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Oliver M, Patriquin CJ, Pavenski K. Predictors of relapse and prophylactic management of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Transfus Apher Sci 2023; 62:103749. [PMID: 37344323 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2023.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Oliver
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada; Division of Hematology, University of Alberta Hospital, Canada
| | - Christopher J Patriquin
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katerina Pavenski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital-Unity Health Toronto, Canada.
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2
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Spring J, Munshi L. Hematology Emergencies in Critically Ill Adults. Chest 2022; 161:1285-1296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.12.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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3
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Graça NAG, Joly BS, Voorberg J, Vanhoorelbeke K, Béranger N, Veyradier A, Coppo P. TTP: From empiricism for an enigmatic disease to targeted molecular therapies. Br J Haematol 2022; 197:156-170. [PMID: 35146746 PMCID: PMC9304236 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 100th anniversary of the first description of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) as a disease by Dr. Eli Moschcowitz approaches. For many decades, TTP remained mostly a mysterious fatal condition, where diagnosis was often post-mortem. Initially a pentad of symptoms was identified, a pattern that later revealed to be fallible. Sporadic observations led to empiric interventions that allowed for the first impactful breakthrough in TTP treatment, almost 70 years after its first description: the introduction of plasma exchange and infusions as treatments. The main body of knowledge within the field was gathered in the latest three decades: patient registries were set and proved crucial for advancements; the general mechanisms of disease have been described; the diagnosis was refined; new treatments and biomarkers with improvements on prognosis and management were introduced. Further changes and improvements are expected in the upcoming decades. In this review, we provide a brief historic overview of TTP, as an illustrative example of the success of translational medicine enabling to rapidly shift from a management largely based on empiricism to targeted therapies and personalized medicine, for the benefit of patients. Current management options and present and future perspectives in this still evolving field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A. G. Graça
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin‐Academic Medical CenterLandsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bérangère S. Joly
- Service d'hématologie biologique and EA3518‐ Institut universitaire d'hématologieGroupe Hospitalier Saint Louis‐Lariboisière, AP‐HP, Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies ThrombotiquesHôpital Saint‐Antoine, AP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin‐Academic Medical CenterLandsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular MedicineAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life SciencesKU Leuven Campus Kulak KortrijkKortrijkBelgium
| | - Nicolas Béranger
- Service d'hématologie biologique and EA3518‐ Institut universitaire d'hématologieGroupe Hospitalier Saint Louis‐Lariboisière, AP‐HP, Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies ThrombotiquesHôpital Saint‐Antoine, AP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Agnès Veyradier
- Service d'hématologie biologique and EA3518‐ Institut universitaire d'hématologieGroupe Hospitalier Saint Louis‐Lariboisière, AP‐HP, Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies ThrombotiquesHôpital Saint‐Antoine, AP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Paul Coppo
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies ThrombotiquesHôpital Saint‐Antoine, AP‐HPParisFrance
- Service d'HématologieHôpital Saint‐Antoine, AP‐HPParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéUPMC Univ ParisParisFrance
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4
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Brodsky MA, Sukumar S, Selvakumar S, Yanek L, Hussain S, Mazepa MA, Braunstein EM, Moliterno AR, Kickler TS, Brodsky RA, Cataland SR, Chaturvedi S. Major adverse cardiovascular events in survivors of immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:1587-1594. [PMID: 34460124 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in survivors of immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP), but the epidemiology of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in iTTP survivors is unknown. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for MACE, defined as the composite of non-fatal or fatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and cardiac revascularization, during clinical remission in two large iTTP cohorts (Johns Hopkins University and Ohio State University). Of 181 patients followed for ≥ 3 months after recovery from acute iTTP, 28.6% had a MACE event over a median follow up of 7.6 years. Stroke was the most common type of MACE (18.2%), followed by non-fatal MI (6.6%), cardiac revascularization (4.9%) and fatal MI (0.6%). Compared to the general United States population, iTTP survivors were younger at first stroke in remission (males [56.5 years vs. 68.6 years, p = 0.031], females [49.7 years vs. 72.9 years, p < 0.001]) or MI in remission (males [56.5 years vs. 65.6 years, p < 0.001] and females [53.1 years vs. 72.0 years, p < 0.001]). Age (HR 1.03 [95% CI 1.002-1.054]), race (Black/Other vs. White) (HR 2.32 [95% CI 1.12-4.82]), and diabetes mellitus (HR 2.37 [95% CI 1.09-0.03]) were associated with MACE in a Cox regression model also adjusted for sex, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, autoimmune disease, and relapsing iTTP. Remission ADAMTS13 activity was not significantly associated with MACE. In conclusion, iTTP survivors experience high rates of MACE and may benefit from aggressively screening for and managing cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Brodsky
- Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Senthil Sukumar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Sruthi Selvakumar
- Nova Southeastern University School of Medicine Fort Lauderdale Florida USA
| | - Lisa Yanek
- Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Sarah Hussain
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Marshall A. Mazepa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology University of Minnesota School of Medicine Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Evan M. Braunstein
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Alison R. Moliterno
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Thomas S. Kickler
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Robert A. Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Spero R. Cataland
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Shruti Chaturvedi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
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5
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[Treatment of immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A decisive turning point]. Transfus Clin Biol 2021; 28:380-385. [PMID: 34464709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2021.08.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a rare and life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by severe deficiency of ADAMTS13, the enzyme that cleaves von Willebrand factor multimers. Recent insights into iTTP pathophysiology have led to the development of new therapies targeting ADAMTS13 replacement, anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies, and von Willebrand factor-platelet interactions. New maximalist therapeutic strategies are emerging based on triple therapy. While plasma exchange remains the cornerstone therapy of the acute phase, the introduction of front-line immunosuppressive treatments, corticosteroids and rituximab, has led to a reduction in exacerbations and relapses but without any significant improvement in survival. Caplacizumab, a bivalent humanized anti-von Willebrand factor nanobody, is poised to revolutionize the treatment of the acute phase. By inhibiting the interaction between von Willebrand factor multimers and platelets, caplacizumab prevents platelets adhesion, prevents the formation of new microthrombi and protects organs from ischemia. Its early combination with plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy prevents unfavorable outcomes and reduces the burden of care. Supported by repeated ADAMTS13 assays, rituximab prevents relapse in patients with persistent or recurrent ADAMTS13 deficiency in clinical remission. This review examines how advances in diagnostics and targeted therapies are changing the current treatment paradigm in both the acute and remission phases and are contributing to dramatically improve the iTTP prognosis.
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6
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A regimen with caplacizumab, immunosuppression, and plasma exchange prevents unfavorable outcomes in immune-mediated TTP. Blood 2021; 137:733-742. [PMID: 33150928 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-von Willebrand factor nanobody caplacizumab was licensed for adults with immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) based on prospective controlled trials. However, few data are available on postmarketing surveillance. We treated 90 iTTP patients with a compassionate frontline triplet regimen associating therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), immunosuppression with corticosteroids and rituximab, and caplacizumab. Outcomes were compared with 180 historical patients treated with the standard frontline treatment (TPE and corticosteroids, with rituximab as salvage therapy). The primary outcome was a composite of refractoriness and death within 30 days since diagnosis. Key secondary outcomes were exacerbations, time to platelet count recovery, the number of TPE, and the volume of plasma required to achieve durable remission. The percentage of patients in the triplet regimen with the composite primary outcome was 2.2% vs 12.2% in historical patients (P = .01). One elderly patient in the triplet regimen died of pulmonary embolism. Patients from this cohort experienced less exacerbations (3.4% vs 44%, P < .01); they recovered durable platelet count 1.8 times faster than historical patients (95% confidence interval, 1.41-2.36; P < .01), with fewer TPE sessions and lower plasma volumes (P < .01 both). The number of days in hospital was 41% lower in the triplet regimen than in the historical cohort (13 vs 22 days; P < .01). Caplacizumab-related adverse events occurred in 46 patients (51%), including 13 major or clinically relevant nonmajor hemorrhagic events. Associating caplacizumab to TPE and immunosuppression, by addressing the 3 processes of iTTP pathophysiology, prevents unfavorable outcomes and alleviates the burden of care.
