Significance of extranodal tumour deposits in colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

A scoring system for stratifying the risk of postoperative bone metastases in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Surveillance recommendations for postoperative high-risk colorectal bone metastases patients remain in a gray area of guidelines. We aimed to develop a risk stratification system to select ideal candidates for follow-up of colorectal bone metastases status.

METHODS

Postoperative colorectal cancer patients were included to develop a risk-scoring system to predict bone metastases. Risk scores were calculated based on the predictive factors for bone metastases, which were identified using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. Kaplan-Meier curves visualize the differences between risk groups.

RESULTS

Eight risk factors (age, lymph node metastasis, pathologic tumor deposit, KRAS mutation status, suspicious retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis, lung metastasis status, largest thickness of colorectal cancer lesion, largest short diameter of lymph node) were predictors of colorectal bone metastases and incorporated into the risk scoring system, and the patients were categorized into 2 risk groups. In the low-risk group, the 1, 3, and 5-year colorectal bone metastases rates were 2.4%, 4.6%, and 3.7%, respectively, whereas in the high-risk group, the 1, 3, and 5-year colorectal bone metastases rates were 15.6%, 29.9%, and 44.4%, respectively. The risk scoring system exhibited a C-index of 0.706, 0.795, and 0.841 in 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrates that the incidence of colorectal bone metastases was higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (50.5% vs 11.4%, P < .001).

CONCLUSION

This risk-scoring system may be valuable in predicting colorectal bone metastases in colorectal cancer patients, and we suggest that colorectal bone metastases status surveillance be added in the high-risk group.

The past, present, and future of tumour deposits in colorectal cancer: Advancing staging for improved prognosis and treatment decision-making

Tumour deposits (TDs) significantly impact colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis. Integrating TDs into the TNM staging system can enhance individualized disease management. Keeping abreast of evolving TDs research is pivotal for clinical advancement. We comprehensively reviewed both recent and popular literature to grasp the field's essence. Subsequently, a data retrieval sourced articles on TDs in CRC for bibliometric analysis, spanning from 1 January 1935 to 30 April 2023. Bibliometrix software facilitated paper analysis and visualization. Bibliometric indicators, the trends and hotspots were determined. A total of 2147 articles were successfully retrieved. Brown G emerged as the most productive author, and the USA as the most prolific country. Central South University and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center led productivity. Bradford's law categorized 48 journals into zone 1. Keywords co-occurrence analysis identified three main clusters: the application of TDs in TNM staging, the pathogenesis of TDs, and the assessment of TDs. The trend topic analysis highlighted research focused on refining TDs incorporation into tumour staging. TDs wield enduring medical significance, shaping ongoing research. Much literature focused on confirming TD's prognostic value and optimizing TNM integration. Additionally, it is worth highlighting that TD's enigmatic pathogenesis demands research priority, as it holds the potential to unveil concealed knowledge regarding their development.

Radiomics analysis of dual-layer spectral-detector CT-derived iodine maps for predicting tumor deposits in colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the value of radiomics analysis of dual-layer spectral-detector computed tomography (DLSCT)-derived iodine maps for predicting tumor deposits (TDs) preoperatively in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 264 pathologically confirmed CRC patients (TDs + (n = 80); TDs - (n = 184)) who underwent preoperative DLSCT from two hospitals were retrospectively enrolled, and divided into training (n = 124), testing (n = 54), and external validation cohort (n = 86). Conventional CT features and iodine concentration (IC) were analyzed and measured. Radiomics features were derived from venous phase iodine maps from DLSCT. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was performed for feature selection. Finally, a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was employed to develop clinical, radiomics, and combined models based on the most valuable clinical parameters and radiomics features. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis were used to evaluate the model's efficacy.

RESULTS

The combined model incorporating the valuable clinical parameters and radiomics features demonstrated excellent performance in predicting TDs in CRC (AUCs of 0.926, 0.881, and 0.887 in the training, testing, and external validation cohorts, respectively), which outperformed the clinical model in the training cohort and external validation cohorts (AUC: 0.839 and 0.695; p: 0.003 and 0.014) and the radiomics model in two cohorts (AUC: 0.922 and 0.792; p: 0.014 and 0.035).

CONCLUSION

Radiomics analysis of DLSCT-derived iodine maps showed excellent predictive efficiency for preoperatively diagnosing TDs in CRC, and could guide clinicians in making individualized treatment strategies.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

The radiomics model based on DLSCT iodine maps has the potential to aid in the accurate preoperative prediction of TDs in CRC patients, offering valuable guidance for clinical decision-making.

KEY POINTS

Accurately predicting TDs in CRC patients preoperatively based on conventional CT features poses a challenge. The Radiomics model based on DLSCT iodine maps outperformed conventional CT in predicting TDs. The model combing DLSCT iodine maps radiomics features and conventional CT features performed excellently in predicting TDs.

Impact of mesorectal extranodal tumor deposits in magnetic resonance imaging on outcome of rectal cancer patients

AIM

Mesorectal extranodal tumor deposits (TDs) are identified in many rectal cancers. Their radiological features differ from metastatic lymph nodes, and they can be detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of rectal cancer TDs detected with MRI and their impact on overall (OS), cancer-specific (CSS), and disease-free survival (DFS) and the local recurrence rate.

METHOD

In this retrospective cohort study, we screened all 525 consecutive rectal cancer patients who underwent surgery during 2017-2018 in a tertiary center. Patients with synchronous metastases or who had not undergone MRI were excluded. We analyzed the OS, CSS, and DFS as well as local recurrences.

RESULTS

Of the 480 included patients, TDs were detected in the images of 81 (16.9 %). Extramural venous invasion (EMVI) and TDs were frequently found together (n = 50, 61.7 % of all cases with TDs). The presence of TDs alone [hazard ratio (HR) 1.66 (1.03-2.68)] or TDs and/or EMVI [HR 1.63 (1.01-2.62)] were risk factors for adverse DFS in multivariate Cox regression analysis. The OS and CSS rates were poorer among patients with TDs compared to those without, p = 0.009 and p < 0.001, respectively. TDs were also a risk factor for local recurrence in the univariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

TDs detected with imaging are a risk factor for impaired DFS and associated with impaired CSS and OS of rectal cancer patients and should be taken into consideration in clinical decision-making.

Performance of CT in the locoregional staging of colon cancer: detailed radiology-pathology correlation with special emphasis on tumor deposits, extramural venous invasion and T staging

PURPOSE

To investigate the performance of computed tomography (CT) in the local staging of colon cancer in different segments, with emphasis on parameters that have been found to be significant for rectal cancer, namely, extramural venous invasion (EMVI) and tumor deposits (TDs).

METHODS

CT and pathology data from 137 patients were independently reviewed by radiology and pathology teams. The performance of CT in categorizing a given patient into good, versus poor prognostic groups was assessed for each segment, as well as the presence of lymph nodes (LNs), TDs and EMVIs. Discordant cases were re-evaluated to determine potential sources of error. Elastic stain was applied for EMVI discordance.

RESULTS

The T staging accuracy was 80.2%. For T stage stratification, CT performed slightly better in the left colon, and the lowest accuracy was in the transverse colon. Under-staging was more common (in 12.4%), and most of the mis-staged cases were in sigmoid colon. According to the first comprehensive correlative analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT for detecting TDs were found to be 57.9%, 92.4%, 87.6%, respectively. These figures were 44.7%, 72.7%, and 63.5% for LN, and 58.5%, 82.1% and 73% for EMVI. The detection rate was better for multifocal EMVI. The detection rate was also comparable (although substantially underestimated) for LNs, with the half of the LNs missed by CT being < 5 mm. Four patients that were classified as TD by CT, disclosed to be LNs by pathology. Correlative analysis led to refinement of the pathology criteria, with subsequent modifications of the initial reports in 13 (9.5%) patients.

CONCLUSION

Overall, CT performed well in the evaluation of colon cancer, as did TD and EMVI. It is advisable to include these parameters in CT-based staging. Radiologists should be aware of the pitfalls that occur more commonly in different segments.

