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Karner D, Kvestak D, Kucan Brlic P, Cokaric Brdovcak M, Lisnic B, Brizic I, Juranic Lisnic V, Golemac M, Tomac J, Krmpotic A, Karkeni E, Libri V, Mella S, Legname G, Altmeppen HC, Hasan M, Jonjic S, Lenac Rovis T. Prion protein alters viral control and enhances pathology after perinatal cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7754. [PMID: 39237588 PMCID: PMC11377837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection poses risks to newborns, necessitating effective therapies. Given that the damage includes both viral infection of brain cells and immune system-related damage, here we investigate the involvement of cellular prion protein (PrP), which plays vital roles in neuroprotection and immune regulation. Using a murine model, we show the role of PrP in tempering neonatal T cell immunity during CMV infection. PrP-null mice exhibit enhanced viral control through elevated virus-specific CD8 T cell responses, leading to reduced viral titers and pathology. We further unravel the molecular mechanisms by showing CMV-induced upregulation followed by release of PrP via the metalloproteinase ADAM10, impairing CD8 T cell response specifically in neonates. Additionally, we confirm PrP downregulation in human CMV (HCMV)-infected fibroblasts, underscoring the broader relevance of our observations beyond the murine model. Furthermore, our study highlights how PrP, under the stress of viral pathogenesis, reveals its impact on neonatal immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Karner
- Center for Proteomics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daria Kvestak
- Center for Proteomics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Paola Kucan Brlic
- Center for Proteomics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Tomac
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Esma Karkeni
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service (CB TechS); Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Libri
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service (CB TechS); Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Mella
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service (CB TechS); Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Neuroscience, Prion Biology Laboratory, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service (CB TechS); Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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2
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Wang SS, Meng ZL, Zhang YW, Yan YS, Li LB. Prion protein E219K polymorphism: from the discovery of the KANNO blood group to interventions for human prion disease. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1392984. [PMID: 39050130 PMCID: PMC11266091 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1392984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
KANNO is a new human blood group that was recently discovered. The KANNO antigen shares the PRNP gene with the prion protein and the prion protein E219K polymorphism determines the presence or absence of the KANNO antigen and the development of anti-KANNO alloantibodies. These alloantibodies specifically react with prion proteins, which serve as substrates for conversion into pathological isoforms in some prion diseases and may serve as effective targets for resisting prion infection. These findings establish a potential link between the KANNO blood group and human prion disease via the prion protein E219K polymorphism. We reviewed the interesting correlation between the human PRNP gene's E219K polymorphism and the prion proteins it expresses, as well as human red blood cell antigens. Based on the immune serological principles of human blood cells, the prion protein E219K polymorphism may serve as a foundation for earlier molecular diagnosis and future drug development for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao-Li Meng
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Wen Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Shuang Yan
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling-Bo Li
- Aikang MedTech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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3
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Bakkebø MK, Mouillet-Richard S, Espenes A, Goldmann W, Tatzelt J, Tranulis MA. The Cellular Prion Protein: A Player in Immunological Quiescence. Front Immunol 2015; 6:450. [PMID: 26388873 PMCID: PMC4557099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive studies since the 1990s, the physiological role of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) remains elusive. Here, we present a novel concept suggesting that PrP(C) contributes to immunological quiescence in addition to cell protection. PrP(C) is highly expressed in diverse organs that by multiple means are particularly protected from inflammation, such as the brain, eye, placenta, pregnant uterus, and testes, while at the same time it is expressed in most cells of the lymphoreticular system. In this paradigm, PrP(C) serves two principal roles: to modulate the inflammatory potential of immune cells and to protect vulnerable parenchymal cells against noxious insults generated through inflammation. Here, we review studies of PrP(C) physiology in view of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren K. Bakkebø
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arild Espenes
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael A. Tranulis