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7
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Lemiale V, Valade S, Mariotte E. Unresponsive Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP): Challenges and Solutions. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021; 17:577-587. [PMID: 34113115 PMCID: PMC8185636 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s205632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy secondary to a severely decreased A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeats 13 (ADAMTS13) activity, resulting in the formation of widespread von Willebrand factor - and platelet-rich microthrombi. ADAMTS13 deficiency is mainly acquired through anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies in adults. With modern standards of care, unresponsive TTP has become rarer with a frequency of refractory/relapsing forms dropping from >40% to <10%. As patients with unresponsive TTP are at increased risk of mortality, prompt recognition and early therapeutic intensification are mandatory. Therapeutic options at the disposal of clinicians caring for patients with refractory TTP consist of increased ADAMTS13 supplementation, increased immunosuppression, and inhibition of von Willebrand factor adhesion to platelets. In this work, we focus on possible therapies for the management of patients with unresponsive TTP, and propose an algorithm for the management of these difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lemiale
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Valade
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric Mariotte
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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8
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Cost savings to hospital of rituximab use in severe autoimmune acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood Adv 2021; 4:539-545. [PMID: 32045473 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) experience acute hematologic emergencies during disease flares and a lifelong threat for relapse. Rituximab, in addition to steroids and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), has been shown to mitigate relapse risk. A barrier to care in initiating rituximab in the inpatient setting has been the presumed excessive cost of medication to the hospital. Retrospectively reviewing TTP admissions from 2004 to 2018 at our academic center, we calculated the actual inpatient cost of care. We then calculated the theoretical cost to the hospital of initiating rituximab in the inpatient setting for both initial TTP and relapse TTP cohorts, with the hypothesis that preventing sufficient future TTP admissions offsets the cost of initiating rituximab in all patients with TTP. At a median follow-up of 55 months in the initial TTP cohort, rituximab use produced a projected cost savings of $905 906 and would have prevented 185 inpatient admission days and saved 137 TPE procedures. In the relapse TTP setting, rituximab use produced a projected cost savings of $425 736 and would have prevented 86 inpatient admission days and saved 64 TPE procedures. From a hospital cost standpoint, cost of rituximab should no longer be a barrier to initiating inpatient rituximab in both initial and relapse TTP settings.
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Azoulay E, Bauer PR, Mariotte E, Russell L, Knoebl P, Martin-Loeches I, Pène F, Puxty K, Povoa P, Barratt-Due A, Garnacho-Montero J, Wendon J, Munshi L, Benoit D, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Maggiorini M, Coppo P, Cataland S, Veyradier A, Van de Louw A. Expert statement on the ICU management of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:1518-1539. [PMID: 31588978 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is fatal in 90% of patients if left untreated and must be diagnosed early to optimize patient outcomes. However, the very low incidence of TTP is an obstacle to the development of evidence-based clinical practice recommendations, and the very wide variability in survival rates across centers may be partly ascribable to differences in management strategies due to insufficient guidance. We therefore developed an expert statement to provide trustworthy guidance about the management of critically ill patients with TTP. As strong evidence was difficult to find in the literature, consensus building among experts could not be reported for most of the items. This expert statement is timely given the recent advances in the treatment of TTP, such as the use of rituximab and of the recently licensed drug caplacizumab, whose benefits will be maximized if the other components of the management strategy follow a standardized pattern. Finally, unanswered questions are identified as topics of future research on TTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Azoulay
- Centre National Maladie rare des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital and Paris University, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe R Bauer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric Mariotte
- Centre National Maladie rare des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital and Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Lene Russell
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletCopenhagen Academy for Medical Simulation and Education, University of Copenhagen, and the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Knoebl
- Division of Hematology and Hemostasis Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St. James's Hospital, St James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Frédéric Pène
- Centre National Maladie Rare des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Cochin Hospital and Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Kathryn Puxty
- Department of Intensive Care, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pedro Povoa
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, Lisbon, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Research, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose Garnacho-Montero