Watch & wait - Post neoadjuvant imaging for rectal cancer

Rectal cancer management has evolved over the past decade with the emergence of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT). For select patients who achieve a clinical complete response following TNT, organ preservation by means of the watch-and-wait (WW) strategy is an increasingly adopted alternative that preserves rectal function and quality of life without compromising oncologic outcomes. Recently, published 5-year results from the OPRA trial demonstrated that organ preservation can be achieved in approximately half of patients managed with the WW strategy, with most local regrowth events occurring within two years. Considering the potential for local regrowth, the implementation of the WW strategy mandates rigorous clinical and radiographic surveillance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as the conventional imaging modality for local staging and surveillance of rectal cancer given its excellent soft-tissue resolution. This review will discuss the current evidence for the WW strategy and the role of restaging rectal MRI in determining patient eligibility for this strategy. Restaging rectal MRI acquisition parameters and treatment response assessment, including important factors to assess, pitfalls, and classification systems, will be discussed in the context of the WW strategy.

The Relationship between Tumor Budding and Tumor Deposits in Patients with Stage III Colorectal Carcinoma

Background/Objectives: Recently, some new morphological features of colorectal cancer have been discovered as important prognostic factors; in this paper, we study the relationship between tumor budding (TB) and tumor deposits (TDs). Methods: The retrospective cohort study included 90 patients with pathohistologically confirmed stage III CRC who were treated with radical surgical resection. All hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained slides from each patient were reviewed, and histological parameters were recorded. The samples were divided into two groups with similar sizes: a group without TDs (N = 51) and a control group with TDs (N = 39). The presence and TB grade were further analyzed in these groups and compared with other clinical and histological features. Results: The prevalence of TB in the investigated cohort was unexpectedly high (94.4%). Overall, there were 23 (25.6%) Bd1, 20 (22.2%) Bd2, and 47 (52.2%) Bd3 cases. The presence of TDs was significantly associated with a higher number of TB (p < 0.001, OR 16.3) and, consequently, with a higher TB grade (p = 0.004, OR 11.04). A higher TB grade (p = 0.001, HR 2.28; 95% CI 1.93-4.76) and a growing number of TDs (p = 0.014, HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.09-2.1) were statistically significantly associated with shorter survival. Conclusions: TDs appear more often in patients with higher TB grades in stage III CRC. A higher TB grade and a growing number of TDs were statistically significantly associated with shorter overall survival. These results could give additional emphasis to the importance of TB as an adverse prognostic factor since a strong relationship with TDs has been demonstrated.

Cancer spreading patterns based on epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity

Introduction: Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related deaths, underscoring the necessity to discern the rules and patterns of cancer cell spreading. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity contributes to cancer aggressiveness and metastasis. Despite establishing key determinants of cancer aggressiveness and metastatic ability, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanism is unknown. We aimed to propose a classification system for cancer cells based on epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, focusing on hysteresis of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. Methods: We extensively reviewed the concept of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, specifically considering the hysteresis of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. Results: In this review and hypothesis article, based on epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, especially the hysteresis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype, we proposed a classification of cancer cells, indicating that cancer cells with epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity potential could be classified into four types: irreversible hysteresis, weak hysteresis, strong hysteresis, and hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. These four types of cancer cells had varied biology, spreading features, and prognoses. Discussion: Our results highlight that the proposed classification system offers insights into the diverse behaviors of cancer cells, providing implications for cancer aggressiveness and metastasis.

The diagnostic accuracy of local staging in colon cancer based on computed tomography (CT): evaluating the role of extramural venous invasion and tumour deposits

PURPOSE

The shift from adjuvant to neoadjuvant treatment in colon cancer demands the radiological selection of patients for systemic therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the CT-based TNM stage and high-risk features, including extramural venous invasion (EMVI) and tumour deposits, in the identification of patients with histopathological advanced disease, currently considered for neoadjuvant treatment (T3-4 disease).

METHODS

All consecutive patients surgically treated for non-metastatic colon cancer between January 2018 and January 2020 in a referral centre for colorectal cancer were identified retrospectively. All tumours were staged on CT according to the TNM classification system. Additionally, the presence of EMVI and tumour deposits on CT was evaluated. The histopathological TNM classification was used as reference standard.

RESULTS

A total of 176 patients were included. Histopathological T3-4 colon cancer was present in 85.0% of the patients with CT-detected T3-4 disease. Histopathological T3-4 colon cancer was present in 96.4% of the patients with CT-detected T3-4 colon cancer in the presence of both CT-detected EMVI and CT-detected tumour deposits. Histopathological T0-2 colon cancer was present in 50.8% of the patients with CT-detected T0-2 disease, and in 32.4% of the patients without CT-detected EMVI and tumour deposits.

CONCLUSION

The diagnostic accuracy of CT-based staging was comparable with previous studies. The presence of high-risk features on CT increased the probability of histopathological T3-4 colon cancer. However, a substantial part of the patients without CT-detected EMVI and tumour deposits was diagnosed with histopathological T3-4 disease. Hence, more accurate selection criteria are required to correctly identify patients with locally advanced disease.

Lateral Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma: A Step-by-Step Description of Surgical Anatomical Planes During Cadaveric Dissection and Minimally Invasive Surgery

PURPOSE

Total mesorectal excision (TME) is accepted as gold standard method in rectal cancer globally. But there is no standard for lateral lymph nodes. Combination of neoadjuvant treatment plus lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) in select patients might be a promising method. Our purpose is to describe the anatomic landmarks of LLND on cadavers and minimally invasive surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Local advanced rectal cancer and lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis are accepted as an indication of neoadjuvant treatment. LLND was performed according to preoperative imaging after radiochemotherapy.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight (10.5%) of 267 patients with rectal cancer who had suspected lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) underwent LLND in addition to TME after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Eight of them had LLNM. Three patients had bilateral LLND and only 1 had LLNM. The median number of harvested lymph nodes was 6. The rates of LLNM increased with the presence of poor prognosis markers. One regional and 1 distant recurrence were detected in patients who had no LLN metastasis compared with2 regional and 4 distant recurrences in the LLN-positive group.

CONCLUSIONS

Local advanced rectal cancer cases may benefit from LLND, but it does not appear to have an effect on overall survival. There is no consensus whether size and/or morphologic criteria in MRI are the ideal guide for LLND.

Survey of rectal cancer MRI technique and reporting tumour descriptors in the UK: a multi-centre British Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (BSGAR) audit

AIM

To evaluate variation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique and reporting of rectal cancer staging examinations across the UK.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective, multi-centre audit was undertaken of imaging protocols and information documented within consecutive MRI rectal cancer reports between March 2020 and August 2021, which were compared against American and European guidelines. Inclusion criteria included histologically proven rectal adenocarcinoma and baseline staging MRI rectum only.

RESULTS

Fully anonymised data from 924 MRI reports by 78 radiologists at 24 centres were evaluated. Thirty-two per cent of radiologists used template reporting, but these reports offered superior documentation of 13 out of 18 key tumour features compared to free-text reports including T-stage, relation to peritoneal reflection and mesorectal fascia (MRF), nodal status, and presence of extramural venous invasion (EMVI; p<0.027 in each). There was no significant differences in the remaining five features. Across all tumour locations, the tumour relationship to the MRF, the presence of EMVI, and the presence of tumour deposits were reported in 79.5%, 85.6%, and 44% of cases, respectively, and tumour, nodal, and distant metastatic stage documented in 94.4%, 97.7%, and 78.3%. In low rectal tumours, the relationship to the anal sphincter complex was reported in only 54.6%.

CONCLUSION

Considerable variation exists in rectal cancer MRI acquisition and reporting in this sample of UK centres. Inclusion of key radiological features in reports must be improved for risk stratification and treatment decisions. Template reporting is superior to free-text reporting. Routine adoption of standardised radiology practices should now be considered to improve standards to facilitate personalised precision treatment for patients to improve outcomes.

MRI-predicted extramural vascular invasion and tumour deposit are main predictors of disease-free survival in patients undergoing surgical resection for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

MRI is crucial in staging patients with rectal cancer and planning treatment. The aim was to analyse the prognostic role of MRI-predicted tumour deposits and/or extramural vascular invasion (mrTD/EMVI) in a cohort of patients with rectal cancer undergoing surgical resection, with selective neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT).

