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Luo X, He X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Hua S. Hepatocellular carcinoma: signaling pathways, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e474. [PMID: 38318160 PMCID: PMC10838672 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with a high mortality rate. It is regarded as a significant public health issue because of its complicated pathophysiology, high metastasis, and recurrence rates. There are no obvious symptoms in the early stage of HCC, which often leads to delays in diagnosis. Traditional treatment methods such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and interventional therapies have limited therapeutic effects for HCC patients with recurrence or metastasis. With the development of molecular biology and immunology, molecular signaling pathways and immune checkpoint were identified as the main mechanism of HCC progression. Targeting these molecules has become a new direction for the treatment of HCC. At present, the combination of targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors is the first choice for advanced HCC patients. In this review, we mainly focus on the cutting-edge research of signaling pathways and corresponding targeted therapy and immunotherapy in HCC. It is of great significance to comprehensively understand the pathogenesis of HCC, search for potential therapeutic targets, and optimize the treatment strategies of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Luo
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and TreatmentZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Xin He
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Xingmei Zhang
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Yusheng Shi
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Shengni Hua
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
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2
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Potential Impact of PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway Genes, KLF-14, MDM4, miRNAs 27a, miRNA-196a Genetic Alterations in the Predisposition and Progression of Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041281. [PMID: 36831624 PMCID: PMC9954638 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have reported link between SNPs and risk of breast cancer. This study investigated the association of the selected gene variants by predicting them as possible target genes. Molecular technique advances with the availability of whole-exome sequencing (WES), now offer opportunities for simultaneous investigations of many genes. The experimental protocol for PI3K, AKT-1, KLF-14, MDM4, miRNAs 27a, and miR-196a genotyping was done by ARMS-PCR and sanger sequencing. The novel and known gene variants were studied by Whole-exome sequencing using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. This case control study reports significant association between BC patients, healthy controls with the polymorphic variants of PI3K C > T, AKT-1 G > A KLF 14 C > T, MDM4 A > G, miR-27a A > G, miR-196a-2 C > T genes (p < 0.05). MDM4 A > G genotypes were strongly associated with BC predisposition with OR 2.08 & 2.15, p < 0.05) in codominant and dominant models respectively. MDM4 A allele show the same effective (OR1.76, p < 0.05) whereas it remains protective in recessive model for BC risk. AKT1G > A genotypes were strongly associated with the BC susceptibility in all genetic models whereas PI3K C > T genotypes were associated with breast cancer predisposition in recessive model OR 6.96. Polymorphic variants of KLF-14 A > G, MDM4G > A, MiR-27aA >G, miR-196a-C > T were strongly associated with stage, tamoxifen treatment. Risk variants have been reported by whole exome sequencing in our BC patients. It was concluded that a strong association between the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway gene variants with the breast cancer susceptibility and progression. Similarly, KLF 14-AA, MDM4-GA, miR27a-GG and miR-196a-CT gene variants were associated with the higher risk probability of BC and were strongly correlated with staging of the BC patients. This study also reported Low, novel, and intermediate-genetic-risk variants of PI3K, AKT-1, MDM4G & KLF-14 by utilizing whole-exome sequencing. These variants should be further investigated in larger cohorts' studies.
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3
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Atkins SLP, Zimmer AS. Neurologic complications of breast cancer. Cancer 2023; 129:505-520. [PMID: 36537474 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with unique neurologic complications that can arise from central nervous system (CNS) involvement or secondary to treatments themselves. As progress is made, with more targeted therapies and combinations available, particularly in the realm of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive disease, the role of these new agents in patients with CNS disease is gradually evolving, although intracranial efficacy itself is lagging. At the same time, both systemic and local standard therapies pose clinical challenges regarding neurologic complications, such as peripheral neuropathy and cognitive changes. The development of new agents, such as immunotherapy, and new strategies, such as incorporating systemic therapies into local therapy, unveil new presentations of neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L P Atkins
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandra S Zimmer
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
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4
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Su J, Deng Y, Cai B, Teng S, Zhang S, Liu Y, Lin J, Yang Q, Zeng D, Zhao X, Chen T. PI3K polymorphism in patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32349. [PMID: 36595764 PMCID: PMC9794324 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common irreversible neurodegenerative disease associated with cognitive impairment. To investigate the serum level of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and the distribution of the genotypes and alleles of 3 PI3K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (RS37,30,087, RS37,30,088, and RS37,30,089) in PD patients with different clinical characteristics. A total of 54 PD patients and 50 healthy individuals were recruited. The serum PI3K level was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The severity of PD was assessed using the modified Hoehn-Yahr scale. The cognitive function of PD patients was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination scale and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The distribution of the alleles and genotypes of PI3K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was calculated using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. PD patients showed a significantly higher serum level of PI3K compared to healthy individuals. Increased serum PI3K level was observed in PD patients with more severe disease, longer disease duration, and impaired cognitive function. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the distributions of the genotypes and alleles of 3 PI3K SNPs between PD patients with normal cognitive function and those with cognitive impairment. PD patients with different levels of disease severity, disease duration, and cognitive function had significantly different serum levels of PI3K. However, the PI3K SNPs in patients with normal cognitive function were not significantly different from those in patients with cognitive impairment. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the roles of PI3K and SNPs of the PI3K gene in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Su
