaI expression, and for their phosphorylated substrates. The results showed an increased expression of PKC-alpha in 13 out of 18 samples and -betaI in 11 out of 18 TCC samples when compared with normal urothelium. In addition, 11 out of 18 of the TCC tumors displayed heterogeneous expression of the PKC isoenzymes, with different levels of immunosignal in different areas of the tumor. Within the same sample, areas of highest PKC isoenzyme expression also showed highest classical PKC activity, as estimated by immunodetection of phosphorylated forms of PKC substrates. The areas of highest expression of PKC-alpha and/or -betaI isoenzymes showed also the highest number of cells positive for Ki67, an indicator of proliferation. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting demonstrated that in cultured TCC cells, PKC-alpha was located in the cytoplasm, whereas PKC-betaI was located primarily in the nucleus as a 65-kDa fragment and in the cytoplasm as a full-size 79-kDa protein. Our results indicate that increased expression of PKC-alpha and -betaI leads to increased total classical PKC kinase activity and suggest that increased activity of the isoenzymes plays a role in accelerated growth of TCC. Furthermore, these results suggest that even in carcinoma tissue, PKC expression and activity are under strict control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Aaltonen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|