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway,*Correspondence: Michael A. Tranulis, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, Oslo 0033, Norway,
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4
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Onodera T, Sakudo A, Tsubone H, Itohara S. Review of studies that have used knockout mice to assess normal function of prion protein under immunological or pathophysiological stress. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 58:361-74. [PMID: 24866463 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of cellular isoform of prion protein (PrP(C)) increases neuronal predisposition to damage by modulating apoptosis and the negative consequences of oxidative stress. In vivo studies have demonstrated that PrP(C)-deficient mice are more prone to seizure, depression, and induction of epilepsy and experience extensive cerebral damage following ischemic challenge or viral infection. In addition, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PrP(C) reduces brain damage in rat models of cerebral ischemia. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, PrP(C)-deficient mice reportedly have a more aggressive disease onset and less clinical improvement during the chronic phase than wild-type mice mice. In mice given oral dextran sulfate, PrP(C) has a potential protective role against inflammatory bowel disease. PrP(C)-deficient mice demonstrate significantly greater increases in blood glucose concentrations after intraperitoneal injection of glucose than wild-type mice. Further in vivo challenges to PrP gene-deficient models and conditional knockout models with siRNA and in vivo administration of PrP-ligating agents may assist in refining knowledge of the lymphoid function of PrP(C) and predicting the effects of anti-PrP treatment on the immune system. Together, these findings indicate that PrP(C) may have multiple neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles, which explains why this protein is so widely expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657
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Lck mediates signal transmission from CD59 to the TCR/CD3 pathway in Jurkat T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85934. [PMID: 24454946 PMCID: PMC3893272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored molecule CD59 has been implicated in the modulation of T cell responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism of CD59 influencing T cell signaling remained unclear. Here we analyzed Jurkat T cells stimulated via anti-CD3ε- or anti-CD59-coated surfaces, using time-resolved single-cell Ca2+ imaging as a read-out for stimulation. This analysis revealed a heterogeneous Ca2+ response of the cell population in a stimulus-dependent manner. Further analysis of T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 deficient or overexpressing cells showed that CD59-mediated signaling is strongly dependent on TCR/CD3 surface expression. In protein co-patterning and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments no direct physical interaction was observed between CD59 and CD3 at the plasma membrane upon anti-CD59 stimulation. However, siRNA-mediated protein knock-downs of downstream signaling molecules revealed that the Src family kinase Lck and the adaptor molecule linker of activated T cells (LAT) are essential for both signaling pathways. Furthermore, flow cytometry measurements showed that knock-down of Lck accelerates CD3 re-expression at the cell surface after anti-CD59 stimulation similar to what has been observed upon direct TCR/CD3 stimulation. Finally, physically linking Lck to CD3ζ completely abolished CD59-triggered Ca2+ signaling, while signaling was still functional upon direct TCR/CD3 stimulation. Altogether, we demonstrate that Lck mediates signal transmission from CD59 to the TCR/CD3 pathway in Jurkat T cells, and propose that CD59 may act via Lck to modulate T cell responses.
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6
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Solforosi L, Milani M, Mancini N, Clementi M, Burioni R. A closer look at prion strains: characterization and important implications. Prion 2013; 7:99-108. [PMID: 23357828 PMCID: PMC3609129 DOI: 10.4161/pri.23490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious proteins that are responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and consist primarily of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc), a pathogenic isoform of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC). The absence of nucleic acids as essential components of the infectious prions is the most striking feature associated to these diseases. Additionally, different prion strains have been isolated from animal diseases despite the lack of DNA or RNA molecules. Mounting evidence suggests that prion-strain-specific features segregate with different PrPSc conformational and aggregation states.
Strains are of practical relevance in prion diseases as they can drastically differ in many aspects, such as incubation period, PrPSc biochemical profile (e.g., electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio) and distribution of brain lesions. Importantly, such different features are maintained after inoculation of a prion strain into genetically identical hosts and are relatively stable across serial passages.
This review focuses on the characterization of prion strains and on the wide range of important implications that the study of prion strains involves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Solforosi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milan, Italy.