- Intensive Care Clinical Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Laveena Munshi
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Intensive Care in Hematologic and Oncologic Patients, Munich, Germany.,Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Maggiorini
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Coppo
- Centre National Maladie Rare des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Service d'Hématologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital and Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Spero Cataland
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Agnès Veyradier
- Centre National Maladies Rares des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Service d'Hématologie, Lariboisière Hospital and Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Andry Van de Louw
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Reduced ADAMTS13 activity during TTP remission is associated with stroke in TTP survivors. Blood 2019; 134:1037-1045. [PMID: 31431443 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With timely and effective treatment, most patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) survive the acute TTP episode. In addition to the risk of relapse, TTP survivors have higher all-cause mortality than the general population and increased rates of chronic morbidities, including hypertension, depression, and mild cognitive impairment. We conducted this retrospective-prospective cohort study to determine the incidence and prevalence of stroke after recovery from acute TTP and to test the hypothesis that lower ADAMTS13 activity after recovery from TTP is associated with an increased risk of stroke during remission. Of 170 consecutive patients treated for TTP at The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1995 through 2018, 14 (8.2%) died during the index episode and 19 were observed for less than 1 month after recovery. Of the remaining 137 patients, 18 (13.1%) developed stroke unrelated to an acute TTP episode over a median observation period of 3.08 years, which is fivefold higher than the expected prevalence of 2.6% from an age- and sex-matched reference population (P = .002). ADAMTS13 activity during remission was measured in 52 patients and was >70% in 44.2%, 40% to 70% in 23.1%, 10% to 39% in 25%, and <10% in 7.7%. Stroke after recovery from acute TTP occurred in 0% (0 of 22) of patients with normal remission ADAMTS13 activity (>70%) and in 27.6% (8 of 29) of patients with low ADAMTS13 activity (≤70%; P = .007). In conclusion, stroke is common after recovery from TTP and is associated with reduced ADAMTS13 activity during remission.
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le Besnerais M, Veyradier A, Benhamou Y, Coppo P. Caplacizumab: a change in the paradigm of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura treatment. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:1127-1134. [PMID: 31359806 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1650908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is an immune-mediated deficiency in von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease ADAMTS13 allowing unrestrained adhesion of von Willebrand factor multimers to platelets and microthrombosis. Caplacizumab, an anti-von Willebrand factor humanized, bivalent single-domain nanobody preventing its binding to the platelet has been investigated and approved for use in the treatment of iTTP. Areas covered: The purpose of this article is to summarize the available clinical data on the efficacy and safety of caplacizumab in iTTP and to provide our opinion on the place of caplacizumab in current treatment regimens. Expert opinion: Caplacizumab is a new drug with a complementary mechanism of action with respect to the standard available therapeutics. It demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials through a faster platelet count normalization and protection of patients from exacerbations and refractoriness. Caplacizumab is well tolerated with minor bleeds as the most important side effect. The efficacy of caplacizumab now needs to be assessed in real-life but definitely, this drug opens hope for a significant improvement in iTTP prognosis at the very early, critical step of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle le Besnerais
- Département de Médecine Interne, CHU Charles Nicolle , Rouen , France.,Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096 EnVI , Rouen , France
| | - Agnès Veyradier
- Service d'Hématologie biologique and EA3518 Université Paris Diderot, Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France.,French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Ygal Benhamou
- Département de Médecine Interne, CHU Charles Nicolle , Rouen , France.,Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096 EnVI , Rouen , France
| | - Paul Coppo
- French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France.,Département d'Hématologie clinique , Paris , France
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12
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How targeted therapy disrupts the treatment paradigm for acquired TTP: the risks, benefits, and unknowns. Blood 2019; 134:415-420. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Insights into immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) pathophysiology have led to novel targeted therapies. Immunomodulatory strategies target anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies: rituximab is effective in inducing responses in refractory/relapsed TTP and increasing relapse-free survival; caplacizumab targets the von Willebrand factor–platelet interaction to hasten platelet count recovery and reduce mortality and TTP-related ischemic events. Bortezomib and recombinant ADAMTS13 are under investigation. This review examines how targeted therapies are disrupting current treatment paradigms to improve outcomes of iTTP.
