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Lehmann T, Schneider H, Tonillo J, Schanz J, Schwarz D, Schröter C, Jäger S, Kolmar H, Hecht S, Anderl J, Rasche N, Rieker M, Dickgiesser S. Welding PROxAb Shuttles: A Modular Approach for Generating Bispecific Antibodies via Site-Specific Protein-Protein Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:780-789. [PMID: 38809610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is an innovative therapeutic strategy to selectively eliminate disease-causing proteins. Exemplified by proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), they have shown promise in overcoming drug resistance and targeting previously undruggable proteins. However, PROTACs face challenges, such as low oral bioavailability and limited selectivity. The recently published PROxAb Shuttle technology offers a solution enabling the targeted delivery of PROTACs using antibodies fused with PROTAC-binding domains derived from camelid single-domain antibodies (VHHs). Here, a modular approach to quickly generate PROxAb Shuttles by enzymatically coupling PROTAC-binding VHHs to off-the-shelf antibodies was developed. The resulting conjugates retained their target binding and internalization properties, and incubation with BRD4-targeting PROTACs resulted in formation of defined PROxAb-PROTAC complexes. These complexes selectively induced degradation of the BRD4 protein, resulting in cytotoxicity specifically to cells expressing the antibody's target. The chemoenzymatic approach described herein provides a versatile and efficient solution for generating antibody-VHH conjugates for targeted protein degradation applications, but it could also be used to combine antibodies and VHH binders to generate bispecific antibodies for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lehmann
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Hendrik Schneider
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jason Tonillo
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jennifer Schanz
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Daniel Schwarz
- Discovery Pharmacology, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Jäger
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jan Anderl
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Marcel Rieker
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
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Fournier L, Pekar L, Leuthner B, Kolmar H, Toleikis L, Becker S. Discovery of potent allosteric antibodies inhibiting EGFR. MAbs 2024; 16:2406548. [PMID: 39304998 PMCID: PMC11418213 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2406548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report the discovery of potent anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) allosteric heavy-chain antibodies by combining camelid immunization and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). After immunization and yeast surface display library construction, allosteric clones were obtained by introducing the labeled EGF Fc fusion protein as an additional criterion for FACS. This sorting method enabled the identification of 11 heavy-chain antibodies that did not compete with the orthosteric ligand EGF for the binding to EGFR. These antibodies bind to a triple-negative breast cancer cell line expressing EGFR with affinities in the picomolar to nanomolar range. Those camelid-derived antibodies also exhibit interesting properties by modulating EGFR affinity for EGF. Moreover, they are also able to inhibit EGF-induced downstream signaling pathways. In particular, we identified one clone that is more potent than the approved blocking antibody cetuximab in inhibiting both PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. Our results suggest that allosteric antibodies may be potential new modalities for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léxane Fournier
- Early Protein Supply and Characterization, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Toleikis
- Early Protein Supply and Characterization, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Early Protein Supply and Characterization, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Rubio-Pérez L, Lázaro-Gorines R, Harwood SL, Compte M, Navarro R, Tapia-Galisteo A, Bonet J, Blanco B, Lykkemark S, Ramírez-Fernández Á, Ferreras-Gutiérrez M, Domínguez-Alonso C, Díez-Alonso L, Segura-Tudela A, Hangiu O, Erce-Llamazares A, Blanco FJ, Santos C, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Sanz L, Álvarez-Vallina L. A PD-L1/EGFR bispecific antibody combines immune checkpoint blockade and direct anti-cancer action for an enhanced anti-tumor response. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2205336. [PMID: 37114242 PMCID: PMC10128431 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2205336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with antibodies has shown durable clinical responses in a wide range of cancer types, but the overall response rate is still limited. Other effective therapeutic modalities to increase the ICB response rates are urgently needed. New bispecific antibody (bsAb) formats combining the ICB effect and a direct action on cancer cells could improve the efficacy of current immunotherapies. Here, we report the development of a PD-L1/EGFR symmetric bsAb by fusing a dual-targeting tandem trimmer body with the human IgG1 hinge and Fc regions. The bsAb was characterized in vitro and the antitumor efficacy was evaluated in humanized mice bearing xenografts of aggressive triple-negative breast cancer and lung cancer. The IgG-like hexavalent bsAb, designated IgTT-1E, was able to simultaneously bind both EGFR and PD-L1 antigens, inhibit EGF-mediated proliferation, effectively block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, and induce strong antigen-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity in vitro. Potent therapeutic efficacies of IgTT-1E in two different humanized mouse models were observed, where tumor growth control was associated with a significantly increased proportion of CD8+ T cells. These results support the development of IgTT-1E for the treatment of EGFR+ cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio-Pérez
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Chair for Immunology UFV/Merck, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Lázaro-Gorines
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Seandean L. Harwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marta Compte
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, QUBE Technology Park, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Navarro
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, QUBE Technology Park, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tapia-Galisteo
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Bonet
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Belén Blanco