METHOD

Retrospective analysis of a single-centre cohort of consecutive patients with rectal cancer undergoing low anterior resection or abdominoperineal excision between 2008 and 2020. Unit policy was selective nCRT for MRI-predicted threatened or involved circumferential resection margin (mrCRM), or radiologically involved pelvic sidewall nodes. The primary outcome was disease-free survival. Secondary outcomes were rates of local recurrence, distant recurrence and overall survival.

RESULTS

A total of 314 patients were analysed. Median age was 65 years (female/male: 114/200). A total of 54/314 (17%) had nCRT and 35 patients (11%) underwent abdominoperineal excision. Median follow-up was 64 months. Overall, local recurrence was detected in 18/314 (5.7%) and distant recurrence in 45/314 (14.3%). In patients not receiving nCRT (n = 260), local recurrence was detected in 11/260 (4.2%) and distant recurrence in 35/260 (13.5%). Disease-free survival was 80.5% at 5 years. Specifically, disease-free survival was 89% in mrTD/EMVI-negative and mrCRM-negative, 67% in mrTD/EMVI-positive and mrCRM-negative, and 64% in the mrCRM-positive rectal cancer (log-rank, P < 0.001). On multivariable Cox-regression analysis mrTD/EMVI was the only MRI variable associated with disease-free survival (hazard ratio 2.95; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

mrTD/EMVI is a major prognostic indicator. Rectal cancer patients with mrCRM-negative and mrTD/EMVI-negative have excellent long-term outcomes with surgery alone. Patients with mrTD/EMVI-positive should be selectively stratified for neoadjuvant treatments in future clinical trials.

The Complexity of Shapes: How the Circularity of Tumor Nodules Affects Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer

The current stratification of tumor nodules in colorectal cancer (CRC) staging is subjective and leads to high interobserver variability. In this study, the objective assessment of the shape of lymph node metastases (LNMs), extranodal extension (ENE), and tumor deposits (TDs) was correlated with outcomes. A test cohort and a validation cohort were included from 2 different institutions. The test cohort consisted of 190 cases of stage III CRC. Slides with LNMs and TDs were annotated and processed using a segmentation algorithm to determine their shape. The complexity ratio was calculated for every shape and correlated with outcomes. A cohort of 160 stage III CRC cases was used to validate findings. TDs showed significantly more complex shapes than LNMs with ENE, which were more complex than LNMs without ENE (P < .001). In the test cohort, patients with the highest sum of complexity ratios had significantly lower disease-free survival (P < .01). When only the nodule with the highest complexity was considered, this effect was even stronger (P < .001). This maximum complexity ratio per patient was identified as an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 2.47; P < .05). The trends in the validation cohort confirmed the results. More complex nodules in stage III CRC were correlated with significantly worse disease-free survival, even if only based on the most complex nodule. These results suggest that more complex nodules reflect more invasive tumor biology. As most of the more complex nodules were diagnosed as TDs, we suggest providing a more prominent role for TDs in the nodal stage and include an objective complexity measure in their definition.

Transcriptomics and proteomics reveal distinct biology for lymph node metastases and tumour deposits in colorectal cancer

Both lymph node metastases (LNMs) and tumour deposits (TDs) are included in colorectal cancer (CRC) staging, although knowledge regarding their biological background is lacking. This study aimed to compare the biology of these prognostic features, which is essential for a better understanding of their role in CRC spread. Spatially resolved transcriptomic analysis using digital spatial profiling was performed on TDs and LNMs from 10 CRC patients using 1,388 RNA targets, for the tumour cells and tumour microenvironment. Shotgun proteomics identified 5,578 proteins in 12 different patients. Differences in RNA and protein expression were analysed, and spatial deconvolution was performed. Image-based consensus molecular subtype (imCMS) analysis was performed on all TDs and LNMs included in the study. Transcriptome and proteome profiles identified distinct clusters for TDs and LNMs in both the tumour and tumour microenvironment segment, with upregulation of matrix remodelling, cell adhesion/motility, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in TDs (all p < 0.05). Spatial deconvolution showed a significantly increased abundance of fibroblasts, macrophages, and regulatory T-cells (p < 0.05) in TDs. Consistent with a higher fibroblast and EMT component, imCMS classified 62% of TDs as poor prognosis subtype CMS4 compared to 36% of LNMs (p < 0.05). Compared to LNMs, TDs have a more invasive state involving a distinct tumour microenvironment and upregulation of EMT, which are reflected in a more frequent histological classification of TDs as CMS4. These results emphasise the heterogeneity of locoregional spread and the fact that TDs should merit more attention both in future research and during staging. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Multiregional-based magnetic resonance imaging radiomics model for predicting tumor deposits in resectable rectal cancer

PURPOSE

To establish and validate an integrated model incorporating multiregional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics features and clinical factors to predict tumor deposits (TDs) preoperatively in resectable rectal cancer (RC).

METHODS

This study retrospectively included 148 resectable RC patients [TDs+ (n = 45); TDs- (n = 103)] from August 2016 to August 2022, who were divided randomly into a testing cohort (n = 45) and a training cohort (n = 103). Radiomics features were extracted from the volume of interest on T2-weighted images (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted images (DWI) from pretreatment MRI. Model construction was performed after feature selection. Finally, five classification models were developed by support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to predict TDs in resectable RC using the selected clinical factor, single-regional radiomics features (extracted from primary tumor), and multiregional radiomics features (extracted from the primary tumor and mesorectal fat). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed to assess the discrimination performance of the five models. The AUCs of five models were compared by DeLon's test.

RESULTS

The training and testing cohorts included 31 (30.1%) and 14 (31.1%) patients with TDs, respectively. The AUCs of multiregional radiomics, single-regional radiomics, and the clinical models for predicting TDs were 0.839, 0.765, and 0.793, respectively. An integrated model incorporating multiregional radiomics features and clinical factors showed good predictive performance for predicting TDs in resectable RC (AUC, 0.931; 95% CI, 0.841-0.988), which demonstrated superiority over clinical model (P = 0.016), the single-regional radiomics model (P = 0.042), and the multiregional radiomics model (P = 0.025).

CONCLUSION

An integrated model combining multiregional MRI radiomic features and clinical factors can improve prediction performance for TDs and guide clinicians in implementing treatment plans individually for resectable RC patients.

Negative Prognostic Impact of Tumor Deposits in Rectal Cancer: A National Study Cohort

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether tumor deposits (TDs) in rectal cancer are associated with increased recurrence risk and decreased survival.

BACKGROUND

Tumor deposits (TDs) are considered a risk factor for recurrence after colon cancer resection, and the presence of TDs prompts adjuvant chemotherapy. The prognostic relevance of TDs in rectal cancer requires further exploration.

METHODS

All patients treated with abdominal resection surgery for rectal cancer in Sweden between 2011 and 2014 were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective cohort study based on prospectively collected data from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry. The primary endpoint was local recurrence or distant metastasis. Secondary outcomes were overall and relative survival.

RESULTS

Five thousand four hundred fifty-five patients were identified of which 3769 patients were analyzed after exclusion. TDs were found in 404 (10.7%) patients, including 140 (3.7%) patients with N1c-status. In TD-positive patients, local recurrence and distant metastasis rates at 5 years were 6.3% [95% CI 3.8-8.8%] and 38.9% [95% CI, 33.6-43.5%] compared with 2.7% [95% CI, 2.1-3.3%] and 14.3% [95% CI, 13.1-15.5%] in TD-negative patients. In multivariable regression analysis, the risk of local recurrence and distant metastasis were increased; HR 1.86 [95% CI, 1.09-3.19; P =0.024] and 1.87 [95% CI, 1.52-2.31; P =<0.001], respectively. Overall survival at 5 years was 68.8% [95% CI, 64.4-73.4%] in TD-positive patients and 80.7% [95% CI, 79.4-82.1%] in TD-negative patients. pN1c-patients had similar outcomes regarding local recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival as pN1a-b stage patients. TD-positive pN1a-b patients had significantly worse outcomes whereas TDs did not affect outcomes in pN2a-b patients.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that TDs have a negative impact on the prognosis in rectal cancer. Thus, efforts should be made to diagnose TD-positive rectal cancer patients preoperatively.