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Picod A, Coppo P. Developments in the use of plasma exchange and adjunctive therapies to treat immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:461-471. [PMID: 31092093 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1619170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a life-threatening disease characterized by a severe functional deficit in the von-Willebrand cleaving protease ADAMTS13, due to autoantibody production. The once-dismal prognosis of the disease has been changed by the discovery of the dramatic efficiency of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Areas covered: This review focuses on the history and recent developments in the use of TPE for iTTP with a special emphasis on the consequences for TPE practice of the recent introduction of new highly effective immunosuppressive strategies and anti-von Willebrand factor (vWF) therapies. Expert opinion: Although TPE still represents the cornerstone, emergency treatment of iTTP, their duration, and associated complications could be dramatically reduced in the future by the systematic addition of early immunosuppression using corticosteroids and rituximab as well as an anti-vWF therapy with caplacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Picod
- a Centre National de Référence des MicroAngiopathies Thrombotiques, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Paul Coppo
- a Centre National de Référence des MicroAngiopathies Thrombotiques, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France.,b Service d'hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine , Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris , France.,c Sorbonne-Université , Paris , France
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14
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Joly BS, Coppo P, Veyradier A. An update on pathogenesis and diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:383-395. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1611423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bérangère S. Joly
- Service d'hématologie biologique and EA3518 Centre Hayem, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Dider, Paris, France
| | - Paul Coppo
- Service d’hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Veyradier
- Service d'hématologie biologique and EA3518 Centre Hayem, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Dider, Paris, France
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15
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Sahin O, Albayrak M, Yıldız A, Pala Ç, Aktas L, Maral S, Afacan Öztürk HB, Cömert P. Refractory Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a patient with Kaposi sarcoma. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 58:187-189. [PMID: 30910619 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The case is here presented of a 70-year old male patient with rare coexistence of Kaposi Sarcoma and resistant Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP). The Kaposi lesions were determined before the diagnosis of TTP and were exacerbated after receiving TTP-associated immunosuppressive therapy, in particular associated with rituximab. TTP in this case was resistant to conventional therapies such as steroid and plasma exchange and current immunosuppressive (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristin) treatments. Novel treatment agents consisting of bortezomib and eculizumab given to the patient were also ineffective. To the best of our knowledge, this case presents the first case of coexistence of TTP and Kaposi sarcoma from Turkey and the challenge of refractory TTP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Sahin
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Murat Albayrak
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdulkerim Yıldız
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Pala
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Aktas
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Senem Maral
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hacer Berna Afacan Öztürk
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Cömert
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Dupuy H, Lazaro E, Machelart I, Viallard JF, Coppo P, Rivière E. Rituximab Prevents Stroke Recurrences in Atypical Chronic Immune-Mediated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. TH OPEN 2018; 2:e407-e410. [PMID: 31249968 PMCID: PMC6524916 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Dupuy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Center of Bordeaux, Haut-Leveque Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Estibaliz Lazaro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Center of Bordeaux, Haut-Leveque Hospital, Pessac, France.,ImmunoconcEpT and FHU ACRONIM, UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux, France.,UMR CNRS 5164, ImmunoconcEpT and FHU ACRONIM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Irène Machelart
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Center of Bordeaux, Haut-Leveque Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-François Viallard
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Center of Bordeaux, Haut-Leveque Hospital, Pessac, France.,Cardiovascular Adaptation to Ischemia, INSERM, Pessac, France.,Cardiovascular Adaptation to Ischemia, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Paul Coppo
- Department of Hematology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC Paris 6), Paris, France.,French Referral Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Rivière