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon Lykkemark
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ángel Ramírez-Fernández
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Domínguez-Alonso
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Díez-Alonso
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Segura-Tudela
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oana Hangiu
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, QUBE Technology Park, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Erce-Llamazares
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, QUBE Technology Park, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cruz Santos
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Rodríguez-Peralto
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Cutaneous Oncology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Vallina
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Chair for Immunology UFV/Merck, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Madrid, Spain
- CONTACT Luis Álvarez-Vallina Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. Cordoba s/n, Madrid28041, Spain
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4
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Ren K, Gong H, Ma Z, Tian L, Ye W, Lv X, Wu C. Structure and activity of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody without galactose-α-1,3-galactose residues. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:637-645. [PMID: 34725841 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which has been considered as one of the key targets for cancer therapy. However, currently approved therapeutic anti-EGFR antibody may cause the hypersensitivity reaction induced by galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) structure, which is inevitable in insect cell expression system. In this study, the Chinese hamster ovary cell line was used to produce a monoclonal antibody containing simplified glycosylation patterns (code: AB01). And cetuximab was used as a control. The two antibodies were highly similar in molecular weight, secondary structure, binding affinity and endocytosis behavior, whereas the glycotypes are extremely distinct. The flow cytometry assay suggested that AB01 induced cell cycle arrest in G1, thus inhibit cell proliferation. Moreover, both cetuximab and AB01 showed similar sensitivity for all tested cell lines in this research. In conclusion, AB01 could be a potential anti-EGFR drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyun Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,The experimental laboratory, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Gong
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lvming Tian
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Ye
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xingkai Lv
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chutse Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,The experimental laboratory, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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5
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Doyle HA, Gee RJ, Masters TD, Gee CR, Booth CJ, Peterson-Roth E, Koski RA, Helfand SC, Price L, Bascombe D, Jackson D, Ho R, Post GR, Mamula MJ. Vaccine-induced ErbB (EGFR/HER2)-specific immunity in spontaneous canine cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101205. [PMID: 34419682 PMCID: PMC8379704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous dog cancers closely resemble human cancer. Dogs with EGFR associated tumors were immunized with an EGFR/HER2 peptide vaccine. EGFR peptide vaccinated dogs developed anti-EGFR/HER2 antibodies. Vaccinated dogs have anti-EGFR antibody and T cells infiltrating tumors. Vaccinated dogs with osteosarcoma had tumor regression and increased survival.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed on a number of human cancers, and often is indicative of a poor outcome. Treatment of EGFR/HER2 overexpressing cancers includes monoclonal antibody therapy (cetuximab/trastuzumab) either alone or in conjunction with other standard cancer therapies. While monoclonal antibody therapy has been proven to be efficacious in the treatment of EGFR/HER2 overexpressing tumors, drawbacks include the lack of long-lasting immunity and acquired resistance to monoclonal therapy. An alternative approach is to induce a polyclonal anti-EGFR/HER2 tumor antigen response by vaccine therapy. In this phase I/II open-label study, we examined anti-tumor immunity in companion dogs with spontaneous EGFR expressing tumors. Canine cancers represent an outbred population in which the initiation, progression of disease, mutations and growth factors closely resemble that of human cancers. Dogs with EGFR expressing tumors were immunized with a short peptide of the EGFR extracellular domain with sequence homology to HER2. Serial serum analyses demonstrated high titers of EGFR/HER2 binding antibodies with biological activity similar to that of cetuximab and trastuzumab. Canine antibodies bound both canine and human EGFR on tumor cell lines and tumor tissue. CD8 T cells and IgG deposition were evident in tumors from immunized dogs. The antibodies inhibited EGFR intracellular signaling and inhibited tumor growth in vitro. Additionally, we illustrate objective responses in reducing tumors at metastatic sites in host animals. The data support the approach of amplifying anti-tumor immunity that may be relevant in combination with other immune modifying therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors.
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Key Words
- Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4
- Canine
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 3
- HER4, human epidermal growth factor receptor 4
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- OD, optical density
- OSA, osteosarcoma
- Osteosarcoma
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Peptide
- RT, room temperature
- Vaccine
- pERK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- pNPP, p-nitrophenyl phosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester A Doyle
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - Renelle J Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - Tyler D Masters
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - Christian R Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | - Stuart C Helfand
- Oregon State University (Professor, retired), Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Lauren Price
- Clinton Veterinary Hospital, Clinton, CT 06413, USA
| | | | | | - Rita Ho
- MedVet, Norwalk, CT 06850, USA
| | - Gerald R Post
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; MedVet, Norwalk, CT 06850, USA
| | - Mark J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA.