Predictive value of MRI-detected tumor deposits in locally advanced rectal cancer

Background

Although tumor deposits (TDs) are not the same as lymph nodes, the prognosis of patients with TDs is similar or worse than that of patients with metastatic lymph nodes. TDs are mostly assessed by the histology of samples after surgery, thus, not helpful for preoperative treatment strategies. The primary objective of this study was to detect TDs by MRI and evaluate its predictive value.

Materials and methods

A total of 114 patients with rectal cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Clinicopathological and MRI data mainly including MRI- detected TDs (mTDs), tumor border configuration (TBC) on MRI, MRI-detected extramural vascular invasion (mEMVI), MRI-detected lymph node metastasis (mLN), MRI T stage, MRI N stage, the range of rectal wall involved by the tumor, peritoneal reflection invasion, tumor length, tumor location, cord sign at the tumor edge, nodular protrusion at the tumor edge, maximal extramural depth and pathology-proven lymph node involvement (pLN) were evaluated. The correlation of MRI factors with postoperative distant metastasis (PDM) and pLN were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and nomograms were established based on the latter. The diagnostic efficiency was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC).

Results

A total of 38 cases of pLN, 13 of PDM and 17 of pathology-proven TDs (pTDs) were found. Ten cases of PDM and 22 cases of pLN in 30 mTDs cases were also found. Chi-square test showed that mTDs, mLN, TBC, mEMVI, MRI T stage, nodular protrusion, cord sign, maximal extramural depth and peritoneal reflection invasion were correlated with PDM and pLN (P<0.05). mTDs and peritoneal reflection invasion were independent risk factors for PDM (odds ratio: 10.15 and 8.77, P<0.05), mTDs and mLN were independent risk factors for pLN (odds ratio: 5.50 and 5.91, P<0.05), and Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the results of two models were not statistically significant, suggesting that the fit was good. On this basis, two nomograms for predicting PDM and pLN were confirmed by Bootstrap self-sampling, and the C-indices of the two nomograms were 0.837 and 0.817, respectively. The calibration curves and ROC curves of the two nomograms showed that the correlation between the predicted and the actual incidence of PDM and pLN was good. The DeLong test showed that the predictive efficiency of the nomogram in predicting pLN was better than that of mLN (P=0.0129).

Conclusion

mTDs are a risk factor for PDM and lymph node metastasis. The two nomograms based on mTDs showed a good performance in predicting PDM and lymph node metastasis, possessing a certain clinical value.

Computed Tomography-based Radiomics Nomogram for the Preoperative Prediction of Tumor Deposits and Clinical Outcomes in Colon Cancer: a Multicenter Study

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES

To develop and validate a computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics nomogram for the preoperative prediction of tumor deposits (TDs) and clinical outcomes in patients with colon cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study included 383 consecutive patients with colon cancer from two centers. Radiomics features were extracted from portal venous phase CT images. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was applied for feature selection and radiomics signature construction. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to establish a radiomics nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was assessed by using receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves and decision curve analysis. Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis was used to assess the difference of the overall survival (OS) in the TDs-positive and TDs-negative groups.

RESULTS

The radiomics signature was composed of 11 TDs status related features. The AUCs of the radiomics model in the training cohort, internal validation and external validation cohorts were 0.82, 0.78 and 0.78, respectively. The radiomics nomogram that incorporated the radiomics signature and clinical independent predictors (CT-N, CEA and CA199) showed good calibration and discrimination with AUCs of 0.88, 0.80 and 0.81 in the training cohort, internal validation and external validation cohorts, respectively. The radiomics nomogram-predicted high-risk groups had a worse OS than the low-risk groups (p < 0.001). The radiomics nomogram-predicted TDs was an independent preoperative predictor of OS.

CONCLUSION

The radiomics nomogram based on CT radiomics features and clinical independent predictors could effectively predict the preoperative TDs status and OS of colon cancer.

IMPORTANT FINDINGS

CT-based radiomics nomogram may be applied in the individual preoperative prediction of TDs status in colon cancer. Additionally, there was a significant difference in OS between the high-risk and low-risk groups defined by the radiomics nomogram, in which patients with high-risk TDs had a significantly worse OS, compared with those with low-risk TDs.

Imaging of colon and rectal cancer

Colon and rectal cancer imaging has traditionally been performed to assess for distant disease (typically lung and liver metastases) and to assess the resectability of the primary tumor. With technological and scientific advances in imaging and the evolution of treatment options, the role of imaging has expanded. Radiologists are now expected to provide a precise description of primary tumor invasion extent, including adjacent organ invasion, involvement of the surgical resection plane, extramural vascular invasion, lymphadenopathy, and response to neoadjuvant treatment, and to monitor for recurrence after clinical complete response.

Prognosis of Mesorectal Tumor Deposits in Patients with Rectal Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and Total Mesorectal Excision

BACKGROUND

Tumor deposits (TDs) are associated with adverse prognostic factors and decreased survival in colon cancer. However, there is no information of their survival impact in rectal cancer with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (n-CRT).

METHODS

Retrospective study in 223 patients with rectal cancer with n-CRT. A survival analysis of factors associated with decreased overall survival (OS) including TDs was performed.

RESULTS

From 223 patients, 131 (58.7%) were men, mean age 59.8 (± 13.06) years, and 42 (18.8%) of them revealed TDs. Survival analysis of TDs showed no association with mortality. Factors associated with decreased 5-year OS were the histologic grade (p = 0.42), perineural invasion (p = 0.001), and mesorectal quality (p = 0.067). Perineural invasion (HR = 2.335, 95% CI = 1.198-4.552) remained as independent factor in the multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

TDs were not associated with mortality in rectal cancer patients treated with n-CRT. Factors associated with decreased survival were inadequate mesorectal quality and perineural invasion.

Prognostic Value of Combined Hematological/Biochemical Indexes and Tumor Clinicopathologic Features in Colorectal Cancer Patients—A Pilot Single Center Study

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant public health problem. There is increasing evidence that the host’s immune response and nutritional status play a role in the development and progression of cancer. The aim of our study was to examine the prognostic value of clinical markers/indexes of inflammation, nutritional and pathohistological status in relation to overall survival and disease free-survival in CRC. The total number of CRC patients included in the study was 111 and they underwent laboratory analyses within a week before surgery. Detailed pathohistological analysis and laboratory parameters were part of the standard hospital pre-operative procedure. Medical data were collected from archived hospital data. Data on the exact date of death were obtained by inspecting the death registers for the territory of the Republic of Serbia. All parameters were analyzed in relation to the overall survival and survival period without disease relapse. The follow-up median was 42 (24−48) months. The patients with the III, IV and V degrees of the Clavien–Dindo classification had 2.609 (HR: 2.609; 95% CI: 1.437−4.737; p = 0.002) times higher risk of death. The modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) 2 and higher lymph node ratio carried a 2.188 (HR: 2.188; 95% CI: 1.413−3.387; p < 0.001) and 6.862 (HR: 6.862; 95% CI: 1.635−28.808; p = 0.009) times higher risk of death in the postoperative period, respectively; the risk was 3.089 times higher (HR: 3.089; 95% CI: 1.447−6.593; p = 0.004) in patients with verified tumor deposits. The patients with tumor deposits had 1.888 (HR: 1.888; 95% CI: 1024−3481; p = 0.042) and 3.049 (HR: 3.049; 95% CI: 1.206−7.706; p = 0.018) times higher risk of disease recurrence, respectively. The emphasized peritumoral lymphocyte response reduced the risk of recurrence by 61% (HR: 0.391; 95% CI: 0.196−0.780; p = 0.005). Standard perioperative laboratory and pathohistological parameters, which do not present any additional cost for the health system, may provide information on the CRC patient outcome and lay the groundwork for a larger prospective examination.

