Birth cohort effect on lung cancer incidence in Taiwanese women 1981–1998

Assessing the cooking oil fume exposure impacts on Chinese women health: an influential mechanism analysis

Oil fume is always considered as a major source of indoor air pollution. This article aims to examine the effects of cooking oil fume as environmental pollution on the health of Chinese women by using the data obtained from China Labor force Dynamic Survey (CLDS). In order to estimate the effect of environmental pollution on the human health, we utilize probit model approach and baseline regression method. The results showed that oil fume has a significant negative impact on the health indicators of "physical pain, health impact on work and injury." By conducting endogeneity analysis, our results show the robustness and indicate that oil fume has a robust effect on the women health. Heterogeneity analysis show that heavier oil fume has a negative impact on the subjective health of middle-aged and young women, while it has  a significant negative impact on the objective health of middle-aged women. Analysis of the impact mechanism reveal that heavier oil fumes will reduce women's sleep quality and will lead to the poorer health. Based on our study findings, this study proposes policy recommendations from the perspectives of the use of smoke extraction equipment, cooking methods, and sleep quality to reduce the negative impact of cooking fumes on women's health.

Global Patterns and Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study

INTRODUCTION

Lung cancer (LC) has been the most common cancer worldwide for several decades. This study comprehensively examines recent geographic patterns and temporal trends in LC incidence from 1978 to 2012 in 43 countries and evaluates the effects of birth cohort and period on temporal trends.

METHODS

Data were retrieved from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database. Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort models were applied.

RESULTS

The age-standardized rate was highest in Turkey (69.3 per 100,000 person-years) for men and in Denmark (36.7) for women in the period 2008 to 2012. Sex disparities were noted in most countries. From 1978 to 2012, a total of 19 countries had significantly declining trends among men, whereas 26 countries had significantly increasing trends among women (all p < 0.05). Quasi-reversed V-shaped and U-shaped incidence rate ratio trends indicating birth cohort effects were detected in 26 countries for men, with the highest risks mainly occurring in the 1930 to 1950 birth cohorts. However, the risks among recent generations have moderately increased in the People's Republic of China and Japan for men and sharply increased in Lithuania, Belarus, and Republic of Korea for women. Incidence rate ratio increases were steep among earlier birth cohorts and gradual among the post-1930s cohorts in 15 countries for women. Period effects were more evident than birth cohort effects in five countries for both sexes.

CONCLUSIONS

Disparities in LC incidence and carcinogenic risk persist worldwide. Our findings identified high-risk target populations for primary prevention to reduce the LC incidence and highlighted the urgent need for etiologic studies to identify the reasons for pronounced cohort-specific risk increases in certain countries.

Lung cancer incidence in Singapore: ethnic and gender differences

OBJECTIVES

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Singapore. We examine trends of lung cancer from 1968 to 2007, explore ethnic and gender-specific incidence rates, and examine period and cohort effects in Chinese and Malays using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) analysis.

METHODS

Aggregated data for cancer incidences and estimated person-years for the period 1968-2007 were obtained from the Singapore Cancer Registry. An APC analysis was performed using a Poisson regression model.

RESULTS

Lung cancer incidence rates were more than two times higher in males compared to females, and also higher in Chinese compared to Malays and Indians. While rates in Chinese men, and, to a lesser extent, Chinese women, had been declining since the early 1980s, rates in Malay men continued to increase. The full APC model described the cancer trend in Chinese males, Chinese females and Malay males, while an age-drift model described the cancer trend in Malay females. Among Chinese males, Chinese females and Malay males, there was no clear pattern to the period curvature effects, although similar cohort curvatures were seen, with positive curvature effects in older cohorts that declined towards zero and negative effects in younger cohorts.

CONCLUSION

There are strong gender and ethnic differences in lung cancer incidence in Singapore. Differences in smoking rates and differential ethnic effects of smoking may explain some but not all of these differences. The similar cohort curvatures suggest that environmental factors in Singapore occurring in the past but no longer present at similar intensity or frequency may explain the positive deviation from a linear trend. Apart from smoking, other environmental factors such as changes in diet, improved sanitation and ventilation, and declines in infectious diseases like tuberculosis may play a role.

High expression of CHRNA1 is associated with reduced survival in early stage lung adenocarcinoma after complete resection

BACKGROUND

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world, and a high recurrence rate after complete resection is an important issue reducing the cure rate and survival of patients with early stage NSCLC. Several pathologic biomarkers are associated with recurrence in early stage lung cancer after complete resection.

METHODS

We evaluated the expression and prognostic value of the α1 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA1) as well as other pathologic features of tumor tissues resected from patients with stage I adenocarcinoma of the lung.

RESULTS

A high ratio (173/185) of CHRNA1 expression (93.5 %) was found in stage I lung adenocarcinoma. In the multivariate survival analysis, tumor necrosis, angiolymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, and CHRNA1 expression were independent poor prognostic factors for both recurrence-free and overall survival (OS). Patients expressing CHRNA1 had worse median recurrence-free survival (60.6 vs. 77.9 months, P = 0.03) and OS (65.1 vs. 77.9 months, P = 0.04) compared with CHRNA1-negative patients.

CONCLUSIONS

CHRNA1 expression could be directly tested from the tumor after complete resection. In early stage NSCLC, it could be a useful prognostic factor for recurrence and survival.

Temporal changes of lung cancer mortality in Korea

The lung cancer mortality in Korea has increased remarkably during the last 20 yr, and, it has become the first leading cause of cancer-related deaths since 2000. The aim of the current study was to examine time trends of lung cancer mortality during the period 1984-2003 in Korea, assessing the effects of age, period, and birth cohort. Data on the annual number of deaths due to lung cancer and on population statistics from 1984 to 2003 were obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office. A log-linear Poisson age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort. The both trends of male and female lung cancer mortality were both explained by age-period-cohort models. The risks of lung cancer mortalities for both genders were shown to decline in recent birth cohorts. The decreasing trends begin with the 1939 birth cohort for men and 1959 for women. The mortality pattern of lung cancer was dominantly explained by a birth cohort effect, possibly related with the change in smoking pattern, for both men and women. Finally, the mortality of lung cancer in Korea is expected to further increase in both men and women for a while.