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Abdellatif AAH, Ibrahim MA, Amin MA, Maswadeh H, Alwehaibi MN, Al-Harbi SN, Alharbi ZA, Mohammed HA, Mehany ABM, Saleem I. Cetuximab Conjugated with Octreotide and Entrapped Calcium Alginate-beads for Targeting Somatostatin Receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4736. [PMID: 32170176 PMCID: PMC7069942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to formulate oral cetuximab (CTX) for targeting colorectal cancer, which is reported to express somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). Therefore, coating CTX with a somatostatin analogue such as octreotide (OCT) is beneficial. Alginate was used to coat CTX to facilitate delivery to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This study aimed to deliver CTX conjugated with OCT in the form of microparticles as a GIT-targeted SSTR therapy. Both CTX and OCT were conjugated using a solvent evaporation method and the conjugated CTX-OCT was then loaded onto Ca-alginate-beads (CTX-OCT-Alg), which were characterized for drug interactions using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Moreover, the morphology of formulated beads was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The drug content and release profile were studied using UV spectroscopy. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity of all compounds was evaluated. The results showed homogenous conjugated CTX-OCT with a diameter of 0.4 mm. DSC showed a delay in the OCT peak that appeared after 200 °C due to small polymer interaction that shifted the OCT peak. Moreover, FTIR showed no prominent interaction. SEM showed clear empty cavities in the plain Ca-alginate-beads, while CTX-OCT-Alg showed occupied beads without cavities. CTX-OCT-Alg had a negligible release in 0.1 N HCl, while the CTX-OCT was completely released after 300 min in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. All formulations showed good antiproliferative activity compared with free drugs. The formulated CTX-OCT-Alg are a promising platform for targeting colorectal cancer through GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Hamzah Maswadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed N Alwehaibi
- Pharm. D. Student, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan N Al-Harbi
- Pharm. D. Student, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zayed A Alharbi
- Pharm. D. Student, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdoon A Mohammed
- Department of Medicnal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B M Mehany
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Imran Saleem
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University James Parsons Building, Liverpool, UK
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7
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Effects of microtubule-inhibiting small molecule and antibody-drug conjugate treatment on differentially-sized A431 squamous carcinoma spheroids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:907. [PMID: 31969631 PMCID: PMC6976639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids have been increasingly used by researchers to produce more physiologically relevant experimental environments. However, tracking of spheroid growth and treatment-induced volume reduction has not been readily adopted. Here, squamous carcinoma cells were seeded at different starting cell numbers with growth and reduction kinetics monitored using live cell imaging. Following the initial growth phase, spheroids were treated with auristatin as small molecule (MMAE) or as antibody-drug conjugate containing non-cleavable auristatin drug payload (033-F). Compared to cells in monolayers, 033-F had notably weaker potency against spheroids despite potency levels of MMAE being similar against monolayers and spheroids. Accumulation of released payload from 033-F was reduced in higher volume spheroids, likely contributing to the potency differences. Despite lowered potency towards spheroids with 033-F, spheroid volume was still readily reduced by 033-F in a dose-dependent fashion, with >85% volume reductions at the highest concentrations for all spheroid sizes. Additionally, the core of the larger spheroids showed more resiliency towards microtubule inhibition. Overall, this work highlights how various in-vivo 'features' such as tumor penetration, cell interactions, and increased resistance to therapeutics can be integrated into a spheroid model and tracked over time by automated imaging technology.
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8
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Li S, Bouchy S, Penninckx S, Marega R, Fichera O, Gallez B, Feron O, Martinive P, Heuskin AC, Michiels C, Lucas S. Antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles as tumor-targeting radiosensitizers for proton therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:317-333. [PMID: 30675822 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at developing antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to selectively target cancer cells and probing their potential radiosensitizing effects under proton irradiation. MATERIALS & METHODS AuNPs were conjugated with cetuximab (Ctxb-AuNPs). Ctxb-AuNP uptake was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Radioenhancing effect was assessed using conventional clonogenic assay. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Ctxb-AuNPs specifically bound to and accumulated in EGFR-overexpressing A431 cells, compared with EGFR-negative MDA-MB-453 cells. Ctxb-AuNPs enhanced the effect of proton irradiation in A431 cells but not in MDA-MB-453 cells. These data indicate, for the first time, that combining enhanced uptake by specific targeting and radioenhancing effect, using conjugated AuNPs, is a promising strategy to increase cell killing by protontherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Research Center for the Physics of Matter & Radiation (PMR-LARN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Sandra Bouchy
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Penninckx
- Research Center for the Physics of Matter & Radiation (PMR-LARN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Riccardo Marega
- Research Center for the Physics of Matter & Radiation (PMR-LARN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Ornella Fichera
- Research Center for the Physics of Matter & Radiation (PMR-LARN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group (REMA), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Woluwé, Saint Lambert, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), UCL (Université Catholique de Louvain), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Martinive
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, CHU & University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Heuskin
- Research Center for the Physics of Matter & Radiation (PMR-LARN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Carine Michiels