New Histoprognostic Factors to Consider for the Staging of Colon Cancers: Tumor Deposits, Invasive Tumor Infiltration and High-Grade Budding

Colorectal cancer is a major public health issue due to its high incidence and mortality. It is, therefore, essential to identify histological markers for prognostic purposes and to optimize the therapeutic management of patients. The main objective of our study was to analyze the impact of new histoprognostic factors, such as tumor deposits, budding, poorly differentiated clusters, mode of infiltration, the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate and the type of tumor stroma, on the survival of patients with colon cancer. Two hundred and twenty-nine resected colon cancers were fully histologically reviewed, and survival and recurrence data were collected. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. A univariate and multivariate Cox model was constructed to identify prognostic factors for overall survival and recurrence-free survival. The median overall survival of the patients was 60.2 months and the median recurrence-free survival was 46.9 months. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival were significantly worse in the presence of isolated tumor deposits (log rank = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively) and for an infiltrative type of tumor invasion (log rank = 0.008 and 0.02, respectively). High-grade budding was associated with a poor prognosis, with no significant difference. We did not find a significant prognostic impact of the presence of poorly differentiated clusters, the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate or the stromal type. In conclusion, the analysis of these recent histoprognostic factors, such as tumor deposits, mode of infiltration, and budding, could be integrated into the results of pathological reports of colon cancers. Thus, the therapeutic management of patients could be adjusted by providing more aggressive treatments in the presence of some of these factors.

Magnetic resonance imaging radiomics modeling predicts tumor deposits and prognosis in stage T3 lymph node positive rectal cancer

PURPOSE

To develop a magnetic resonance imaging radiomics model to predict tumor deposits (TDs) and prognosis in stage T3 lymph node positive (T3N+) rectal cancer (RC).

METHODS

This retrospective study included 163 patients with pathologically confirmed T3N + RC from December 2013 to December 2015. The patients were divided into two groups for training and testing. Extracting radiomic features from MR images and selecting features using principal component analysis (PCA), then radiomic scores (rad-scores) were obtained by logistic regression analysis. Finally, a combined TDs prediction model containing rad-scores and clinical features was developed. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the prediction performance. The overall survival (OS) rate in patients with high-risk and low-risk TDs predicted by rad-scores was validated by Kaplan-Meier survival curves.

RESULTS

Of the 163 patients included, histological TDs was diagnosed in 45 patients. The area under the curve (AUC) of the final model was 0.833 (training) and 0.844 (testing). The patients with rad-scores predicted high-risk were associated with OS. In addition, postoperative adjuvant therapy improved the OS of the high-risk TDs group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

MRI-based radiomics modeling helps in the preoperative prediction of patients with TDs+ in T3N + RC and provides risk stratification for neoadjuvant therapy. In addition, the rad-scores of TDs could suggest different survival benefits of postoperative adjuvant therapy for T3N + RC patients and guide clinical treatment.

Preoperative prediction of tumor deposits in rectal cancer with clinical-magnetic resonance deep learning-based radiomic models

Background

This study aimed to establish an effective model for preoperative prediction of tumor deposits (TDs) in patients with rectal cancer (RC).

Methods

In 500 patients, radiomic features were extracted from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using modalities such as high-resolution T2-weighted (HRT2) imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Machine learning (ML)-based and deep learning (DL)-based radiomic models were developed and integrated with clinical characteristics for TD prediction. The performance of the models was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC) over five-fold cross-validation.

Results

A total of 564 radiomic features that quantified the intensity, shape, orientation, and texture of the tumor were extracted for each patient. The HRT2-ML, DWI-ML, Merged-ML, HRT2-DL, DWI-DL, and Merged-DL models demonstrated AUCs of 0.62 ± 0.02, 0.64 ± 0.08, 0.69 ± 0.04, 0.57 ± 0.06, 0.68 ± 0.03, and 0.59 ± 0.04, respectively. The clinical-ML, clinical-HRT2-ML, clinical-DWI-ML, clinical-Merged-ML, clinical-DL, clinical-HRT2-DL, clinical-DWI-DL, and clinical-Merged-DL models demonstrated AUCs of 0.81 ± 0.06, 0.79 ± 0.02, 0.81 ± 0.02, 0.83 ± 0.01, 0.81 ± 0.04, 0.83 ± 0.04, 0.90 ± 0.04, and 0.83 ± 0.05, respectively. The clinical-DWI-DL model achieved the best predictive performance (accuracy 0.84 ± 0.05, sensitivity 0.94 ± 0. 13, specificity 0.79 ± 0.04).

Conclusions

A comprehensive model combining MRI radiomic features and clinical characteristics achieved promising performance in TD prediction for RC patients. This approach has the potential to assist clinicians in preoperative stage evaluation and personalized treatment of RC patients.

Distinguishing mesorectal tumor deposits from metastatic lymph nodes by using diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in rectal cancer

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to identify whether apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) parameters are helpful in distinguishing mesorectal tumor deposits (TD) from metastatic lymph nodes (MLN) in rectal cancer (RC).

METHODS

Thirty patients (59 lesions, including 30 TD and 29 MLN) with RC who underwent pretreatment-MRI between February 2016 and August 2018 were enrolled. The morphological features, ADC values, and semi-quantitative parameters of DCE-MRI, including relative enhancement (RE), maximum enhancement (ME), maximum relative enhancement (MRE), time to peak (TTP), wash-in rates (WIR), wash-out rates (WOR), brevity of enhancement (BRE), and area under the curve (AUC) were measured on lesions (TD or MLN) and RC. The parameters were compared between TD and MLN, tumor with and without TD group by using Fisher's exact test, independent-samples t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The ratio (lesion-to-tumor) of the parameters was compared between TD and MLN. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used to assess the diagnostic ability of single and combined metrics for distinguishing TD from MLN.

RESULTS

The morphological features, including size, shape, and border, were significantly different between TD and MLN. TD exhibited significantly lower RE, MRE, RE-ratio, MRE-ratio, ADC_min-ratio, and ADC_mean-ratio than MLN. RE-ratio showed the highest AUC (0.749) and accuracy (77.97%) among single parameters. The combination of DCE-MRI and DWI parameters together showed higher diagnostic efficiency (AUC = 0.825).

CONCLUSIONS

Morphological features, ADC values, and DCE-MRI parameters can preoperatively help distinguish TD from MLN in RC.

KEY POINTS

• DWI and DCE-MRI can facilitate early detection and distinguishing mesorectal TD (tumor deposits) from MLN (metastatic lymph nodes) in rectal cancer preoperatively. • TD has some specific morphological features, including relatively larger size, lower short- to long-axis ratio, irregular shape, and ill-defined border on T2-weighted MR images in rectal cancer. • The combination of ADC values and semi-quantitative parameters of DCE-MRI (RE, MRE) can help to improve the diagnostic efficiency of TD in rectal cancer.

Prognostic impact of tumor deposits on overall survival in colorectal cancer: Based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database

BACKGROUND

In colorectal cancer, tumor deposits (TDs) are considered to be a prognostic factor in the current staging system, and are only considered in the absence of lymph node metastases (LNMs). However, this definition and the subsequent prognostic value based on it is controversial, with various hypotheses. TDs may play an independent role when it comes to survival and addition of TDs to LNM count may predict the prognosis of patients more accurately.

AIM

To assess the prognostic impact of TDs and evaluate the effect of their addition to the LNM count.

METHODS

The patients are derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. A prognostic analysis regarding impact of TDs on overall survival (OS) was performed using Cox regression model, and other covariates associating with OS were adjusted. The effect of addition of TDs to LNM count on N restaging was also evaluated. The subgroup analysis was performed to explore the different profile of risk factors between patients with and without TDs.