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yidong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Benchi Cai
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Si Teng
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Danting Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- * Correspondence: Tao Chen, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No.19 Xiuhua Road, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China (e-mail: )
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5
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Li Q, Li Z, Luo T, Shi H. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways for cancer therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:47. [PMID: 36539659 PMCID: PMC9768098 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is dysregulated in nearly all kinds of neoplasms, with the component in this pathway alternations. RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascades are used to conduct signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus to mediate gene expression, cell cycle processes and apoptosis. RAS, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are frequent upstream alternative sites. These mutations resulted in activated cell growth and downregulated cell apoptosis. The two pathways interact with each other to participate in tumorigenesis. PTEN alterations suppress RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activity via AKT phosphorylation and RAS inhibition. Several inhibitors targeting major components of these two pathways have been supported by the FDA. Dozens of agents in these two pathways have attracted great attention and have been assessed in clinical trials. The combination of small molecular inhibitors with traditional regimens has also been explored. Furthermore, dual inhibitors provide new insight into antitumor activity. This review will further comprehensively describe the genetic alterations in normal patients and tumor patients and discuss the role of targeted inhibitors in malignant neoplasm therapy. We hope this review will promote a comprehensive understanding of the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in facilitating tumors and will help direct drug selection for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Oncology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ting Luo
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Breast, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Huashan Shi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, P. R. China
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Lorusso G, Wyss CB, Kuonen F, Vannini N, Billottet C, Duffey N, Pineau R, Lan Q, Wirapati P, Barras D, Tancredi A, Lyck R, Lehr HA, Engelhardt B, Delorenzi M, Bikfalvi A, Rüegg C. Connexins orchestrate progression of breast cancer metastasis to the brain by promoting FAK activation. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eaax8933. [PMID: 36070364 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax8933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a complication of increasing incidence in patients with breast cancer at advanced disease stage. It is a severe condition characterized by a rapid decline in quality of life and poor prognosis. There is a critical clinical need to develop effective therapies to prevent and treat brain metastases. Here, we describe a unique and robust spontaneous preclinical model of breast cancer metastasis to the brain (4T1-BM2) in mice that has been instrumental in uncovering molecular mechanisms guiding metastatic dissemination and colonization of the brain. Key experimental findings were validated in the additional murine D2A1-BM2 model and in human MDA231-BrM2 model. Gene expression analyses and functional studies, coupled with clinical transcriptomic and histopathological investigations, identified connexins (Cxs) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as master molecules orchestrating breast cancer colonization of the brain. Cx31 promoted homotypic tumor cell adhesion, heterotypic tumor-astrocyte interaction, and FAK phosphorylation. FAK signaling prompted NF-κB activation inducing Lamc2 expression and laminin 332 (laminin 5) deposition, α6 integrin-mediated adhesion, and sustained survival and growth within brain parenchyma. In the MDA231-BrM2 model, the human homologous molecules CX43, LAMA4, and α3 integrin were involved. Systemic treatment with FAK inhibitors reduced brain metastasis progression. In conclusion, we report a spontaneous model of breast cancer metastasis to the brain and identified Cx-mediated FAK-NF-κB signaling as a mechanism promoting cell-autonomous and microenvironmentally controlled cell survival for brain colonization. Considering the limited therapeutic options for brain metastatic disease in cancer patients, we propose FAK as a therapeutic candidate to further pursue in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girieca Lorusso
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.,National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Oncology, Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (ISREC-EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Christof B Wyss
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - François Kuonen
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.,National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Oncology, Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (ISREC-EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Vannini
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | | | - Nathalie Duffey
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Pineau
- INSERM U1029 and University of Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex 33615, France
| | - Qiang Lan
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.,National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Oncology, Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (ISREC-EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Pratyaksha Wirapati
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Tancredi
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern (UNIBE), Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Anton Lehr
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern (UNIBE), Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bikfalvi
