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Ikeda-Imafuku M, Wang LLW, Rodrigues D, Shaha S, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. Strategies to improve the EPR effect: A mechanistic perspective and clinical translation. J Control Release 2022; 345:512-536. [PMID: 35337939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts have been made to achieve targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to enhance their efficacy and to reduce their adverse effects. These efforts include the development of nanomedicines as they can selectively penetrate through tumor blood vessels through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The EPR effect was first proposed by Maeda and co-workers in 1986, and since then various types of nanoparticles have been developed to take advantage of the phenomenon with regards to drug delivery. However, the EPR effect has been found to be highly variable and thus unreliable due to the complex tumor microenvironment. Various physical and pharmacological strategies have been explored to overcome this challenge. Here, we review key advances and emerging concepts of such EPR-enhancing strategies. Furthermore, we analyze 723 clinical trials of nanoparticles with EPR enhancers and discuss their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ikeda-Imafuku
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Danika Rodrigues
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Suyog Shaha
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Translational Oncology Program, University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA.
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2
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Xiang J, Liu X, Yuan G, Zhang R, Zhou Q, Xie T, Shen Y. Nanomedicine from amphiphilizedprodrugs: Concept and clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114027. [PMID: 34732344 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines generally consisting of carrier materials with small fractions of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) have long been used to improve the pharmacokinetics and biodistributions, augment the therapeutic efficacies and mitigate the side effects. Amphiphilizing hydrophobic/hydrophilic drugs to prodrugs capable of self-assembly into well-defined nanostructures has emerged as a facile approach to fabricating nanomedicines because this amphiphilized prodrug (APD) strategy presents many advantages, including minimized use of inert carrier materials, well-characterized prodrug structures, fixed and high drug loading contents, 100% loading efficiency, and burst-free but controlled drug release. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in APDs and their nanomedicines, from the rationale and the stimuli-responsive linker chemistry for on-demand drug release to their progress to the clinics, clinical performance of APDs, as well as the challenges and perspective on future development.
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3
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Hirakawa N, Ishima Y, Kinoshita R, Nakano R, Chuang VTG, Ando H, Shimizu T, Okuhira K, Maruyama T, Otagiri M, Ishida T. Reduction-Responsive and Multidrug Deliverable Albumin Nanoparticles: An Antitumor Drug to Abraxane against Human Pancreatic Tumor-Bearing Mice. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4302-4309. [PMID: 35006842 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many macromolecular antitumor drugs were developed based on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, for example, albumin-bound paclitaxel nanoparticles (nab-PTX and Abraxane) and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil). However, these EPR effect-based therapeutic systems are less effective in malignant tumors with low vascular permeability, such as pancreatic tumors. Because the EPR effect depends on nanoparticles' size, we first determined nanoparticles' size associated with a high tumor-targeting rate in a human pancreatic tumor xenograft model with low vascular permeability. Abraxane appears to behave as an albumin monomer (7 nm) in the blood circulation following intravenous injection. The in vitro and in vivo tumor-targeted delivery and antitumor activity of PTX-loaded albumin nanoparticles were significantly improved by optimizing the mean nanoparticle diameter to 30 nm. Furthermore, nitric oxide was added to 30 nm PTX-loaded albumin nanoparticles to examine the feasibility of albumin nanoparticles as a platform for multiple drug delivery. Their antitumor effect was evaluated in an orthotopic transplantation mouse model of a human pancreatic tumor. The nitric oxide PTX-loaded 30 nm albumin nanoparticle treatment on model mice achieved a significantly higher survival rate than Abraxane treatment. These findings suggest that 30 nm albumin nanoparticles have a high therapeutic effect as a useful platform for multiple drugs against human pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hirakawa
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Ryo Kinoshita
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryuto Nakano
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Victor Tuan Giam Chuang
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Hidenori Ando
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Okuhira
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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4
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Mi P, Miyata K, Kataoka K, Cabral H. Clinical Translation of Self‐Assembled Cancer Nanomedicines. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Mi
- Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University No. 17 People's South Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐8656 Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Institute for Future Initiatives The University of Tokyo 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3‐25‐14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki‐ku Kawasaki 210‐0821 Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐8656 Japan
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Dehshahri A, Ashrafizadeh M, Ghasemipour Afshar E, Pardakhty A, Mandegary A, Mohammadinejad R, Sethi G. Topoisomerase inhibitors: Pharmacology and emerging nanoscale delivery systems. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104551. [PMID: 31743776 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase enzymes have shown unique roles in replication and transcription. These enzymes which were initially found in Escherichia coli have attracted considerable attention as target molecules for cancer therapy. Nowadays, there are several topoisomerase inhibitors in the market to treat or at least control the progression of cancer. However, significant toxicity, low solubility and poor pharmacokinetic properties have limited their wide application and these characteristics need to be improved. Nano-delivery systems have provided an opportunity to modify the intrinsic properties of molecules and also to transfer the toxic agent to the target tissues. These delivery systems leads to the re-introduction of existing molecules present in the market as novel therapeutic agents with different physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. This review focusses on a variety of nano-delivery vehicles used for the improvement of pharmacological properties of topoisomerase inhibitors and thus enabling their potential application as novel drugs in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dehshahri
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, and Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
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Salmanpour M, Yousefi G, Samani SM, Mohammadi S, Anbardar MH, Tamaddon A. Nanoparticulate delivery of irinotecan active metabolite (SN38) in murine colorectal carcinoma through conjugation to poly (2-ethyl 2-oxazoline)-b-poly (L-glutamic acid) double hydrophilic copolymer. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Nirei T, Ishihara S, Tanaka T, Kiyomatsu T, Kawai K, Hata K, Nozawa H, Watanabe T. Polymeric micelles loaded with (1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) against colorectal cancer. J Surg Res 2017; 218:334-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Deshmukh AS, Chauhan PN, Noolvi MN, Chaturvedi K, Ganguly K, Shukla SS, Nadagouda MN, Aminabhavi TM. Polymeric micelles: Basic research to clinical practice. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:249-268. [PMID: 28882486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly developing polymeric micelles as potential targeting carriers has intensified the need for better understanding of the underlying principles related to the selection of suitable delivery materials for designing, characterizing, drug loading, improving stability, targetability, biosafety and efficacy. The emergence of advanced analytical tools such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer and dissipative particle dynamics has identified new dimensions of these nanostructures and their behavior in much greater details. This review summarizes recent efforts in the development of polymeric micelles with respect to their architecture, formulation strategy and targeting possibilities along with their preclinical and clinical aspects. Literature of the past decade is discussed critically with special reference to the chemistry involved in the formation and clinical applications of these versatile materials. Thus, our main objective is to provide a timely update on the current status of polymeric micelles highlighting their applications and the important parameters that have led to successful delivery of drugs to the site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India.
| | - Pratik N Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Malleshappa N Noolvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Kiran Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Kuntal Ganguly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Shyam S Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India.
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9
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Kinoshita R, Ishima Y, Chuang VTG, Nakamura H, Fang J, Watanabe H, Shimizu T, Okuhira K, Ishida T, Maeda H, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Improved anticancer effects of albumin-bound paclitaxel nanoparticle via augmentation of EPR effect and albumin-protein interactions using S-nitrosated human serum albumin dimer. Biomaterials 2017. [PMID: 28651144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the latest trend of anticancer chemotherapy research, there were many macromolecular anticancer drugs developed based on enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, such as albumin bound paclitaxel nanoparticle (nab- PTX, also called Abraxane®). However, cancers with low vascular permeability posed a challenge for these EPR based therapeutic systems. Augmenting the intrinsic EPR effect with an intrinsic vascular modulator such as nitric oxide (NO) could be a promising strategy. S-nitrosated human serum albumin dimer (SNO-HSA Dimer) shown promising activity previously was evaluated