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- Research Center for the Physics of Matter & Radiation (PMR-LARN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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9
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Colombo M, Rizzuto MA, Pacini C, Pandolfi L, Bonizzi A, Truffi M, Monieri M, Catrambone F, Giustra M, Garbujo S, Fiandra L, Corsi F, Prosperi D, Mazzucchelli S. Half-Chain Cetuximab Nanoconjugates Allow Multitarget Therapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3817-3832. [PMID: 30350574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized cancer treatment. The conjugation of mAbs to nanoparticles has been broadly exploited to improve the targeting efficiency of drug nanocarriers taking advantage of high binding efficacy and target selectivity of antibodies for specific cell receptors. However, the therapeutic implications of nanoconjugation have been poorly considered. In this study, half-chain fragments of the anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab were conjugated to colloidal nanoparticles originating stable nanoconjugates that were investigated as surrogates of therapeutic mAbs in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Three TNBC cell lines were selected according to EGFR expression, which regulates activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways, and to distinctive molecular profiling including KRAS, PTEN, and BRCA1 mutations normally associated with diverse sensitivity to treatment with cetuximab. The molecular mechanisms of action of nanoconjugated half-chain mAb, including cell targeting, interference with downstream signaling pathways, proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis, along with triggering of ADCC response, were investigated in detail in sensitive and resistant TNBC cells. We found that half-chain mAb nanoconjugation was able to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and improve the target selectivity against sensitive, but unexpectedly also resistant, TNBC cells. Viability assays and signaling transduction modulation suggested a role of BRCA1 mutation in TNBC resistance to cetuximab alone, whereas its effect could be circumvented using half-chain cetuximab nanoconjugates, suggesting that nanoconjugation not only improved the antibody activity but also exerted different mechanisms of action. Our results provide robust evidence of the potential of half-chain antibody nanoconjugates in the treatment of TNBC, which could offer a new paradigm for therapeutic antibody administration, potentially allowing improved curative efficiency and reduced minimal effective dosages in both sensitive and resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Colombo
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Rizzuto
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy
| | - Chiara Pacini
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy
| | - Laura Pandolfi
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy
| | - Arianna Bonizzi
- Nanomedicine Laboratory , ICS Maugeri S.p.A. SB , via S. Maugeri 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Marta Truffi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco" , University of Milano , via G. B. Grassi 74 , 20157 Milano , Italy
| | - Matteo Monieri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco" , University of Milano , via G. B. Grassi 74 , 20157 Milano , Italy
| | - Francesco Catrambone
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco" , University of Milano , via G. B. Grassi 74 , 20157 Milano , Italy
| | - Marco Giustra
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy
| | - Stefania Garbujo
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy
| | - Luisa Fiandra
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco" , University of Milano , via G. B. Grassi 74 , 20157 Milano , Italy.,Nanomedicine Laboratory , ICS Maugeri S.p.A. SB , via S. Maugeri 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy.,Surgery Department, Breast Unit , ICS Maugeri S.p.A. SB , via S. Maugeri 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Davide Prosperi
- NanoBioLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 Milano , Italy.,Nanomedicine Laboratory , ICS Maugeri S.p.A. SB , via S. Maugeri 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Serena Mazzucchelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco" , University of Milano , via G. B. Grassi 74 , 20157 Milano , Italy
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10
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Doyle HA, Koski RA, Bonafé N, Bruck RA, Tagliatela SM, Gee RJ, Mamula MJ. Epidermal growth factor receptor peptide vaccination induces cross-reactive immunity to human EGFR, HER2, and HER3. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1559-1569. [PMID: 30056598 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for tumors expressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) include anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies, often used in conjunction with the standard chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other EGFR inhibitors. While monoclonal antibody treatment is efficacious in many patients, drawbacks include its high cost of treatment and side effects associated with multiple drug infusions. As an alternative to monoclonal antibody treatments, we have focused on peptide-based vaccination to trigger natural anti-tumor antibodies. Here, we demonstrate that peptides based on a region of the EGFR extracellular domain IV break immune tolerance to EGFR and elicit anti-tumor immunity. Mice immunized with isoforms of EGFR peptide p580-598 generated anti-EGFR antibody and T-cell responses. Iso-aspartyl (iso-Asp)-modified EGFR p580 immune sera inhibit in vitro growth of EGFR overexpressing human A431 tumor cells, as well as promote antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Antibodies induced by Asp and iso-Asp p580 bound homologous regions of the EGFR family members HER2 and HER3. EGFR p580 immune sera also inhibited the growth of the human tumor cell line MDA-MB-453 that expresses HER2 but not EGFR. Asp and iso-Asp EGFR p580 induced antibodies were also able to inhibit the in vivo growth of EGFR-expressing tumors. These data demonstrate that EGFR peptides from a region of the EGFR extracellular domain IV promote anti-tumor immunity, tumor cell killing, and antibodies that are cross reactive with ErbB family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester A Doyle
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT, 06520-8031, USA
| | | | | | - Ross A Bruck
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT, 06520-8031, USA
| | - Stephanie M Tagliatela
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT, 06520-8031, USA
| | - Renelle J Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT, 06520-8031, USA
| | - Mark J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT, 06520-8031, USA.