- INSERM U1029 and University of Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex 33615, France
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.,National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Oncology, Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (ISREC-EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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7
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Gao J, Yang S, Xie G, Pan J, Zhu F. Integrating Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification to Explore the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Aloin Against Gastric Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1947-1961. [PMID: 35757520 PMCID: PMC9232097 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s360790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms of Aloin against gastric cancer (GC) via network pharmacology analysis combined with experimental verification. Methods Using network pharmacology methods, the potential targets of Aloin and targets related to GC were screened from public databases. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed to predict the core targets and pathways of Aloin against GC. The expressions of major targets predicted by network pharmacology in normal stomach tissues and GC tissues and their relationships with overall survival of GC were searched in GEPIA, HPA and DriverDBv3 database. The results of network pharmacology analysis were verified by in vitro experiments. Results A total of 129 potential targets were retrieved by searching the intersection of Aloin and GC targets. PPI network analysis indicated that 10 targets, including AKT1 and CASP3, were hub genes. GO enrichment analysis involved 93 biological processes, 19 cellular components, and 37 molecular functions. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the anti-cancer effect of Aloin was mediated through multiple pathways, such as PI3K-AKT, FoxO and Ras signaling pathway. Among them, the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which contained the largest number of enriched genes, may play a greater role in the treatment of GC. The validation of key targets in GEPIA, HPA and DriverDBv3 database showed that the verification results for most core genes were consistent with this study. Then, the results of in vitro experiment indicated that Aloin could inhibit proliferation of NCI-N87 cells and induce cell apoptosis. The results also showed that Aloin could decrease the mRNA and protein expressions of PI3K and AKT, suggesting that Aloin can treat GC by inducing cell apoptosis and regulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Conclusion This study identified the potential targets of Aloin against GC using network pharmacology and in vitro verification, which provided a new understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of Aloin in treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sifu Yang
- Medical Oncology Department, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanqun Xie
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieli Pan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jieli Pan; Feiye Zhu, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Feiye Zhu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Comprehensive Analysis of PDLIM3 Expression Profile, Prognostic Value, and Correlations with Immune Infiltrates in Gastric Cancer. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2039447. [PMID: 35647201 PMCID: PMC9135576 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2039447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein PDZ and LIM domain 3 (PDLIM3) is a cytoskeletal protein, colocalizing with α-actinin on the Z line of mature muscle fibers. It plays a key role in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), muscular dystrophy, and tumor progression. However, correlations between PDLIM3 expression, prognosis, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in gastric cancer are unknown. Therefore, we leveraged the Oncomine, GEPIA, GEO, and HPA databases to evaluate PDLIM3 expression in tumors. We also quantified PDLIM3 expression in 15 matched pairs of gastric tumor and nontumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. The Kaplan-Meier method was employed to determine the relationship between PDLIM3 expression and clinical outcomes. GO and KEGG analyses were performed to illuminate the molecular mechanisms of action of PDLIM3. TIMER2.0 and GEPIA were applied to investigate correlations between PDLIM3 expression and gene marker subsets signifying immune infiltration, with TIMER2.0 exploring the correlations between PDLIM3 and related signaling pathways. Gastric cancer tissues were found to express more PDLIM3 than nontumor tissues. PDLIM3 overexpression was associated with shorter OS and PFS of gastric cancer patients (OS
,
; PFS
,
). PDLIM3 was also positively correlated with worse OS and PFS according to gastric cancer staging, Her-2 overexpression, differentiation grade, and Lauren classification. PDLIM3 was shown to be associated with immunological responses by GO, while it was related to PI3K/Akt signal pathways by KEGG analysis. Furthermore, increased PDLIM3 expression was significantly correlated with greater infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. PDLIM3 expression had significant positive correlations with a variety of immune marker subsets. Finally, correlations were found between PDLIM3 and crucial markers of signaling pathways involving PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK. Thus, upregulation of PDLIM3 was significantly associated with poor prognosis, immune cell infiltration, and activation of two key signal pathways in gastric cancer. We propose that PDLIM3 could be used as a biomarker to predict prognosis and immune cell infiltration in gastric cancer.
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9
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The Landscape of PDK1 in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030811. [PMID: 35159078 PMCID: PMC8834120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) plays a crucial role in the malignant biological behaviors of a wide range of cancers, we review the influence of PDK1 in breast cancer (BC). First, we describe the power of PDK1 in cellular behaviors and characterize the interaction networks of PDK1. Then, we establish the roles of PDK1 in carcinogenesis, growth and survival, metastasis, and chemoresistance in BC cells. More importantly, we sort the current preclinical or clinical trials of PDK1-targeted therapy in BC and find that, even though no selective PDK1 inhibitor is currently available for BC therapy, the combination trials of PDK1-targeted therapy and other agents have provided some benefit. Thus, there is increasing anticipation that PDK1-targeted therapy will have its space in future therapeutic approaches related to BC, and we hope the novel approaches of targeted therapy will be conducive to ameliorating the dismal prognosis of BC patients.