for the synergistic effect when used as a pretreatment agent in nab-PTX therapy against various tumor models. In the high vascular permeability C26 murine colon cancer subcutaneous inoculation model, SNO-HSA Dimer enhanced tumor selectivity of nab-PTX, and attenuated myelosuppression. SNO-HSA Dimer also augmented the tumor growth inhibition of nab-PTX in low vascular permeability B16 murine melanoma subcutaneous inoculation model. Furthermore, nab-PTX therapy combined with SNO-HSA Dimer showed higher antitumor activity and improved survival rate of SUIT2 human pancreatic cancer orthotopic model. In conclusion, SNO-HSA Dimer could enhance the therapeutic effect of nab-PTX even in low vascular permeability or intractable pancreatic cancers. The possible underlying mechanisms of action of SNO-HSA Dimer were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Jun Fang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Okuhira
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Institute of Drug Delivery Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; Institute of Drug Delivery Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Burris HA, Infante JR, Anthony Greco F, Thompson DS, Barton JH, Bendell JC, Nambu Y, Watanabe N, Jones SF. A phase I dose escalation study of NK012, an SN-38 incorporating macromolecular polymeric micelle. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 77:1079-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-2986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Misri R, Wong NK, Shenoi RA, Lum CM, Chafeeva I, Toth K, Rustum Y, Kizhakkedathu JN, Khan MK. Investigation of hydrophobically derivatized hyperbranched polyglycerol with PEGylated shell as a nanocarrier for systemic delivery of chemotherapeutics. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1785-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Liu Y, Piao H, Gao Y, Xu C, Tian Y, Wang L, Liu J, Tang B, Zou M, Cheng G. Comparison of two self-assembled macromolecular prodrug micelles with different conjugate positions of SN38 for enhancing antitumor activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2295-311. [PMID: 25848251 PMCID: PMC4376263 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s77957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), an active metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11), is a remarkably potent antitumor agent. The clinical application of SN38 has been extremely restricted by its insolubility in water. In this study, we successfully synthesized two macromolecular prodrugs of SN38 with different conjugate positions (chitosan-(C10-OH)SN38 and chitosan-(C20-OH)SN38) to improve the water solubility and antitumor activity of SN38. These prodrugs can self-assemble into micelles in aqueous medium. The particle size, morphology, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release of SN38 and its derivatives, as well as their cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo antitumor activity in a xenograft BALB/c mouse model were studied. In vitro, chitosan-(C10-OH)SN38 (CS-(10s)SN38) and chitosan-(C20-OH) SN38 (CS-(20s)SN38) were 13.3- and 25.9-fold more potent than CPT-11 in the murine colon adenocarcinoma cell line CT26, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC)0–24 of SN38 after intravenously administering CS-(10s)SN38 and CS-(20s)SN38 to Sprague Dawley rats was greatly improved when compared with CPT-11 (both P<0.01). A larger AUC0–24 of CS-(20s)SN38 was observed when compared to CS-(10s)SN38 (P<0.05). Both of the novel self-assembled chitosan-SN38 prodrugs demonstrated superior anticancer activity to CPT-11 in the CT26 xenograft BALB/c mouse model. We have also investigated the differences between these macromolecular prodrug micelles with regards to enhancing the antitumor activity of SN38. CS-(20s)SN38 exhibited better in vivo antitumor activity than CS-(10s)SN38 at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (P<0.05). In conclusion, both macromolecular prodrug micelles improved the in vivo conversion rate and antitumor activity of SN38, but the prodrug in which C20-OH was conjugated to macromolecular materials could be a more promising platform for SN38 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Piao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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13
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Progress of drug-loaded polymeric micelles into clinical studies. J Control Release 2014; 190:465-76. [PMID: 24993430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting tumors with long-circulating nano-scaled carriers is a promising strategy for systemic cancer treatment. Compared with free small therapeutic agents, nanocarriers can selectively accumulate in solid tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which is characterized by leaky blood vessels and impaired lymphatic drainage in tumor tissues, and achieve superior therapeutic efficacy, while reducing side effects. In this way, drug-loaded polymeric micelles, i.e. self-assemblies of amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of a hydrophobic core as a drug reservoir and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrophilic shell, have demonstrated outstanding features as tumor-targeted nanocarriers with high translational potential, and several micelle formulations are currently under clinical evaluation. This review summarizes recent efforts in the development of these polymeric micelles and their performance in human studies, as well as our recent progress in polymeric micelles for the delivery of nucleic acids and imaging.