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11
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Honndorf VS, Wiehr S, Rolle AM, Schmitt J, Kreft L, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Kohlhofer U, Reischl G, Maurer A, Boldt K, Schwarz M, Schmidt H, Pichler BJ. Preclinical evaluation of the anti-tumor effects of the natural isoflavone genistein in two xenograft mouse models monitored by [18F]FDG, [18F]FLT, and [64Cu]NODAGA-cetuximab small animal PET. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28247-61. [PMID: 27070087 PMCID: PMC5053724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural phytoestrogen genistein is known as protein kinase inhibitor and tumor suppressor in various types of cancers. We studied its antitumor effect in two different xenograft models using positron emission tomography (PET) in vivo combined with ex vivo histology and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolic fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Honndorf
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiehr
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Rolle
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Schmitt
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Luisa Kreft
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Medical Proteome Center, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
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12
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García-Fernández L, Garcia-Pardo J, Tort O, Prior I, Brust M, Casals E, Lorenzo J, Puntes VF. Conserved effects and altered trafficking of Cetuximab antibodies conjugated to gold nanoparticles with precise control of their number and orientation. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6111-6121. [PMID: 28447703 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00947j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (17 nm) have been functionalized with the antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody drug Cetuximab at a well-defined orientation and coverage density of antibodies. Functionalization has been carried out through site-directed chemistry via the selective oxidation of the carbohydrate moiety of antibodies linked to a thiolated hydrazide. A431 tumor cells have been exposed to these conjugates for in vitro evaluation of their effects. In addition to epithelial growth factor receptor blocking, trafficking and signaling alterations were also observed. Thus, the blocking effects of Cetuximab were increased and sustained for a longer time when associated with the nanoparticles. Enhancing antibody therapy effects by decreasing the needed dose and prolonging its effect by avoiding receptor recycling may serve to obtain increased therapeutic benefits for immunotherapy.
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13
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de Melo AC, Grazziotin-Reisner R, Erlich F, Fontes Dias MS, Moralez G, Carneiro M, Ingles Garces ÁH, Guerra Alves FV, Novaes Neto B, Fuchshuber-Moraes M, Morando J, Suarez-Kurtz G, Ferreira CG. A phase I study of mTOR inhibitor everolimus in association with cisplatin and radiotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced cervix cancer: PHOENIX I. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:101-9. [PMID: 27206639 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervix cancer (CC) represents the fourth most common cancer in women. Treatment involving cisplatin and radiotherapy has been the standard for locally advanced disease. Everolimus inhibits the aberrant activity of mTOR that is part of carcinogenesis in CC. Further everolimus inactivates the HPV E7 oncoprotein and inhibits its proliferation. Preclinical models have suggested that everolimus sensitizes tumoral cells and vasculature to cisplatin and radiotherapy. METHODS In a 3 + 3 design, the trial aimed to treat three dose levels of at least three patients with daily doses of everolimus (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/day), cisplatin and radiotherapy delivered in a 9-week interval in CC patients, stage IIB, IIIA or IIIB. Patients received everolimus from day -7 up to the last day of brachytherapy. Primary objective was to evaluate safety, toxicity and the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of everolimus in association with cisplatin and radiotherapy. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and response rates were analyzed as secondary objectives. RESULTS Thirteen patients were enrolled, 6 at 2.5 mg, 3 at 5 mg and 4 at 10 mg. Four patients did not complete the planned schedule, 1 at 2.5 mg presented grade 4 acute renal failure interpreted as dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and 3 at 10 mg: 1 with disease progression, and 2 with DLTs-1 grade 3 rash and 1 grade 4 neutropenia. PK results were characterized by dose-dependent increases in AUC and C max. CONCLUSIONS The MTD of everolimus in combination with cisplatin and radiotherapy has been defined as 5 mg/day. The data regarding safety and response rates support further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Erlich
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Gil Ferreira
- Brazilian Clinical Cancer Research Network (RNPCC) - INCA/Decit/MS, D'or Institute of Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Kang HN, Kim SH, Yun MR, Kim HR, Lim SM, Kim MS, Hong KW, Kim SM, Kim H, Pyo KH, Park HJ, Han JY, Youn HA, Chang KH, Cho BC. ER2, a novel human anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody inhibit tumor activity in non-small cell lung cancer models. Lung Cancer 2016; 95:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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van Dommelen SM, van der Meel R, van Solinge WW, Coimbra M, Vader P, Schiffelers RM. Cetuximab treatment alters the content of extracellular vesicles released from tumor cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:881-90. [PMID: 27021928 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attractive candidates for biomarker research, because their content reflects the parental cell status. This study aimed to examine whether tumor cell derived EVs mirrored the cellular changes caused by treatment with cetuximab, a therapeutic antibody that blocks activation of EGF receptor (EGFR). MATERIALS & METHODS A-431 cells were treated with cetuximab for 48 h. EVs were isolated using differential centrifugation and protein content was analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS EV levels of EGFR and phospho-EGFR were reduced after cetuximab treatment, reflecting similar changes in the parental cells. In addition, cetuximab was found associated with EVs. CONCLUSION EVs could serve as biomarkers to monitor cetuximab treatment. Association of cetuximab with EVs might influence its behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M van Dommelen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy van der Meel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Wouter W van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Coimbra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Bluthgen MV, Besse B. Second-line combination therapies in nonsmall cell lung cancer without known driver mutations. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24:582-93. [PMID: 26621972 PMCID: PMC9487623 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.00002115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, platinum-based combination chemotherapy is standard treatment in the first-line setting; however, the large majority of patients ultimately progress. For more than a decade, single-agent therapy with docetaxel, pemetrexed or erlotinib has been the standard of care after failure with platinum salts, showing some benefit over best supportive care. Nonetheless, prognosis remains poor and new second-line strategies are urgently needed. Combinations of cytotoxic agents, including rechallenge with platinum salts, do not offer clear benefit over single-agent therapy for the majority of patients. In patients without a known tumoural oncogenic driver mutation, regimens based on combinations of targeted agents have shown promising results; however, a clear role in therapeutic management is yet to be established. Some success has been reported in recent research combining a cytotoxic agent with targeted therapies.In this review, we summarise published data for the various strategies evaluated over the past decade in second-line treatment of NSCLC patients without a known driver mutation. We focus on combination treatments and consider future perspectives, including the need to identify predictive markers to support personalised therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Dept of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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17