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10
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Chen P, Wang B, Li M, Cui C, Liu F, Gao Y. Celastrol inhibits the proliferation and migration of MCF-7 cells through the leptin-triggered PI3K/AKT pathway. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3173-3181. [PMID: 35782744 PMCID: PMC9234344 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is the pivotal modulator in the onset and progression of breast cancer and obesity. Celastrol, which is extracted from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordi plants, exerts various anticancer bioactivities and has recently emerged as a candidate to treat obesity by improving leptin sensitivity. However, the relationship between leptin and celastrol in the treatment of breast cancer is unknown. Here, the growth and migration of MCF-7 cells induced by leptin were tested to demonstrate the antineoplastic activity of celastrol. Transcriptomic analysis and western blotting were conducted to explore the biological roles of leptin in treating breast cancer with celastrol. The present findings showed that celastrol remarkably reversed leptin-triggered cell proliferation and migration in MCF-7 cells. Fifty-two mRNAs with fivefold higher counts and 149 mRNAs with fivefold lower counts were identified in the celastrol-treated MCF-7 cells. According to the GO and KEGG analyses, the effects of celastrol on MCF-7 cells forced lipid metabolism and the endocrine system. Moreover, leptin treatment induced phosphorylation of leptin receptor and PI3K/AKT in MCF-7 cells, whereas pretreatment with celastrol partly abrogated leptin activation. The binding of celastrol to the leptin receptor was also confirmed by molecular docking. The antitumor effect of celastrol is proposed to be mediated by its binding to the leptin receptor and controlled downregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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11
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The Discovery of New Drug-Target Interactions for Breast Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247474. [PMID: 34946556 PMCID: PMC8704452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug–target interaction (DTIs) prediction plays a vital role in probing new targets for breast cancer research. Considering the multifaceted challenges associated with experimental methods identifying DTIs, the in silico prediction of such interactions merits exploration. In this study, we develop a feature-based method to infer unknown DTIs, called PsePDC-DTIs, which fuses information regarding protein sequences extracted by pseudo-position specific scoring matrix (PsePSSM), detrended cross-correlation analysis coefficient (DCCA coefficient), and an FP2 format molecular fingerprint descriptor of drug compounds. In addition, the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) is employed for dealing with the imbalanced data after Lasso dimensionality reduction. Then, the processed feature vectors are put into a random forest classifier to perform DTIs predictions on four gold standard datasets, including nuclear receptors (NR), G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), ion channels (IC), and enzymes (E). Furthermore, we explore new targets for breast cancer treatment using its risk genes identified from large-scale genome-wide genetic studies using PsePDC-DTIs. Through five-fold cross-validation, the average values of accuracy in NR, GPCR, IC, and E datasets are 95.28%, 96.19%, 96.74%, and 98.22%, respectively. The PsePDC-DTIs model provides us with 10 potential DTIs for breast cancer treatment, among which erlotinib (DB00530) and FGFR2 (hsa2263), caffeine (DB00201) and KCNN4 (hsa3783), as well as afatinib (DB08916) and FGFR2 (hsa2263) are found with direct or inferred evidence. The PsePDC-DTIs model has achieved good prediction results, establishing the validity and superiority of the proposed method.
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12
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Zhang S, Cui T, Duan Y, Zhang H, Wang B, Chen H, Ni J, Shen Y, Xiao-Ai Lv. Radix Tetrastigma Extracts Enhance the Chemosensitivity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Via Inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:89-97. [PMID: 34535390 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug resistance in tumors is one of the major factors that leads to chemotherapy failure. This study aims to investigate the effect of Radix Tetrastigma extracts (RTEs) on Taxol-induced autophagy and the chemosensitivity against drug resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS Taxol-resistant MDA-MB-468 (MDA-MB-468/Taxol) cells were induced and treated with RTEs and/or Taxol. Mice were subcutaneously inoculated with MDA-MB- 468/Taxol cells to establish xenograft models. The associated protein levels were measured by western blotting. Flow cytometry, CCK-8 and EdU assay were performed to detect cell apoptosis, viability, and proliferation, respectively. RESULTS In MDA-MB-468/Taxol cells, RTEs & Taxol treatment increased cell apoptosis, reduced cell viability and proliferation, up-regulated anti-autophagy marker LC3I/LC3II ratio, and enhanced mTOR level. With RTEs & Taxol treatment, mTOR silencing downregulated LC3I/LC3II ratio, increased cell viability and proliferation, and reduced cell apoptosis, while mTOR overexpression showed the opposite results. PI3K inhibitor reduced AKT and mTOR levels, and the effects on cell activities were similar to the results of mTOR silencing. After RTEs & Taxol injection, xenograft tumor was smaller, and AKT, mTOR, LC3I/LC3II ratio and apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3 were increased. CONCLUSION RTEs enhanced the chemosensitivity of resistant TNBC cells to Taxol through inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagy. MICRO RTEs exerted anti-tumor effects in various cancers, and this study determined its role in TNBC. Taxol-resistant MDA-MB-468 cells were induced and xenograft models were established. We found that RTEs inhibited autophagy of MDA-MB-468/Taxol cells and reduced tumor growth. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway promoted autophagy of MDA-MB-468/Taxol cells. We may provide a new potential strategy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Tongxing Cui
- General Surgery department, the affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao university, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yin Duan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hongchen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Huiling Chen
- The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Junjie Ni
- The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yilin Shen