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14
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Alexander-Bryant AA, Vanden Berg-Foels WS, Wen X. Bioengineering strategies for designing targeted cancer therapies. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:1-59. [PMID: 23768509 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goals of bioengineering strategies for targeted cancer therapies are (1) to deliver a high dose of an anticancer drug directly to a cancer tumor, (2) to enhance drug uptake by malignant cells, and (3) to minimize drug uptake by nonmalignant cells. Effective cancer-targeting therapies will require both passive- and active-targeting strategies and a thorough understanding of physiologic barriers to targeted drug delivery. Designing a targeted therapy includes the selection and optimization of a nanoparticle delivery vehicle for passive accumulation in tumors, a targeting moiety for active receptor-mediated uptake, and stimuli-responsive polymers for control of drug release. The future direction of cancer targeting is a combinatorial approach, in which targeting therapies are designed to use multiple-targeting strategies. The combinatorial approach will enable combination therapy for delivery of multiple drugs and dual ligand targeting to improve targeting specificity. Targeted cancer treatments in development and the new combinatorial approaches show promise for improving targeted anticancer drug delivery and improving treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Alexander-Bryant
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wendy S Vanden Berg-Foels
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanotechnology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Abstract
7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), the active metabolite of irinotecan, exerts a 100-fold to 1000-fold higher effect than irinotecan itself against several tumor cell lines. However, the water insolubility of SN38 has prevented its direct use as an antitumor drug in the clinic. To improve the water solubility and antitumor efficacy, SN38 was covalently attached to the only free sulfhydryl at cysteine-34 on the BSA site specifically through a thiol-binding linker to form a prodrug BSA-SN38 conjugate (BSA : SN38=1 : 1). The water solubility of this conjugate was similar to albumin using the current method. Also, SN38 loading in this conjugate became controllable. Size-exclusion chromatography purification and UV characterization of the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis product were carried out. Then, an MTT assay was carried out to test the antitumor effect of this conjugate on five colon cancer cell lines in vitro. The 72 h IC50 values of the BSA-SN38 conjugate ranged from 1.5 to 6.1 μmol/l. A colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis model in mice was established to determine the intraperitoneal chemotherapy effect of the BSA-SN38 conjugate. The BSA-SN38 conjugate at an SN38 equivalent dose of 10 mg/kg/day was administrated every 4 days. Eighteen days after manipulation, the mice were euthanized and the tumors in the abdominal cavity were collected and weighed. Tumors in the BSA-SN38 conjugate treatment group (m=0.21 ± 0.15 g) were found to be significantly (P=5) lighter than those in the NS control group (m=4.74±0.73 g). The results indicated that this water-soluble BSA-SN38 conjugate exerted a strong antitumor effect on colorectal carcinoma.
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Taurin S, Nehoff H, Greish K. Anticancer nanomedicine and tumor vascular permeability; Where is the missing link? J Control Release 2012; 164:265-75. [PMID: 22800576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer nanomedicine was coined to describe anticancer delivery systems such as polymer conjugates, liposomes, micelles, and metal nanoparticles. These anticancer delivery platforms have been developed with the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect as a central mechanism for tumor targeting. EPR based nanomedicine has demonstrated, beyond doubt, to selectively target tumor tissues in animal models. However, over the last two decades, only nine anticancer agents utilizing this targeting strategy have been approved for clinical use. In this review, we systematically analyze various aspects that explain the limited clinical progress yet achieved. The influence of nanomedicine physicochemical characteristics, animal tumor models, and variations in tumor biology, on EPR based tumor targeting is closely examined. Furthermore, we reviewed results from over one hundred publications to construct patterns of factors that can influence the transition of EPR based anticancer nanomedicine to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Gong J, Chen M, Zheng Y, Wang S, Wang Y. Polymeric micelles drug delivery system in oncology. J Control Release 2012; 159:312-23. [PMID: 22285551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles (PM) system, as an efficient drug carrier, has received growing scientific attention in recent years owing to its solubilization, selective targeting, P-glycoprotein inhibition and altered drug internalization route and subcellular localization properties. Seven PM formulations of anti-tumor drugs being evaluated in clinical trials are reviewed in this paper, in terms of formulation study, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo pharmacokinetics, anti-tumor efficacy and safety as well as clinical trials, to shed new light on the discovery of novel PM formulations. In these seven PM formulations, PM system was employed to overcome the issues of low water solubility, high toxicity and (or) multidrug resistance accompanied with the conventional formulation, which greatly hampered their clinical application. Those promising preclinical and clinical results combined with rapid advancement and intense multidisciplinary collaboration enable the extension of the PM system to traditional Chinese medicine, imaging agents, gene and combination agent deliveries as well as some other administration routes, which facilitate the clinical translation of the PM drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
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18