RESULTS

Overall, 103755 patients were enrolled with 14131 (13.6%) TD-positive and 89624 (86.4%) TD-negative tumors. TD-positive patients had worse prognosis compared with TD-negative patients, with 3-year OS rates of 47.3% (95%CI, 46.5%-48.1%) and 77.5% (95%CI, 77.2%-77.8%, P < 0.0001), respectively. On multivariable analysis, TDs were associated poorer OS (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.31-1.38; P < 0.0001). Among TD-positive patients, the number of TDs had a linear negative effect on disease-free survival and OS. After reclassifying patients by adding TDs to the LNM count, 885 of 19 965 (4.4%) N1 patients were restaged as pN2, with worse outcomes than patients restaged as pN1 (3-year OS rate: 78.5%, 95%CI, 77.9%-79.1% vs 63.2%, 95%CI, 60.1%-66.5%, respectively; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

TDs are an independent prognostic factor for OS in colorectal cancer. The addition of TDs to LNM count improved the prognostic accuracy of tumor, node and metastasis staging.

Radiomics for differentiating tumor deposits from lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Tumor deposits (TDs) are not equivalent to lymph node (LN) metastasis (LNM) but have become independent adverse prognostic factors in patients with rectal cancer (RC). Although preoperatively differentiating TDs and LNMs is helpful in designing individualized treatment strategies and achieving improved prognoses, it is a challenging task.

AIM

To establish a computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics model for preoperatively differentiating TDs from LNM in patients with RC.

METHODS

This study retrospectively enrolled 219 patients with RC [TDs⁺LNM^- (n = 89); LNM⁺ TDs^- (n = 115); TDs⁺LNM⁺ (n = 15)] from a single center between September 2016 and September 2021. Single-positive patients (i.e., TDs⁺LNM^- and LNM⁺TDs^-) were classified into the training (n = 163) and validation (n = 41) sets. We extracted numerous features from the enhanced CT (region 1: The main tumor; region 2: The largest peritumoral nodule). After deleting redundant features, three feature selection methods and three machine learning methods were used to select the best-performing classifier as the radiomics model (Rad-score). After validating Rad-score, its performance was further evaluated in the field of diagnosing double-positive patients (i.e., TDs⁺LNM⁺) by outlining all peritumoral nodules with diameter (short-axis) > 3 mm.

RESULTS

Rad-score 1 (radiomics signature of the main tumor) had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.768 on the training dataset and 0.700 on the validation dataset. Rad-score 2 (radiomics signature of the largest peritumoral nodule) had a higher AUC (training set: 0.940; validation set: 0.918) than Rad-score 1. Clinical factors, including age, gender, location of RC, tumor markers, and radiological features of the largest peritumoral nodule, were excluded by logistic regression. Thus, the combined model was comprised of Rad-scores of 1 and 2. Considering that the combined model had similar AUCs with Rad-score 2 (P = 0.134 in the training set and 0.594 in the validation set), Rad-score 2 was used as the final model. For the diagnosis of double-positive patients in the mixed group [TDs⁺LNM⁺ (n = 15); single-positive (n = 15)], Rad-score 2 demonstrated moderate performance (sensitivity, 73.3%; specificity, 66.6%; and accuracy, 70.0%).

CONCLUSION

Radiomics analysis based on the largest peritumoral nodule can be helpful in preoperatively differentiating between TDs and LNM.

Addressing the challenges restoring clinical services during the COVID-19 pandemic by harnessing the alignment of clinical and management leadership: an example from a large colorectal service

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed the greatest operational challenge to the English National Health Service since its inception. Elective surgical services have struggled due to the need to protect both staff and patients from viral exposure, and perioperative COVID-19 infection has been associated with significant excess mortality.

Interventions

In this brief report, we describe how through necessity, it has provided an opportunity to redesign services for the benefit of both patients and organisations, with attendant improvement in activity compared with prepandemic metrics. We present the experience of a large district general hospital, using the department of colorectal surgery as a case study, in responding to the pandemic by restoring services and achieving improved short-term outcomes and processes in newly redesignated facilities.

Conclusions

These reorganised surgical services represent a ‘silver lining’ of the pandemic. Clinician-led service restructuring, with positive engagement with staff at all levels, has not only addressed backlogs of urgent elective patients in a safe environment, but has also led to patient benefits and high levels of patient and staff satisfaction.

Lymph Nodes Evaluation in Rectal Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Future Perspective

The assessment of nodal involvement in patients with rectal cancer (RC) is fundamental in disease management. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is routinely used for local and nodal staging of RC by using morphological criteria. The actual dimensional and morphological criteria for nodal assessment present several limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. For these reasons, several different techniques, such as Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (DKI), and Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) in MRI have been introduced but still not fully validated. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/CT plays a pivotal role in the assessment of LNs; more recently PET/MRI has been introduced. The advantages and limitations of these imaging modalities will be provided in this narrative review. The second part of the review includes experimental techniques, such as iron-oxide particles (SPIO), and dual-energy CT (DECT). Radiomics analysis is an active field of research, and the evidence about LNs in RC will be discussed. The review also discusses the different recommendations between the European and North American guidelines for the evaluation of LNs in RC, from anatomical considerations to structured reporting.

Prognostic Value of Tumor Deposit Counts in Patients with Stage III Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the prognostic value of tumor deposits (TDs) counts in stage III colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and develop a prognostic nomogram.

METHODS

Data on stage III CRC patients from 2010 to 2015 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess differences in survival outcomes among patients. The Cox regression analysis was performed to establish the independent prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival and to establish a nomogram. The nomograms' performance was evaluated by calibration plots and concordance index (C-index). Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to assess the clinical utility of the prediction model.

RESULTS

A total of 23,345 CRC patients were included in this study, and 3,578 (15.3%) had TDs. Cox multivariate regression analyses revealed that age, race, histological tumor grade, the administered chemotherapy, pathological type, T-stage, CEA, N-stage, peripheral nerve invasion, and TDs were independent prognostic factors. Patients with many TDs (=0/1-4, HR: 1.325,/≥5 HR: 2.223) had poorer cancer-specific survival. The prognostic value of the number of TDs was comparable to that of lymph node metastasis. The C-indices of the nomogram were superior to TNM staging in training (0.730 vs 0.646) and validation (0.714 vs 0.636) groups. DCA revealed that the nomogram had a higher clinical net benefit compared to TNM staging.

CONCLUSIONS

TDs count is an adverse prognostic factor for stage III CRC patients. Furthermore, the TDs-based nomogram can accurately predict the prognostic outcomes for stage III CRC.

Predictive and Prognostic Assessment Models for Tumor Deposit in Colorectal Cancer Patients With No Distant Metastasis

Background

More and more evidence indicated that tumor deposit (TD) was significantly associated with local recurrence, distant metastasis (DM), and poor prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to explore the main clinical risk factors for the presence of TD in CRC patients with no DM (CRC-NDM) and the prognostic factors for TD-positive patients after surgery.

Methods

The data of patients with CRC-NDM between 2010 and 2017 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for TD presence. Fine and Gray’s competing-risk model was performed to analyze prognostic factors for TD-positive CRC-NDM patients. A predictive nomogram was constructed using the multivariate logistic regression model. The concordance index (C-index), the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), and the calibration were used to evaluate the predictive nomogram. Also, a prognostic nomogram was built based on multivariate competing-risk regression. C-index, the calibration, and decision-curve analysis (DCA) were performed to validate the prognostic model.

Results

The predictive nomogram to predict the presence of TD had a C-index of 0.785 and AUC of 0.787 and 0.782 in the training and validation sets, respectively. From the competing-risk analysis, chemotherapy (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) = 0.542, p < 0.001) can significantly reduce CRC-specific death (CCSD). The prognostic nomogram for the outcome prediction in postoperative CRC-NDM patients with TD had a C-index of 0.727. The 5-year survival of CCSD was 17.16%, 36.20%, and 63.19% in low-, medium-, and high-risk subgroups, respectively (Gray’s test, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

We constructed an easily predictive nomogram in identifying the high-risk TD-positive CRC-NDM patients. Besides, a prognostic nomogram was built to help clinicians identify poor-outcome individuals in postoperative CRC-NDM patients with TD. For the high-risk or medium-risk subgroup, additional chemotherapy may be more advantageous for the TD-positive patients rather than radiotherapy.