- The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Watase C, Shiino S, Shimoi T, Noguchi E, Kaneda T, Yamamoto Y, Yonemori K, Takayama S, Suto A. Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis-Overview of Disease State, Treatment Options and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051078. [PMID: 33802424 PMCID: PMC7959316 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we present the latest information on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and local and systemic treatment of brain metastases from breast cancer, with a focus on recent publications. Improving the local treatment and subtype-specific systemic therapies through advancements in basic and translational research will contribute to better clinical outcomes for patients with breast cancer brain metastasis. Abstract Breast cancer is the second most common origin of brain metastasis after lung cancer. Brain metastasis in breast cancer is commonly found in patients with advanced course disease and has a poor prognosis because the blood–brain barrier is thought to be a major obstacle to the delivery of many drugs in the central nervous system. Therefore, local treatments including surgery, stereotactic radiation therapy, and whole-brain radiation therapy are currently considered the gold standard treatments. Meanwhile, new targeted therapies based on subtype have recently been developed. Some drugs can exceed the blood–brain barrier and enter the central nervous system. New technology for early detection and personalized medicine for metastasis are warranted. In this review, we summarize the historical overview of treatment with a focus on local treatment, the latest drug treatment strategies, and future perspectives using novel therapeutic agents for breast cancer patients with brain metastasis, including ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikashi Watase
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (C.W.); (S.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Sho Shiino
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (C.W.); (S.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Tatsunori Shimoi
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (T.S.); (E.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Emi Noguchi
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (T.S.); (E.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Tomoya Kaneda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Kan Yonemori
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (T.S.); (E.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Shin Takayama
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (C.W.); (S.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Akihiko Suto
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (C.W.); (S.S.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3542-2511; Fax: +81-3-3545-3567
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Fernandes L, de Matos LV, Cardoso D, Saraiva M, Medeiros-Mirra R, Coelho A, Miranda H, Martins A. Endocrine therapy for the treatment of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in luminal breast cancer: a comprehensive review. CNS Oncol 2020; 9:CNS65. [PMID: 33078616 PMCID: PMC7737195 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) represents a devastating complication of advanced breast cancer (ABC), with survival of <5 months with multimodal treatment. The role of endocrine therapy (ET), due to its favorable toxicity profile and first-line indication in luminal ABC, appears promising in the setting of LMD, where symptom stabilization and quality-of-life preservation are the main goals; however, evidenced-based data are lacking. We conducted a thorough review of published evidence, aiming to investigate the role of ET in LMD treatment in luminal ABC. Twenty-one of 342 articles, evaluating 1302 patients, met inclusion criteria. ET use was rarely reported. New targeted agents show CNS activity. Research is lacking on the role of ET and targeted agents in BC-LMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonor Vasconcelos de Matos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Débora Cardoso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marlene Saraiva
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Renata Medeiros-Mirra
- Cardiff School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
| | - Andreia Coelho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Miranda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Martins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005 Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Crezee T, Petrulea M, Piciu D, Jaeger M, Smit JWA, Plantinga TS, Georgescu CE, Netea-Maier R. Akt1 genetic variants confer increased susceptibility to thyroid cancer. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1065-1074. [PMID: 33112820 PMCID: PMC7774771 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway plays a central role in the development of non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (NMTC). Although somatic mutations have been identified in these genes in NMTC patients, the role of germline variants has not been investigated. Here, we selected frequently occurring genetic variants in AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, PIK3CA and MTOR and have assessed their effect on NMTC susceptibility, progression and clinical outcome in a Dutch discovery cohort (154 patients, 188 controls) and a Romanian validation cohort (159 patients, 260 controls). Significant associations with NMTC susceptibility were observed for AKT1 polymorphisms rs3803304, rs2494732 and rs2498804 in the Dutch discovery cohort, of which the AKT1 rs3803304 association was confirmed in the Romanian validation cohort. No associations were observed between PI3K-Akt-mTOR polymorphisms and clinical parameters including histology, TNM staging, treatment response and clinical outcome. Functionally, cells bearing the associated AKT1 rs3803304 risk allele exhibit increased levels of phosphorylated Akt protein, potentially leading to elevated signaling activity of the oncogenic Akt pathway. All together, germline encoded polymorphisms in the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway could represent important risk factors in development of NMTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Crezee
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirela Petrulea
- Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Doina Piciu
- Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Tumors, Institute of Oncology ‘Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jan W A Smit
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo S Plantinga
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Tumors, Institute of Oncology ‘Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen E Georgescu
- Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Endocrinology Clinic, Cluj County Emergency Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Romana Netea-Maier