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Saito Y, Hashimoto Y, Kuroda JI, Yasunaga M, Koga Y, Takahashi A, Matsumura Y. The inhibition of pancreatic cancer invasion-metastasis cascade in both cellular signal and blood coagulation cascade of tissue factor by its neutralisation antibody. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2230-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tsai CS, Park JW, Chen LT. Nanovector-based therapies in advanced pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2011; 2:185-94. [PMID: 22811849 PMCID: PMC3397610 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2011.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer has been largely disappointing owing to the unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile and poor penetration of current chemotherapeutic agents ,as well as the fragile patient population with compromised tolerance to toxic chemotherapies. Nanovectors can provide passive drug delivery through abnormal tumor neo-vasculature microanatomy or active targeting via binding to receptors or macromolecules associated with the tumor. In such a manner, nanovector-based therapy may not only modulate the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents but also provide new treatment options in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. In this article, we present the rationale and currently available clinical results of nanovector-based therapies to highlight the potential use of this class of agent in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sung Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan;
| | - John W. Park
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Peng CL, Tsai HM, Yang SJ, Luo TY, Lin CF, Lin WJ, Shieh MJ. Development of thermosensitive poly(n-isopropylacrylamide-co-((2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate))-based nanoparticles for controlled drug release. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:265608. [PMID: 21576795 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/26/265608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermosensitive nanoparticles based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-((2-dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate)) (poly(NIPA-co-DMAEMA)) copolymers were successfully fabricated by free radical polymerization. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the synthesized nanoparticles was 41 °C and a temperature above which would cause the nanoparticles to undergo a volume phase transition from 140 to 100 nm, which could result in the expulsion of encapsulated drugs. Therefore, we used the poly(NIPA-co-DMAEMA) nanoparticles as a carrier for the controlled release of a hydrophobic anticancer agent, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38). The encapsulation efficiency and loading content of SN-38-loaded nanoparticles at an SN-38/poly(NIPA-co-DMAEMA) ratio of 1/10 (D/P = 1/10) were about 80% and 6.293%, respectively. Moreover, the release profile of SN-38-loaded nanoparticles revealed that the release rate at 42 °C (above LCST) was higher than that at 37 °C (below LCST), which demonstrated that the release of SN-38 could be controlled by increasing the temperature. The cytotoxicity of the SN-38-loaded poly(NIPA-co-DMAEMA) nanoparticles was investigated in human colon cancer cells (HT-29) to compare with the treatment of an anticancer drug, Irinotecan(®) (CPT-11). The antitumor efficacy evaluated in a C26 murine colon tumor model showed that the SN-38-loaded nanoparticles in combination with hyperthermia therapy efficiently suppressed tumor growth. The results indicate that these thermo-responsive nanoparticles are potential carriers for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Peng
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Longtan Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Murakami M, Cabral H, Matsumoto Y, Wu S, Kano MR, Yamori T, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Improving drug potency and efficacy by nanocarrier-mediated subcellular targeting. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:64ra2. [PMID: 21209412 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarrier-mediated drug targeting is an emerging strategy for cancer therapy and is being used, for example, with chemotherapeutic agents for ovarian cancer. Nanocarriers are selectively accumulated in tumors as a result of their enhanced permeability and retention of macromolecules, thereby enhancing the antitumor activity of the nanocarrier-associated drugs. We investigated the real-time subcellular fate of polymeric micelles incorporating (1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum(II) (DACHPt/m), the parent complex of oxaliplatin, in tumor tissues by fluorescence-based assessment of their kinetic stability. These observations revealed that DACHPt/m was extravasated from blood vessels to the tumor tissue and dissociated inside each cell. Furthermore, DACHPt/m selectively dissociated within late endosomes, enhancing drug delivery to the nearby nucleus relative to free oxaliplatin, likely by circumvention of the cytoplasmic detoxification systems such as metallothionein and methionine synthase. Thus, these drug-loaded micelles exhibited higher antitumor activity than did oxaliplatin alone, even against oxaliplatin-resistant tumors. These findings suggest that nanocarriers targeting subcellular compartments may have considerable benefits in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Murakami
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Matsumura Y. Preclinical and clinical studies of NK012, an SN-38-incorporating polymeric micelles, which is designed based on EPR effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:184-92. [PMID: 20561951 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are ideally suited to exploit the EPR effect, and they have been used for the delivery of a range of anticancer drugs in preclinical and clinical studies. NK012 is an SN-38-loaded polymeric micelle constructed in an aqueous milieu by the self-assembly of an amphiphilic block copolymer, PEG-PGlu(SN-38). The antitumor activity was evaluated in several orthotopic tumor models including glioma, renal cancer, stomach cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Two independent phase I clinical trials were conducted in Japan and the USA. In the preclinical studies, it was demonstrated that NK012 exerted significantly more potent antitumor activity with no intestinal toxicity against various orthotopic human tumor xenografts than CPT-11. In clinical trials, predominant toxicity was neutropenia. Non-hematologic toxicity, especially diarrhea, was mostly Grade 1 or 2 during study treatments. Total 8 partial responses were obtained. According to data of preclinical studies, NK012 showing enhanced distribution with prolonged SN-38 release may be ideal for cancer treatment because the antitumor activity of SN-38 is time dependent. Clinical studies showed that NK012 was well tolerated and had antitumor activity including partial responses and several occurrences of prolonged stable disease across a variety of advanced refractory cancers. Phase II studies are ongoing in patients with colorectal cancer in Japan and in patients with triple negative breast cancer and small cell lung cancer in the USA.
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