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Toporkiewicz M, Meissner J, Matusewicz L, Czogalla A, Sikorski AF. Toward a magic or imaginary bullet? Ligands for drug targeting to cancer cells: principles, hopes, and challenges. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1399-414. [PMID: 25733832 PMCID: PMC4337502 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s74514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many problems directly correlated with the systemic administration of drugs and how they reach their target site. Targeting promises to be a hopeful strategy as an improved means of drug delivery, with reduced toxicity and minimal adverse side effects. Targeting exploits the high affinity of cell-surface-targeted ligands, either directly or as carriers for a drug, for specific retention and uptake by the targeted diseased cells. One of the most important parameters which should be taken into consideration in the selection of an appropriate ligand for targeting is the binding affinity (K D). In this review we focus on the importance of binding affinities of monoclonal antibodies, antibody derivatives, peptides, aptamers, DARPins, and small targeting molecules in the process of selection of the most suitable ligand for targeting of nanoparticles. In order to provide a critical comparison between these various options, we have also assessed each technology format across a range of parameters such as molecular size, immunogenicity, costs of production, clinical profiles, and examples of the level of selectivity and toxicity of each. Wherever possible, we have also assessed how incorporating such a targeted approach compares with, or is superior to, original treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Toporkiewicz
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Meissner
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lucyna Matusewicz
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksander F Sikorski
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berg K. Sustained EKR inhibition by EGFR targeting therapies is a predictive factor for synergistic cytotoxicity with PDT as neoadjuvant therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2659-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Hartmann JT, Kollmannsberger C, Cascorbi I, Mayer F, Schittenhelm MM, Heeger S, Bokemeyer C. A phase I pharmacokinetic study of matuzumab in combination with paclitaxel in patients with EGFR-expressing advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:661-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Shim H. One target, different effects: a comparison of distinct therapeutic antibodies against the same targets. Exp Mol Med 2012; 43:539-49. [PMID: 21811090 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, more than 30 antibodies have been approved worldwide for therapeutic use. While the monoclonal antibody market is rapidly growing, the clinical use of therapeutic antibodies is mostly limited to treatment of cancers and immunological disorders. Moreover, antibodies against only five targets (TNF-α, HER2, CD20, EGFR, and VEGF) account for more than 80 percent of the worldwide market of therapeutic antibodies. The shortage of novel, clinically proven targets has resulted in the development of many distinct therapeutic antibodies against a small number of proven targets, based on the premise that different antibody molecules against the same target antigen have distinct biological and clinical effects from one another. For example, four antibodies against TNF-α have been approved by the FDA -- infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol -- with many more in clinical and preclinical development. The situation is similar for HER2, CD20, EGFR, and VEGF, each having one or more approved antibodies and many more under development. This review discusses the different binding characteristics, mechanisms of action, and biological and clinical activities of multiple monoclonal antibodies against TNF-α, HER-2, CD20, and EGFR and provides insights into the development of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbo Shim
- Department of Life Science, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Efficient blockade of Akt signaling is a determinant factor to overcome resistance to matuzumab. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:151. [PMID: 22185378 PMCID: PMC3295690 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have shown antineoplastic effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against EGFR for different indications. Several MAbs directed to EGFR were developed recently, such as matuzumab, but there is still lack of information on preclinical data on its combination with chemo-radiation. Thus, the present study intended to examine the molecular pathways triggered by matuzumab alone or associated to chemo-radiotherapy in gynecological cell lines and its impact on cell growth and signaling. RESULTS Combination of matuzumab with radiation and cisplatin did not enhance its cytostatic effects on A431, Caski and C33A cells (high, intermediate and low EGFR expression, respectively) in clonogenic assays, when compared to controls. The lack of effect was mediated by persistent signaling through EGFR due to its impaired degradation. In spite of the fact that matuzumab inhibited phosphorylation of EGFR, it had no effect upon cell viability. To analyze which downstream molecules would be involved in the EGFR signaling in the presence of matuzumab, we have tested it in combination with either PD98059 (MAPK inhibitor), or LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor). Matuzumab exhibited a synergic effect with LY294002, leading to a reduction of Akt phosphorylation that was followed by a decrease in A431 and Caski cells survival. The combination of PD98059 and matuzumab did not show the same effect suggesting that PI3K is an important effector of EGFR signaling in matuzumab-treated cells. Nonetheless, matuzumab induced ADCC in Caski cells, but not in the C33A cell line, suggesting that its potential therapeutic effects in vitro are indeed dependent on EGFR expression. CONCLUSIONS Matuzumab combined with chemoradiation did not induce cytotoxic effects on gynecological cancer cell lines in vitro, most likely due to impaired EGFR degradation. However, a combination of matuzumab and PI3K inhibitor synergistically inhibited pAkt and cell survival, suggesting that the use of PI3K/Akt inhibitors could overcome intrinsic resistance to matuzumab in vitro. Altogether, data presented here can pave the way to a rational design of clinical strategies in patients with resistant profile to anti-EGFR inhibitors based on combination therapy.