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7
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Mariante RM, Nóbrega A, Martins RAP, Areal RB, Bellio M, Linden R. Neuroimmunoendocrine regulation of the prion protein in neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35506-35515. [PMID: 22910907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP(C)) is a cell surface protein expressed mainly in the nervous system. In addition to the role of its abnormal conformer in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, normal PrP(C) may be implicated in other degenerative conditions often associated with inflammation. PrP(C) is also present in cells of hematopoietic origin, including T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, and it has been shown to modulate their functions. Here, we investigated the impact of inflammation and stress on the expression and function of PrP(C) in neutrophils, a cell type critically involved in both acute and chronic inflammation. We found that systemic injection of LPS induced transcription and translation of PrP(C) in mouse neutrophils. Up-regulation of PrP(C) was dependent on the serum content of TGF-β and glucocorticoids (GC), which, in turn, are contingent on the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to systemic inflammation. GC and TGF-β, either alone or in combination, directly up-regulated PrP(C) in neutrophils, and accordingly, the blockade of GC receptors in vivo curtailed the LPS-induced increase in the content of PrP(C). Moreover, GC also mediated up-regulation of PrP(C) in neutrophils following noninflammatory restraint stress. Finally, neutrophils with up-regulated PrP(C) presented enhanced peroxide-dependent cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. The data demonstrate a novel interplay of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems upon both the expression and function of PrP(C) in neutrophils, which may have a broad impact upon the physiology and pathology of various organs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Mariante
- Institutes of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Nóbrega
- Institutes of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A P Martins
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo B Areal
- Institutes of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Bellio
- Institutes of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Institutes of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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8
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Antimicrobial and immunostimulatory peptide, KLK, induces an increase in cytosolic Ca2+concentration by mobilizing Ca2+from intracellular stores. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:1109-12. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Mehrpour M, Codogno P. Prion protein: From physiology to cancer biology. Cancer Lett 2009; 290:1-23. [PMID: 19674833 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrPc) was originally viewed solely as being involved in prion disease, but now several intriguing lines of evidence have emerged indicating that it plays a fundamental role not only in the nervous system, but also throughout the human body. PrPc is expressed most abundantly in the brain, but has also been detected in other non-neuronal tissues as diverse as lymphoid cells, lung, heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, and mammary glands. Recent data indicate that PrPc may be implicated in biology of glioblastoma, breast cancer, prostate and gastric cancer. Over expression of PrPc is correlated to the acquisition by tumor cells of a phenotype for resistance to cell death induced by TNF alpha and TRAIL or antitumor drugs such as paclitaxel and anthracyclines. PrPc may promote tumorigenesis, proliferation and G1/S transition in gastric cancer cells. This review revisits the physiological functions of PrPc, and its possible implications for cancer biology.
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Ingram RJ, Isaacs JD, Kaur G, Lowther DE, Reynolds CJ, Boyton RJ, Collinge J, Jackson GS, Altmann DM. A role of cellular prion protein in programming T‐cell cytokine responses in disease. FASEB J 2009; 23:1672-84. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Ingram
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jeremy D. Isaacs
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseInstitute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonQueen SquareLondonUK
| | - Gurman Kaur
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel E. Lowther
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Catherine J. Reynolds
- Lung Immunology GroupImmunology and InfectionNHLISir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Lung Immunology GroupImmunology and InfectionNHLISir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseInstitute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonQueen SquareLondonUK
| | - Graham S. Jackson
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseInstitute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonQueen SquareLondonUK
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
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11
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Singh MP, Meyer zu Hörste G, Hu W, Mausberg AK, Cravens PD, Eagar T, Löber S, Klingenstein R, Gmeiner P, Korth C, Kieseier BC, Stüve O. Quinpramine is a novel compound effective in ameliorating brain autoimmune disease. Exp Neurol 2008; 215:397-400. [PMID: 18996373 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acridine-iminodibenzyl chimeric compounds were previously introduced as a class of cholesterol-redistributing substances with antiprion effects. Here, we show that administration of the lead compound quinpramine to mice with experimental autoimmune encephalitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), significantly ameliorates disease in preventive and therapeutic paradigms. Quinpramine treatment decreased the number of inflammatory CNS lesions, antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNgamma and IL-17. Quinpramine is thus an immunoregulatory drug that is a candidate pharmaceutical for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Singh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, USA
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12
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Tsutsui S, Hahn JN, Johnson TA, Ali Z, Jirik FR. Absence of the cellular prion protein exacerbates and prolongs neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1029-41. [PMID: 18815152 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological roles of the cellular prion protein (PrP C) remain to be fully elucidated, PrP C has been proposed to represent a potential regulator of cellular immunity. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the consequences of PrP C deficiency on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. Consistent with augmented proliferative responses and increased cytokine gene expression by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-primed Prnp-/- T cells, PrP C-deficient mice demonstrated more aggressive disease onset and a lack of clinical improvement during the chronic phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acutely, Prnp-/- spinal cord, cerebellum, and forebrain exhibited higher levels of leukocytic infiltrates and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, as well as increased spinal cord myelin basic protein and axonal loss. During the chronic phase, a remarkable persistence of leukocytic infiltrates was present in the forebrain and cerebellum, accompanied by an increase in interferon-gamma and interleukin-17 transcripts. Attenuation of T cell-dependent neuroinflammation thus represents a potential novel function of PrP C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Tsutsui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Misfolding and subsequent aggregation of endogenous proteins constitute essential steps in many human disorders, including Alzheimer and prion diseases. In most prion protein-folding studies, the posttranslational modifications, the lipid anchor in particular, were lacking. Here, we studied a fully posttranslationally modified cellular prion protein, carrying two N-glycosylations and the natural GPI anchor. We used time-resolved FTIR to study the prion protein secondary structure changes when binding to a raft-like lipid membrane via its GPI anchor. We observed that membrane anchoring above a threshold concentration induced refolding of the prion protein to intermolecular beta-sheets. Such transition is not observed in solution and is membrane specific. Excessive membrane anchoring, analyzed with molecular sensitivity, is thought to be a crucial event in the development of prion diseases.