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Tumors, Institute of Oncology ‘Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence should be addressed to R Netea-Maier:
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16
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PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in gastric cancer: Epigenetics and beyond. Life Sci 2020; 262:118513. [PMID: 33011222 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways involved in normal cellular processes. Its aberrant activation modulates autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and metastasis in many human cancers. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some infections as well as epigenetic regulatory mechanisms can control PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In this review, we focused on the role of this pathway in gastric cancer development, prognosis, and metastasis, with an emphasis on epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and post-transcriptional modulations through non-coding RNAs fluctuations as well as H. pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infections. Finally, we reviewed different molecular targets and therapeutic agents in clinical trials as a potential strategy for gastric cancer treatment through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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17
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Saravani M, Shahraki-Ghadimi H, Maruei-Milan R, Mehrabani M, Mirzamohammadi S, Nematollahi MH. Effects of the mTOR and AKT genes polymorphisms on systemic lupus erythematosus risk. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3551-3556. [PMID: 32319007 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, leading to inflammatory response and systemic consequences. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases like SLE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the mTOR rs2295080 and rs2536 polymorphisms and AKT1 rs2494732 gene polymorphism on SLE development. 2 ml of peripheral blood was collected from 165 SLE patients and 170 controls in EDTA-containing tubes. The salting-out and PCR-RFLP methods were used for DNA extraction and genotype analysis, respectively. Based on the regression analysis, the frequency of TT genotype of mTOR rs2295080 polymorphism was significantly higher in the case group than that of the control group, with a 2.6-fold increased risk of SLE. There was also a significant difference between the two groups in terms of allelic distribution. No statistically significant association was found between The AKT1 rs2494732 and mTOR rs2536 polymorphisms and SLE development. Our results showed that the TT genotype and T allele of mTOR rs2295080 polymorphism were risk factors for developing SLE. However, there was no significant association between mTOR rs2536 and AKT1 rs2494732 polymorphisms and the SLE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahraki-Ghadimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rostam Maruei-Milan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mehrabani
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Solmaz Mirzamohammadi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Xiao W, Zheng S, Xie X, Li X, Zhang L, Yang A, Wang J, Tang H, Xie X. SOX2 Promotes Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Upregulating the Expression of FSCN1 and HBEGF. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:118-129. [PMID: 32322668 PMCID: PMC7163054 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is extremely poor due to its resistance to conventional therapy. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of BCBM could contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets. In this study, we isolated RNA samples from primary breast cancer or BCBM, and then performed mRNA profiling. We determined that SOX2 is associated with the occurrence of BCBM and could be a predictor of BCBM. High levels of SOX2 were significantly associated with decreasing BCBM-free survival in patients. Overexpression of SOX2 in breast cancer cells enhanced cancer cell adhesion to brain microvascular endothelial cells, transendothelial migration, and in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) migration, whereas silencing SOX2 inhibited these events. SOX2 can increase cancer cell migration and BBB permeability by upregulating FSCN1 and HBEGF, thereby promoting BBB migration of breast cancer cells. Moreover, high levels of FSCN1 and HBEGF were significantly associated with reducing BCBM-free survival in breast cancer patients. Further study indicated that SOX2 mediates the expression of HBEGF and FSCN1 by activating AKT and β-catenin signaling pathways. Additionally, in vivo experiments showed that SOX2 promotes the development of BCBM. This study demonstrated that SOX2 promotes BCBM by upregulating the expression of FSCN1 and HBEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Xiao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoquan Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Xie
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Anli Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
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Risk factors for breast cancer brain metastases: a systematic review. Oncotarget 2020; 11:650-669. [PMID: 32110283 PMCID: PMC7021234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain metastasis (BM) is an increasingly common and devastating complication of breast cancer (BC). Methods: A systematic literature search of EMBASE and MEDLINE was conducted to elucidate the current state of knowledge on known and novel prognostic factors associated with 1) the risk for BCBM and 2) the time to brain metastases (TTBM). Results: A total of 96 studies involving institutional records from 28 countries were identified. Of these, 69 studies reported risk factors of BCBM, 46 factors associated with the TTBM and twenty studies examined variables for both outcomes. Young age, estrogen receptor negativity (ER-), overexpression of human epidermal factor (HER2+), and higher presenting stage, histological grade, tumor size, Ki67 labeling index and nodal involvement were consistently found to be independent risk factors of BCBM. Of these, triple-negative BC (TNBC) subtype, ER-, higher presenting histological grade, tumor size, and nodal involvement were also reported to associate with shorter TTBM. In contrast, young age, hormone receptor negative (HR-) status, higher presenting stage, nodal involvement and development of liver metastasis were the most important risk factors for BM in HER2-positive patients. Conclusions: The study provides a comprehensive and individual evaluation of the risk factors that could support the design of screening tools and interventional trials for early detection of BCBM.