The importance of MRI for rectal cancer evaluation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has gained increasing importance in the management of rectal cancer over the last two decades. The role of MRI in patients with rectal cancer has expanded beyond the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system in both staging and restaging scenarios and has contributed to identifying "high" and "low" risk features that can be used to tailor and personalize patient treatment; for instance, selecting the patients for neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCRT) before the total mesorectal excision (TME) surgery based on risk of recurrence. Among those features, the status of the circumferential resection margin (CRM), extramural vascular invasion (EMVI), and tumor deposits (TD) have stood out. Moreover, MRI also has played a role in surgical planning, especially when the tumor is located in the low rectum, when the relationship between tumor and the anal canal is important to choose the best surgical approach, and in cases of locally advanced or recurrent tumors invading adjacent pelvic organs that may require more complex surgeries such as pelvic exenteration. As approaches using organ preservation emerge, including transanal local excision and "watch-and-wait", MRI may help in the patient selection for those treatments, follow up, and detection of tumor regrowth. Additionally, potential MRI-based prognostic and predictive biomarkers, such as quantitative and semi-quantitative metrics derived from functional sequences like diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE), and radiomics, are under investigation. This review provides an overview of the current role of MRI in rectal cancer in staging and restaging and highlights the main areas under investigation and future perspectives.

The value of tumor deposits in evaluating colorectal cancer survival and metastasis: a population-based retrospective cohort study

Background

The role of tumor deposits (TDs) in TNM staging of colorectal cancer is controversial, especially the relationship with distant metastasis.

Purpose

This study aimed to determine the effect of TDs on the survival of colorectal cancer and the occurrence of distant metastasis and to determine whether TDs (+) patients behaved similarly to stage IV patients.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of CRC patients from two large independent cohorts from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (n = 58775) and the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (n = 742).

Results

Univariate logistic analyses revealed that TDs are an independent predictor of liver metastasis [p < 0.001; odds ratio (OR): 5.738; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.560–9.248] in the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University’s patients. Meanwhile, TDs are also an independent predictor of isolated organ metastasis [p <0.001; odds ratio (OR): 3.028; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.414–3.79; multiple organ metastases [p < 0.001; odds ratio (OR): 4.778; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.109–5.556]; isolated liver metastasis [p < 0.001; odds ratio (OR): 4.395; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.099–4.713] and isolated lung metastasis [p < 0.001; odds ratio (OR): 5.738; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.560–9.248] in the SEER database. Multivariate analyses suggested TDs are an independent poor prognostic factor for distant metastasis (p <0.001).

Conclusions

Our results have shown that compared with patients with negative TDs, CRC patients with positive TDs are more likely to develop distant metastasis. Patients categorized as T4aN2bM0 TDs (+) and T4bN2M0 TDs (+) have a similar prognosis as those with stage IV, and hence these patients should be classified as stage IV.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02501-9.

The significance of subdivisions of microscopically positive (R1) margins in colorectal cancer: A retrospective study of a national cancer registry

AIM

Microscopically positive (R1) margins are associated with poorer outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer. However, little is known of the differential impact of subdivisions of R1 margins, be they to the primary tumour (R1tumour) or to lymph node metastases/tumour deposits (R1LNM).

METHODS

Patients treated for Stage III colorectal cancer from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019 were identified from the Danish national cancer registry. Patients were stratified into three groups according to margin status (R0 vs. R1tumour vs. R1LNM). The primary outcome was overall survival.

RESULTS

In all, 4186 patients were included, comprising 3012 patients with colon cancer and 1174 patients with rectal cancer. The R1 resection rates were 16.5% and 18.2% in patients with colon and rectum cancer, respectively. In colon cancers, 3-year overall survival was reduced in patients with R1LNM (65.7%, 95% CI 62.8-68.6) or R1tumour margins (51.8%, 95% CI 47.3-56.3) compared with R0 resections (80.8%, 95% CI 79.9-81.6, P < 0.001). A similar impact on survival was seen in rectal cancers (R0, 84.2%, 95% CI 82.9-85.5; R1LNM, 72.2%, 95% CI 67.8-76.6; R1tumour, 56.6%, 95% CI 50.0-63.2, P < 0.001). Margin status was independently prognostic of survival in both colon (R1tumour, hazard ratio 2.08, 95% CI 1.50-2.89, P < 0.001; R1LNM, hazard ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.11-1.97, P = 0.008) and rectal cancers (R1tumour, hazard ratio 2.35, 95% CI 1.42-3.90, P < 0.001; R1LNM, hazard ratio 1.54, 95% CI 0.95-2.48, P = 0.077).

CONCLUSION

R1 subdivisions have distinct impacts on survival in Stage III colorectal cancer. Further focused research in these patient subgroups is warranted.

Computed Tomography-Based Radiomics for Preoperative Prediction of Tumor Deposits in Rectal Cancer

Objective

To develop and validate a computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics model for predicting tumor deposits (TDs) preoperatively in patients with rectal cancer (RC).

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 254 patients with pathologically confirmed RC between December 2017 and December 2019. Patients were divided into a training set (n = 203) and a validation set (n = 51). A large number of radiomics features were extracted from the portal venous phase images of CT. After selecting features with L1-based method, we established Rad-score by using the logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, a combined model incorporating Rad-score and clinical factors was developed and visualized as the nomogram. The models were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis and area under the ROC curve (AUC).

Results

One hundred and seventeen of 254 patients were eventually found to be TDs⁺. Rad-score and clinical factors including carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, CT-reported T stage (cT), and CT-reported peritumoral nodules (+/-) were significantly different between the TDs⁺ and TDs^- groups (all P < 0.001). These factors were all included in the combined model by the logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 2.378 for Rad-score, 2.253 for CA19-9, 2.281 for cT, and 4.485 for peritumoral nodules). This model showed good performance to predict TDs in the training and validation cohorts (AUC = 0.830 and 0.832, respectively). Furthermore, the combined model outperformed the clinical model incorporating CA19-9, cT, and peritumoral nodules (+/-) in both training and validation cohorts for predicting TDs preoperatively (AUC = 0.773 and 0.718, P = 0.008 and 0.039).

Conclusions

The combined model incorporating Rad-score and clinical factors could provide a preoperative prediction of TDs and help clinicians guide individualized treatment for RC patients.

Interobserver variation in the classification of tumor deposits in rectal cancer-is the use of histopathological characteristics the way to go?

The focus on lymph node metastases (LNM) as the most important prognostic marker in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been challenged by the finding that other types of locoregional spread, including tumor deposits (TDs), extramural venous invasion (EMVI), and perineural invasion (PNI), also have significant impact. However, there are concerns about interobserver variation when differentiating between these features. Therefore, this study analyzed interobserver agreement between pathologists when assessing routine tumor nodules based on TNM 8. Electronic slides of 50 tumor nodules that were not treated with neoadjuvant therapy were reviewed by 8 gastrointestinal pathologists. They were asked to classify each nodule as TD, LNM, EMVI, or PNI, and to list which histological discriminatory features were present. There was overall agreement of 73.5% (κ 0.38, 95%-CI 0.33–0.43) if a nodal versus non-nodal classification was used, and 52.2% (κ 0.27, 95%-CI 0.23–0.31) if EMVI and PNI were classified separately. The interobserver agreement varied significantly between discriminatory features from κ 0.64 (95%-CI 0.58–0.70) for roundness to κ 0.26 (95%-CI 0.12–0.41) for a lone arteriole sign, and the presence of discriminatory features did not always correlate with the final classification. Since extranodal pathways of spread are prognostically relevant, classification of tumor nodules is important. There is currently no evidence for the prognostic relevance of the origin of TD, and although some histopathological characteristics showed good interobserver agreement, these are often non-specific. To optimize interobserver agreement, we recommend a binary classification of nodal versus extranodal tumor nodules which is based on prognostic evidence and yields good overall agreement.

Prognostic Implications of MRI-Detected EMVI and Tumor Deposits and Their Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in cT3 and cT4 Rectal Cancer

PURPOSE

Magnetic resonance imaging-detected extramural venous invasion (mrEMVI) and tumor deposits (TDs) are risk factors for the development of local recurrence and distant metastases (DMs) in rectal cancer. However, little is known about their response to neoadjuvant treatment and its relation to oncologic outcomes. This study evaluated the incidence and features of mrEMVI and TDs before and after neoadjuvant treatment in relation to the development of local recurrence and DMs.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Patients with cT3/4 rectal cancer without synchronous metastases who underwent surgery in a tertiary referral hospital were retrospectively analyzed. MRI scans were re-evaluated for the presence of mrEMVI, the occurrence of TDs, and response to neoadjuvant therapy (mr-vTRG).