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Center of Bordeaux, Haut-Leveque Hospital, Pessac, France.,Cardiovascular Adaptation to Ischemia, INSERM, Pessac, France.,Cardiovascular Adaptation to Ischemia, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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17
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Dane K, Chaturvedi S. Beyond plasma exchange: novel therapies for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:539-547. [PMID: 30504355 PMCID: PMC6246029 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The advent of plasma exchange has dramatically changed the prognosis of acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Recent insights into TTP pathogenesis have led to the development of novel therapies targeting pathogenic anti-ADAMTS13 antibody production, von Willebrand factor (VWF)-platelet interactions, and ADAMTS13 replacement. Retrospective and prospective studies have established the efficacy of rituximab as an adjunct to plasma exchange for patients with acute TTP, either upfront or for refractory disease. Relapse prevention is a major concern for survivors of acute TTP, and emerging data support the prophylactic use of rituximab in patients with persistent or recurrent ADAMTS13 deficiency in clinical remission. Capalcizumab, a nanobody directed against domain A1 of VWF that prevents the formation of VWF-platelet aggregates, recently completed phase 2 (TITAN) and 3 (HERCULES) trials with encouraging results. Compared with placebo, caplacizumab shortened the time to platelet recovery and may protect against microthrombotic tissue injury in the acute phase of TTP, though it does not modify the underlying immune response. Other promising therapies including plasma cell inhibitors (bortezomib), recombinant ADAMTS13, N-acetyl cysteine, and inhibitors of the VWF-glycoprotein Ib/IX interaction (anfibatide) are in development, and several of these agents are in prospective clinical studies to evaluate their efficacy and role in TTP. In the coming years, we are optimistic that novel therapies and international collaborative efforts will usher in even more effective, evidence-based approaches to address refractory acute TTP and relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Dane
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Shruti Chaturvedi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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18
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Falter T, Herold S, Weyer-Elberich V, Scheiner C, Schmitt V, von Auer C, Messmer X, Wild P, Lackner KJ, Lämmle B, Scharrer I. Relapse Rate in Survivors of Acute Autoimmune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Treated with or without Rituximab. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118:1743-1751. [PMID: 30235478 PMCID: PMC6202932 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is caused by autoantibody-mediated severe a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats, member 13 (ADAMTS13) deficiency leading to micro-angiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA) and thrombocytopenia with organ damage. Patients survive with plasma exchange (PEX), fresh frozen plasma replacement and corticosteroid treatment. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab is increasingly used in patients resistant to conventional PEX or relapsing after an acute bout. OBJECTIVE This retrospective observational study focused on the relapse rate and possible influencing factors including treatment with rituximab first introduced in 2003. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy patients treated between January 2003 and November 2014 were evaluated. Number, duration, clinical manifestations, laboratory data and treatment of acute episodes were documented. Diagnostic criteria of acute iTTP were thrombocytopenia, MAHA, increased lactate dehydrogenase and severe ADAMTS13 deficiency. RESULTS Fifty-four female and 16 male patients had a total of 224 acute episodes over a median observation period of 8.3 years. The relapse rate was 2.6% per month, for women 2.4% and for men 3.5% per month. Since 2003, 17 patients with a first iTTP episode were treated with rituximab, whereas 28 were not. There was a trend towards lower relapse rates after rituximab treatment over the ensuing years. However, this was statistically not significant. CONCLUSION This analysis does not show a significant reduction of acute iTTP relapses by rituximab given during an acute bout. Initial episodes are characterized by more severe clinical signs compared with the less severe relapses. Furthermore, men suffer significantly more frequent and considerably more serious acute relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Falter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Herold
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Veronika Weyer-Elberich
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Carina Scheiner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Veronique Schmitt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Charis von Auer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Xavier Messmer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Karl J Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lämmle
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.,University Clinic of Hematology & Central Hematology Laboratory, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inge Scharrer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
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19