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22
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Boersma YL, Chao G, Steiner D, Wittrup KD, Plückthun A. Bispecific designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) targeting epidermal growth factor receptor inhibit A431 cell proliferation and receptor recycling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41273-41285. [PMID: 21979953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.293266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGF receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in the development and progression of many tumors. Although monoclonal antibodies directed against EGFR have been approved for the treatment of cancer in combination with chemotherapy, there are limitations in their clinical efficacy, necessitating the search for robust targeting molecules that can be equipped with new effector functions or show a new mechanism of action. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) may provide the targeting component for such novel reagents. Previously, four DARPins were selected against EGFR with (sub)nanomolar affinity. As any targeting module should preferably be able to inhibit EGFR-mediated signaling, their effect on A431 cells overexpressing EGFR was examined: three of them were shown to inhibit proliferation by inducing G(1) arrest, as seen for the Food and Drug Administration-approved antibody cetuximab. To understand this inhibitory mechanism, we mapped the epitopes of the DARPins using yeast surface display. The epitopes for the biologically active DARPins overlapped with the EGF-binding site, whereas the fourth DARPin bound to a different domain, explaining the lack of a biological effect. To optimize the biological activity of the DARPins, we combined two DARPins binding to different epitopes with a flexible linker or with a leucine zipper, leading to a homodimer. The latter DARPin was able to reduce surface EGFR by inhibiting receptor recycling, leading to a dramatic decrease in cell viability. These results indicate that multispecific EGFR-specific DARPins are superior to cetuximab and may form the basis of new opportunities in tumor targeting and tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ykelien L Boersma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ginger Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Daniel Steiner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Therapeutic approaches to target cancer stem cells. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3331-52. [PMID: 24212957 PMCID: PMC3759198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical relevance of cancer stem cells (CSC) remains a major challenge for current cancer therapies, but preliminary findings indicate that specific targeting may be possible. Recent studies have shown that these tumor subpopulations promote tumor angiogenesis through the increased production of VEGF, whereas the VEGF neutralizing antibody bevacizumab specifically inhibits CSC growth. Moreover, nimotuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with a potent antiangiogenic activity, has been shown by our group to reduce the frequency of CSC-like subpopulations in mouse models of brain tumors when combined with ionizing radiation. These studies and subsequent reports from other groups support the relevance of approaches based on molecular-targeted therapies to selectively attack CSC. This review discusses the relevance of targeting both the EGFR and angiogenic pathways as valid approaches to this aim. We discuss the relevance of identifying better molecular markers to develop drug screening strategies that selectively target CSC.
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Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has become a general approach for specifically targeting and treating human disease. In oncology, the therapeutic utility of mAbs is usually evaluated in the context of treatment with standard of care, as well as other small molecule targeted therapies. Many anti-cancer antibody modalities have achieved validation, including the targeting of growth factor and angiogenesis pathways, the induction of tumor cell killing or apoptosis, and the blocking of immune inhibitory mechanisms to stimulate anti-tumor responses. But, as with other targeted therapies, few antibodies are curative because of biological complexities that underlie tumor formation and redundancies in molecular pathways that enable tumors to adapt and show resistance to treatment. This review discusses the combinations of antibody therapeutics that are emerging to improve efficacy and durability within a specific biological mechanism (e.g., immunomodulation or the inhibition of angiogenesis) and across multiple biological pathways (e.g., inhibition of tumor growth and induction of tumor cell apoptosis).