RESULTS

In total, 277 patients were included, of whom 163 (58.8%) presented with mrEMVI. TDs were present in 56.4% of mrEMVI-positive and 9.6% of mrEMVI-negative patients (P < .001). The 5-year DM rate was significantly higher in mrEMVI-positive patients with and without TDs (45.2% and 35.9%, respectively) compared with mrEMVI-negative patients (25.7%; P = .012). After neoadjuvant treatment, the 5-year DM rate of patients with mr-vTRG 3-5 was 46.1%, whereas good responders (mr-vTRG 1-2) had a DM rate similar to mrEMVI-negative patients (25.7% and 25.7%, respectively; P = .002). The occurrence of TDs and larger mrEMVI size resulted in a lower likelihood of regression of mrEMVI.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of mrEMVI and TDs in cT3-4 rectal cancer is high and is associated with worsened oncologic outcomes. mrEMVI regression (mr-vTRG 1-2), which occured in 25% of the cases, leads to oncologic outcomes similar to those in patients without mrEMVI on baseline MRI.

Comparative analysis of clonal evolution among patients with right- and left-sided colon and rectal cancer

Tumor multiregion sequencing reveals intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) and clonal evolution playing a key role in tumor progression and metastases. Large-scale high-depth multiregional sequencing of colorectal cancer, comparative analysis among patients with right-sided colon cancer (RCC), left-sided colon cancer (LCC), and rectal cancer (RC), as well as the study of lymph node metastasis (LN) with extranodal tumor deposits (ENTDs) from evolutionary perspective remain weakly explored. Here, we recruited 68 patients with RCC (18), LCC (20), and RC (30). We performed high-depth whole-exome sequencing of 206 tumor regions including 176 primary tumors, 19 LN, and 11 ENTD samples. Our results showed ITH with a Darwinian pattern of evolution and the evolution pattern of LCC and RC was more complex and divergent than RCC. Genetic and evolutionary evidences found that both LN and ENTD originated from different clones. Moreover, ENTD was a distinct entity from LN and evolved later.

Prognostic Value of the N1c in Stage III and IV Colorectal Cancer: A Propensity Score Matching Study Based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database

The prognostic role of the N1c remains unclear in colorectal cancer (CRC). Our study aimed to determine the prognostic value of N1c.

Patients diagnosed in 2010-2015 were accessed from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. COX univariate and multivariate regression analysis and the Kaplan-Meier method were used to assess the impact of the N1c stage on the cause-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to construct a matched group with similar propensity scores.

Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the CSS and OS rates in N1a were significantly better than N1c in stage III and IV CRCs after reducing selection bias (CSS: P < 0.001 in stage III, P = 0.041 in stage IV; OS: P < 0.001 in stage III, P = 0.0079 in stage IV). There were no statistical differences in CSS and OS between N1b and N1c (CSS: P = 0.500 in stage III, P = 0.270 in stage IV; OS: P = 0.390 in stage III, P = 0.600 in stage IV). Further, the prognostic value of N1c with only one tumor deposit (TD) is equivalent to N1a based on the comparison of CSS and OS rates (CSS: P = 0.420; OS: P = 0.310). Whereas N1c with only one TD had significantly better CSS and OS than N1b (CSS: P = 0.039; OS: P = 0.037).

The CSS and OS rates of N1c do not achieve a statistical difference with N1b in both stage III and IV CRCs. Significantly, higher CSS and OS rates were found in N1c with only one TD versus N1b stage in stage III CRC.

Histopathological diagnosis of tumour deposits in colorectal cancer: a Delphi consensus study

AIMS

Tumour deposits (TDs) are an important prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. However, the classification, and inclusion in staging, of TDs has changed significantly in each tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) edition since their initial description in TNM-5, and terminology remains controversial. Expert consensus is needed to guide the future direction of precision staging.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A modified Delphi consensus process was used. Statements were formulated and sent to participants as an online survey. Participants were asked to rate their agreement with each statement on a five-point Likert scale and also to suggest additional statements for discussion. These responses were circulated together with anonymised comments, and statements were modified prior to carrying out a second online round. Consensus was set at 70%. Overall, 32 statements reached consensus. There were concerns that TDs were currently incorrectly placed in the TNM system and that their prognostic importance was being underestimated. There were concerns regarding interobserver variation and it was felt that a clearer, more reproducible definition of TDs was needed.

CONCLUSIONS

Our main recommendations are that the number of TDs should be recorded even if lymph node metastases (LNMs) are also present and that nodules with evidence of origin [extramural venous invasion (EMVI), perineural invasion (PNI), lymphatic invasion (LI)] should still be categorised as TDs and not excluded, as TNM-8 specifies. Whether TDs should continue to be included in the N category at all is controversial, and did not achieve consensus; however, participants agreed that TDs are prognostically worse than LNMs and the N1c category is suboptimal, as it does not reflect this.

Local recurrence in sigmoid cancer is a hidden problem, could CT prognostic factors be of value in their prevention? A multi-centre study of 414 patients

INTRODUCTION

The incidence and patterns of local recurrence of colon cancer are not well reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the contemporary rates and patterns of local recurrence after sigmoid cancer resection, comparing pre and post-operative biomarkers in predicting local disease recurrence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A multi-centre, retrospective analysis of 414 patients undergoing resectional surgery for sigmoid colon cancer was conducted. Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard models were created to identify variables associated with local disease recurrence. Patterns of recurrence and prognostic significance of pre and post-operative variables were identified.

RESULTS

In 414 patients, the local recurrence rate was 12.6%. The R1/R2 rate was 2.4%. Local recurrence occurred most commonly within the peri-anastomotic region (50%), followed by the peritoneum (33%). On multivariate analysis, local recurrence was predicted by pathological T stage (HR 1.15) and R1 resection (HR 2.95), but also computerised tomography (CT) identified tumour deposits (HR 2.40) and local peritoneal infiltration (2.70).

CONCLUSIONS

Contemporary local recurrence rates for sigmoid cancer are high at 12.6%. Outcomes may be improved if local recurrence is reduced at the most common sites such as the peri-anastomotic area or peritoneum. Extra-nodal CT-imaging biomarkers of local peritoneal infiltration and tumour deposits were prognostically significant on multivariate analysis in addition to pathology staging variables.

Prognostic value of tumor deposits in locally advanced rectal cancer: a retrospective study with propensity score matching

BACKGROUND

The actual risks posed by tumor deposits (TDs) in colorectal cancer are still incompletely assessed. We explored the prognostic value of TDs in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients using propensity score matching (PSM) method.

METHODS

Consecutive LARC patients in Peking University First Hospital between 2011 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were conducted to explore prognostic values of TDs. PSM method was conducted to minimize selection bias. The correlation between TDs number and prognosis was explored.

RESULTS

Four hundred and fifty-one LARC patients were recruited, and 78 (17.3%) patients were with TDs. Multivariate Cox analysis identified that the presence of TDs was an independent prognostic risk factor for overall survival (OS) (P = 0.044). PSM identified 76 matched pairs of LARC patients, and Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that patients with TDs experienced worse  OS (log-rank P = 0.0220) and relapse-free survival (RFS) (log-rank P = 0.0117). Subgroup analysis of 50 pairs extracted by PSM from 246 LARC patients with lymph node metastasis (LNM) further proved that TDs were significantly associated with worse OS (log-rank P = 0.0415), and the association was barely significant for RFS (log-rank P = 0.0527). There were non-significant tendencies towards higher mortality in TDs ≥ 2 than TD = 1 group (log-rank P = 0.348 for OS, log-rank P = 0.087 for RFS).

CONCLUSION

Our study manifested that the presence of TDs was an independent risk factor for LARC patients. The prognostic value of TDs for LARC patients with LNM should not be ignored.