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Béliard S, Di Filippo M, Kaplanski G, Valéro R. Highly efficacious, long-term, triglyceride lowering with rituximab therapy in a patient with autoimmune hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:883-887. [PMID: 29784574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the first case of an autoimmune hypertriglyceridemia successfully treated with rituximab, an anti-CD20-targeted monoclonal antibody. A 45-year-old man, with prior autoimmune conditions, developed severe, acquired hypertriglyceridemia resistant to traditional triglyceride lowering therapies. After the elimination of secondary or genetic causes, we detected the presence of anti-LPL-IgG by immunoblot. After 3 infusions of rituximab, we observed a marked improvement of his hypertriglyceridemia, concomitant with a reduction in plasma anti-LPL antibody titer and B-lymphocytes counts. The patient has been receiving rituximab maintenance therapy for 5 years without any serious adverse events and with excellent control of his previous, marked hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Béliard
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France; Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, APHM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Gilles Kaplanski
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, APHM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - René Valéro
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France; Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, APHM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is an immune-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy caused by antibodies to ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with a ThromboSpondin type 1 motif, member 13). Standard treatment with therapeutic plasma exchange and immunosuppression with steroids results in high remission and low mortality rates. However, a number of patients remain refractory to frontline therapy and/or experience multiple relapses. This study reviews emerging therapies for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. RECENT FINDINGS Studies indicate that reducing anti-ADAMTS13 antibody levels through B-cell depletion or proteasome inhibition is effective for the management of refractory disease. Preliminary reports examining anti-CD20 therapy for the treatment of initial disease or as maintenance therapy for seropositive patients suggest the addition of immunosuppression in other disease phases may delay relapse. Exciting developments in targeted therapies to von Willebrand Factor and recombinant ADAMTS13 hold promise for transforming disease management. SUMMARY Approximately half of patients diagnosed with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura experience refractory and/or relapsing disease. For these patients, a hematologic remission may be an insufficient therapeutic goal. With recent developments, it is now possible to envision a multifaceted approach targeting disease mechanisms that may dramatically improve outcomes for this otherwise debilitating disease.
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21
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Christou EAA, Giardino G, Worth A, Ladomenou F. Risk factors predisposing to the development of hypogammaglobulinemia and infections post-Rituximab. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:352-359. [PMID: 28800262 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1346092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX) is a monoclonal antibody against CD20, commonly used in the treatment of hematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. The use of RTX is related to the development of hypogammaglobulinemia and infections. Aim of this review is to summarize the evidence supporting the association of specific risk factors with the development of hypogammaglobulinemia and infections post-RTX. Immunological complications are more common in patients with malignant diseases as compared to non-malignant diseases. Moreover, the use of more than one dose of RTX, maintenance regimens, low pre-treatment basal immunoglobulin levels and the association with Mycophenolate and purine analogues represent risk factors for the development of hypogammaglobulinemia. The number of RTX courses, the evidence of low IgG levels for more than 6 months, the use of G-CSF, the occurrence of chronic lung disease, cardiac insufficiency, extra-articular involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, low levels of IgG and older age have been correlated with a higher risk of infections. Even though the heterogeneity of the studies in terms of study population age and underlying disease, RTX schedules as well as differences in pre-treatment or concomitant therapy doesn't allow drawing definitive conclusions, the study of the literature highlight the association of specific risk factors with the occurrence of hypogammaglobulinemia and/or infections. A long term randomized controlled clinical trial could be useful to define a personalized evidence-based risk management plan for patients treated with RTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos A A Christou
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Medical School , University of Ioannina , Ioannina , Greece
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Austen Worth
- c Department of Paediatric Immunology , Great Ormond Street Hospital , London , UK
| | - Fani Ladomenou
- c Department of Paediatric Immunology , Great Ormond Street Hospital , London , UK
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22