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20
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Martínez-Rodríguez OP, Thompson-Bonilla MDR, Jaramillo-Flores ME. Association between obesity and breast cancer: Molecular bases and the effect of flavonoids in signaling pathways. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3770-3792. [PMID: 31899947 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1708262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that leads to different health problems, such as cancer, where the adipocytes promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells, especially in the breast, where the epithelial cells are immersed in a fatty environment, and the interactions between these two types of cells involve, not only adipokines but also local pro-inflammatory mechanisms and hypoxic processes generating anti-apoptotic signals, which are a common result in leptin signaling. The expression of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and cyclin D1, results in the decrease in phosphorylation of AMPK, increasing the activity of the aromatase enzyme; alternatively, the adiponectin activates AMPK to reduce inflammation. Nevertheless, alterations of the JAK/STAT pathways contribute to mammary carcinogenesis, while the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway controls most of the cancer's characteristics such as the cell cycle, survival, differentiation, proliferation, motility, metabolism, and genetic stability. Therefore, the purpose of the present review is, through the accumulated scientific evidence, to find the concordance between the signaling pathways involved among obesity and breast cancer, which can be modulated by using flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Pablo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Del Rocío Thompson-Bonilla
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Eugenia Jaramillo-Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de México, México
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21
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Costa D, Scognamiglio M, Fiorito C, Benincasa G, Napoli C. Genetic background, epigenetic factors and dietary interventions which influence human longevity. Biogerontology 2019; 20:605-626. [PMID: 31309340 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Longevity is mainly conditioned by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Different genetic modifications seem to be positively associated to longevity, including SNPs in SIRT1, APOE, FOXO3A, ACE, ATM, NOS1 and NOS2 gene. Epigenetic changes as DNA hyper- and hypo-methylation influence significantly human longevity by activating/deactivating different genes involved in physiological mechanisms. Several studies have confirmed that centenarians have a lower DNA methylation content compared to young subjects, which showed more homogeneously methylated DNA region. Also the up-regulation of miR-21 seems to be more associated with longevity in different populations of long-lived subjects, suggesting its role as potential epigenetic biomarkers. A non-pharmacological treatment that seems to contrast age-related diseases and promote longevity is represented by dietary intervention. It has been evaluated the effects of dietary restriction of both single nutrients or total calories to extend lifespan. However, in daily practice it is very difficult to guarantee adherence/compliance of the subjects to dietary restriction and at the same time avoid dangerous nutritional deficiencies. As consequence, the attention has focused on a variety of substances both drugs and natural compounds able to mime the beneficial effects of caloric restriction, including resveratrol, quercetin, rapamycin, metformin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Costa
- U.O.C. of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia, 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Michele Scognamiglio
- U.O.C. of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia, 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Fiorito
- U.O.C. of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia, 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuditta Benincasa
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia, 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Seoane J, De Mattos-Arruda L, Le Rhun E, Bardelli A, Weller M. Cerebrospinal fluid cell-free tumour DNA as a liquid biopsy for primary brain tumours and central nervous system metastases. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:211-218. [PMID: 30576421 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges in obtaining tissue specimens from patients with brain tumours limit the diagnosis and molecular characterisation and impair the development of better therapeutic approaches. The analysis of cell-free tumour DNA in plasma (considered a liquid biopsy) has facilitated the characterisation of extra-cranial tumours. However, cell-free tumour DNA in plasma is limited in quantity and may not reliably capture the landscape of genomic alterations of brain tumours. Here, we review recent work assessing the relevance of cell-free tumour DNA from cerebrospinal fluid in the characterisation of brain cancer. We focus on the advances in the use of the cerebrospinal fluid as a source of cell-free tumour DNA to facilitate diagnosis, reveal actionable genomic alterations, monitor responses to therapy, and capture tumour heterogeneity in patients with primary brain tumours and brain and leptomeningeal metastases. Profiling cerebrospinal fluid cell-free tumour DNA provides the opportunity to precisely acquire and monitor genomic information in real time and guide precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seoane
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona; CIBERONC, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès.
| | - L De Mattos-Arruda
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona
| | - E Le Rhun
- Lille University, Inserm U1192 PRISM, Villeneuve d'Ascq; Neuro-oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Lille; Neuro-oncology, Breast Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Oscar Lambret Center, Lille, France
| | - A Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo (TO); Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - M Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bakoyiannis I, Daskalopoulou A, Pergialiotis V, Perrea D. Phytochemicals and cognitive health: Are flavonoids doing the trick? Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1488-1497. [PMID: 30551400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids constitute a large group of polyphenolic compounds with numerous effects on behaviour and cognition. These effects vary from learning and memory enhancement to an improvement of general cognition. Furthermore, flavonoids have been implicated in a) neuronal proliferation and survival, by acting on a variety of cellular signalling cascades, including the ERK/CREB/BDNF and PI3K/Akt pathway, b) oxidative stress reduction and c) relief from Alzheimer's disease-type symptoms. From an electrophysiological aspect, they promote long term potentiation in the hippocampus, supporting the hypothesis of synaptic plasticity mediation. Together, these actions reveal a neuroprotective effect of flavonoid compounds in the brain. Therefore, flavonoid intake could be a potential clinical direction for prevention and/or attenuation of cognitive decline deterioration which accompanies various brain disorders. The purpose of the current review paper was to summarise all these effects on cognition, describe the possible pathways via which they may act on a cellular level and provide a better picture for future research towards this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bakoyiannis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece.