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Paar C, Paster W, Stockinger H, Schütz GJ, Sonnleitner M, Sonnleitner A. High throughput FRET screening of the plasma membrane based on TIRFM. Cytometry A 2008; 73:442-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Zomosa-Signoret V, Arnaud JD, Fontes P, Alvarez-Martinez MT, Liautard JP. Physiological role of the cellular prion protein. Vet Res 2007; 39:9. [PMID: 18073096 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. However, the normal function of the protein remains unclear. The cellular isoform (PrP(C)) is expressed most abundantly in the brain, but has also been detected in other non-neuronal tissues as diverse as lymphoid cells, lung, heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, and mammary glands. Cell biological studies of PrP contribute to our understanding of PrP(C) function. Like other membrane proteins, PrP(C) is post-translationally processed in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi on its way to the cell surface after synthesis. Cell surface PrP(C) constitutively cycles between the plasma membrane and early endosomes via a clathrin-dependent mechanism, a pathway consistent with a suggested role for PrP(C) in cellular trafficking of copper ions. Although PrP(-/-) mice have been reported to have only minor alterations in immune function, PrP(C) is up-regulated in T cell activation and may be expressed at higher levels by specialized classes of lymphocytes. Furthermore, antibody cross-linking of surface PrP(C) modulates T cell activation and leads to rearrangements of lipid raft constituents and increased phosphorylation of signaling proteins. These findings appear to indicate an important but, as yet, ill-defined role in T cell function. Recent work has suggested that PrP(C) is required for self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. PrP(C) is highly expressed in the central nervous system, and since this is the major site of prion pathology, most interest has focused on defining the role of PrP(C) in neurones. Although PrP(-/-) mice have a grossly normal neurological phenotype, even when neuronal PrP(C) is knocked out postnatally, they do have subtle abnormalities in synaptic transmission, hippocampal morphology, circadian rhythms, and cognition and seizure threshold. Other postulated neuronal roles for PrP(C) include copper-binding, as an anti- and conversely, pro-apoptotic protein, as a signaling molecule, and in supporting neuronal morphology and adhesion. The prion protein may also function as a metal binding protein such as copper, yielding cellular antioxidant capacity suggesting a role in the oxidative stress homeostasis. Finally, recent observations on the role of PrP(C) in long-term memory open a challenging field.
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Li C, Wong P, Pan T, Xiao F, Yin S, Chang B, Kang SC, Ironside J, Sy MS. Normal cellular prion protein is a ligand of selectins: binding requires Le(X) but is inhibited by sLe(X). Biochem J 2007; 406:333-41. [PMID: 17497959 PMCID: PMC1948967 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The normal PrP(C) (cellular prion protein) contains sLe(X) [sialyl-Le(X) (Lewis X)] and Le(X). sLe(X) is a ligand of selectins. To examine whether PrP(C) is a ligand of selectins, we generated three human PrP(C)-Ig fusion proteins: one with Le(X), one with sLe(X), and the other with neither Le(X) nor sLe(X). Only Le(X)-PrP(C)-Ig binds E-, L- and P-selectins. Binding is Ca(2+)-dependent and occurs with nanomolar affinity. Removal of sialic acid on sLe(X)-PrP(C)-Ig enables the fusion protein to bind all selectins. These findings were confirmed with brain-derived PrP(C). The selectins precipitated PrP(C) in human brain in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Treatment of brain homogenates with neuraminidase increased the amounts of PrP(C) precipitated. Therefore the presence of sialic acid prevents the binding of PrP(C) in human brain to selectins. Hence, human brain PrP(C) interacts with selectins in a manner that is distinct from interactions in peripheral tissues. Alternations in these interactions may have pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Li
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Poki Wong
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Tao Pan
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Fan Xiao
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Shaoman Yin
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Binggong Chang
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Shin-Chung Kang
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - James Ironside
- †Division of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Room 5131, Wolstein Research Bldg, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, U.S.A. (email )
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