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Yue P, Gao ZH, Xue X, Cui SX, Zhao CR, Yuan Y, Yin Z, Inagaki Y, Kokudo N, Tang W, Qu XJ. Des-γ-carboxyl prothrombin induces matrix metalloproteinase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by involving the ERK1/2 MAPK signalling pathway. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1115-24. [PMID: 21349701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), an aberrant prothrombin produced by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, has been shown to be associated with the biological malignant potential of HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of DCP on HCC cell growth and metastasis, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. DCP significantly stimulated HCC cell growth, as measured by cell counting kit-8 assay. Transwell chamber assay showed that DCP increased HCC cell migration through reconstituted extracellular matrix (Matrigel). Gelatin zymography assay and Western blot analysis demonstrated that DCP increased the secretion and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in the supernatant of cultured HCC cells and on tumour cell membranes. DCP was found to bind to the cell surface receptor Met, resulting in Met phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Western blot analysis demonstrated that DCP stimulated a sequential kinase phosphorylation cascade including ERK1/2, MEK1/2 and c-Raf, indicating activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK1/2 MAPK) signalling pathway. Furthermore, blocking ERK1/2 MAPK activation with ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 essentially abolished the DCP-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, confirming the signalling pathway of DCP stimulation. Taken together, these results suggested that DCP stimulates HCC growth and promotes HCC metastasis by increasing the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Sun M, Ren J, Du H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang S, He L. A combined A431 cell membrane chromatography and online high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for screening compounds from total alkaloid of Radix Caulophylli acting on the human EGFR. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2712-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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A new A431/cell membrane chromatography and online high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for screening epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists from Radix sophorae flavescentis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5246-52. [PMID: 20609442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sierra JR, Cepero V, Giordano S. Molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase targeted therapy. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:75. [PMID: 20385023 PMCID: PMC2864216 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tyrosine kinases (TKs) have been recognized as central players and regulators of cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, and are therefore considered suitable potential targets for anti-cancer therapies. Several strategies for targeting TKs have been developed, the most successful being monoclonal antibodies and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, increasing evidence of acquired resistance to these drugs has been documented, and extensive preclinical studies are ongoing to try to understand the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells are able to bypass their inhibitory activity.This review intends to present the most recently identified molecular mechanisms that mediate acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, identified through the use of in vitro models or the analysis of patient samples. The knowledge obtained from these studies will help to design better therapies that prevent and overcome resistance to treatment in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rafael Sierra
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo (Torino), Italy
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29
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Gadji M, Crous AMT, Fortin D, Krcek J, Torchia M, Mai S, Drouin R, Klonisch T. EGF receptor inhibitors in the treatment of glioblastoma multiform: Old clinical allies and newly emerging therapeutic concepts. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Meira DD, de Almeida VH, Mororó JS, Nóbrega I, Bardella L, Silva RLA, Albano RM, Ferreira CG. Combination of cetuximab with chemoradiation, trastuzumab or MAPK inhibitors: mechanisms of sensitisation of cervical cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:782-91. [PMID: 19654571 PMCID: PMC2736849 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) annually kills 288,000 women worldwide. Unfortunately, responses to chemoradiation are partial and are of short duration. As anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies sensitise tumours, we investigated cetuximab's toxicity plus chemoradiation on CC cells, which express different EGFR levels. METHODS EGFR, HER2, AKT and MAPK expression and phosphorylation status were determined by western blotting. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT or clonogenic assays (CA) in cell lines treated with cetuximab alone or in combinations. RESULTS Cetuximab with cisplatin and radiation achieved maximum cytotoxic effects for A431, Caski and C33A cells (high, intermediate and low EGFR expression, respectively) in CA. Cetuximab efficiently decreased MAPK and AKT phosphorylation in A431 cells but slightly less in Caski and C33A cells. To check whether further EGFR, HER2 or MAPK inhibition would improve cetuximab's cytotoxicity, we combined it with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), trastuzumab or a MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059). In Caski, but not in C33A cells, cetuximab cooperated with the TKI, reducing cell survival and AKT and MAPK phosphorylation. However, cetuximab with trastuzumab or PD98059 reduced survival and MAPK phosphorylation of both cell lines. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that cetuximab combined with chemoradiation, trastuzumab or MAPK inhibitors has useful applications for CC treatment, independently of EGFR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Meira
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 20231-050, RJ, Brazil
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Reslan L, Dalle S, Dumontet C. Understanding and circumventing resistance to anticancer monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2009; 1:222-9. [PMID: 20065642 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.3.8292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the widespread use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of patients with cancer, resistance to these agents has become a major issue. Preclinical models of drug action or resistance have contributed to unravel the main mechanisms of resistance, involving both tumor-associated and host related factors. However our understanding of how a monoclonal antibody destroys cancer cells in a patient and why it one day stops being effective are still far from being complete. This review focuses on the available data on mechanisms of action and resistance to rituximab and includes some additional information for other monoclonal antibodies. Innovative approaches designed to overcome resistance, such as combination immunotherapy, costimulation with cytokines or growth factors are presented.
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