| | - Afrodite Daskalopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Vasilios Pergialiotis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Despina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
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24
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Camorani S, Hill BS, Collina F, Gargiulo S, Napolitano M, Cantile M, Di Bonito M, Botti G, Fedele M, Zannetti A, Cerchia L. Targeted imaging and inhibition of triple-negative breast cancer metastases by a PDGFRβ aptamer. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5178-5199. [PMID: 30429893 PMCID: PMC6217067 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While the overall mortality for breast cancer has recently declined, management of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is still challenging because of its aggressive clinical behavior and the lack of targeted therapies. Genomic profiling studies highlighted the high level of heterogeneity of this cancer, which comprises different subtypes with unique phenotypes and response to treatment. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) is an established mesenchymal/stem cell-specific marker in human glioblastoma and, as recently suggested, it may uniquely mark breast cancer cells with stem-like characteristics and/or that have undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis for PDGFRβ expression was performed on a human TNBC tissue microarray. Functional assays were conducted on mesenchymal-like TNBC cells to investigate the effect of a previously validated PDGFRβ aptamer on invasive cell growth in three-dimensional culture conditions, migration, invasion and tube formation. The aptamer was labeled with a near-infrared (NIR) dye and its binding specificity to PDGFRβ was assessed both in vitro (confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses) and in vivo (fluorescence molecular tomography in mice bearing TNBC xenografts). A mouse model of TNBC lung metastases formation was established and NIR-labeled PDGFRβ aptamer was used to detect lung metastases in mice untreated or intravenously injected with unlabeled aptamer. Results: Here, we present novel data showing that tumor cell expression of PDGFRβ identifies a subgroup of mesenchymal tumors with invasive and stem-like phenotype, and propose a previously unappreciated role for PDGFRβ in driving TNBC cell invasiveness and metastases formation. We show that the PDGFRβ aptamer blocked invasive growth and migration/invasion of mesenchymal TNBC cell lines and prevented TNBC lung metastases formation. Further, upon NIR-labeling, the aptamer specifically bound to TNBC xenografts and detected lung metastases. Conclusions: We propose PDGFRβ as a reliable biomarker of a subgroup of mesenchymal TNBCs with invasive and stem-like phenotype as well as the use of the PDGFRβ aptamer as a high efficacious tool for imaging and suppression of TNBC lung metastases. This study will allow for the significant expansion of the current repertoire of strategies for managing patients with more aggressive TNBC.
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25
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Targeting the NRF-2/RHOA/ROCK signaling pathway with a novel aziridonin, YD0514, to suppress breast cancer progression and lung metastasis. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:97-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Brosnan EM, Anders CK. Understanding patterns of brain metastasis in breast cancer and designing rational therapeutic strategies. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:163. [PMID: 29911111 PMCID: PMC5985267 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the most feared sequelae after a diagnosis of advanced breast cancer is development of metastases to the brain as this diagnosis can affect physical function, independence, relationships, quality of life, personality, and ultimately one's sense of self. The propensity to develop breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) varies by subtype, occurring in up to one half of those with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), approximately a third of HER+ breast cancers and 14% in hormone positive disease. Median survival after BCBM diagnosis can be as short as 5 months in TNBC and 10-18 months in the other subtypes. Here, we review the biology of BCBMs and how it informs the rational design of new therapeutic approaches and agents. We discuss application of novel targeted and immunotherapies by breast cancer subtype. It is noteworthy that there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments specifically for BCBMs currently. Nevertheless, there are legitimate grounds for hope as patients with BCBMs are now being included in clinical trials of systemic therapies and a better understanding of the biology and genetic underpinning of BCBMs is driving an increased range of options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Brosnan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carey K Anders
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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27
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Valiente M, Ahluwalia MS, Boire A, Brastianos PK, Goldberg SB, Lee EQ, Le Rhun E, Preusser M, Winkler F, Soffietti R. The Evolving Landscape of Brain Metastasis. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:176-196. [PMID: 29506669 PMCID: PMC6602095 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, involving the spread of systemic cancer to the brain, results in neurologic disability and death. Current treatments are largely palliative in nature; improved therapeutic approaches represent an unmet clinical need. However, recent experimental and clinical advances challenge the bleak long-term outcome of this disease. Encompassing key recent findings in epidemiology, genetics, microenvironment, leptomeningeal disease, neurocognition, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and prophylaxis, we review preclinical and clinical studies to provide a comprehensive picture of contemporary research and the management of secondary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Valiente
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manmeet S Ahluwalia
- Brain Metastasis Research Program, Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 44195 Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adrienne Boire
- Department of Neurology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, 10065 New York, NY, USA
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street Boston, 02114 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah B Goldberg
- Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eudocia Q Lee
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emilie Le Rhun
- Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Lille, Salengro Hospital, Rue Emile Laine, 59037 Lille, France; Neurology, Department of Medical Oncology, Oscar Lambret Center, 59020 Lille, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1192, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, CNS Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, and Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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