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Le purpura thrombotique thrombocytopénique à la Martinique : étude rétrospective entre 2008 et 2015. Rev Med Interne 2017; 38:508-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Ludwig RJ, Vanhoorelbeke K, Leypoldt F, Kaya Z, Bieber K, McLachlan SM, Komorowski L, Luo J, Cabral-Marques O, Hammers CM, Lindstrom JM, Lamprecht P, Fischer A, Riemekasten G, Tersteeg C, Sondermann P, Rapoport B, Wandinger KP, Probst C, El Beidaq A, Schmidt E, Verkman A, Manz RA, Nimmerjahn F. Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology. Front Immunol 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 28620373 PMCID: PMC5449453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies are frequently observed in healthy individuals. In a minority of these individuals, they lead to manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Graves' disease. Overall, more than 2.5% of the population is affected by autoantibody-driven autoimmune disease. Pathways leading to autoantibody-induced pathology greatly differ among different diseases, and autoantibodies directed against the same antigen, depending on the targeted epitope, can have diverse effects. To foster knowledge in autoantibody-induced pathology and to encourage development of urgently needed novel therapeutic strategies, we here categorized autoantibodies according to their effects. According to our algorithm, autoantibodies can be classified into the following categories: (1) mimic receptor stimulation, (2) blocking of neural transmission, (3) induction of altered signaling, triggering uncontrolled (4) microthrombosis, (5) cell lysis, (6) neutrophil activation, and (7) induction of inflammation. These mechanisms in relation to disease, as well as principles of autoantibody generation and detection, are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ziya Kaya
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sandra M. McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lars Komorowski
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Jon M. Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter Lamprecht
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Tersteeg
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Basil Rapoport
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical-Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Probst
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Asmaa El Beidaq
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alan Verkman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- Inserm & University Paris Diderot, Sorbone Paris Cité Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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25
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Jerdan K, Brownell J, Singh M, Braniecki M, Chan L. A case report of iatrogenic cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma due to rituximab therapy for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Oncol 2017; 56:111-113. [PMID: 27885868 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2016.1253867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Jerdan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua Brownell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manu Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marylee Braniecki
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
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26
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Clark WF, Huang SHS, Walsh MW, Farah M, Hildebrand AM, Sontrop JM. Plasmapheresis for the treatment of kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2016; 90:974-984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Deville C, Garrouste C, Coppo P, Evrard B, Lautrette A, Heng AE. Efficacy of rituximab and plasmapharesis in an adult patient with antifactor H autoantibody-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5007. [PMID: 27684863 PMCID: PMC5265956 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifactor H antibody (anti-CFHAb) is found in 6% to 25% cases of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) in children, but has been only exceptionally reported in adults. There is no consensus about the best treatment for this type of aHUS. We report the case of an adult patient treated successfully with plasma exchange (PE), steroids, and rituximab.A 27-year-old Caucasian male presented to hospital with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. One week earlier, he had digestive problems with diarrhea. The diagnosis of anti-CFHAb-associated aHUS (82,000 AU/mL) without CFHR gene mutations was established.He received Rituximab 375 mg/m (4 pulses) with PE and steroids. This treatment achieved renal and hematological remission at day (D) 31 and negative anti-CFHAb at D45 (<100 AU/mL). At D76, a fifth rituximab pulse was performed while CD19 was higher than 10/mm. Steroids were stopped at month (M) 9. The patient has not relapsed during long-term follow-up (M39).Rituximab therapy can be considered for anti-CFHAb-associated aHUS. Monitoring of anti-CFHAb titer may help to guide maintenance therapeutic strategies including Rituximab infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Deville
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Néphrologie, Pôle REUNNIRH, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Cyril Garrouste
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Néphrologie, Pôle REUNNIRH, Clermont-Ferrand
- Correspondence: Dr Cyril Garrouste, Department of Nephrology, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, CHU Gabriel Montpied, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France (e-mail: )
| | - Paul Coppo
- CHU Paris Est, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d’Hématologie, AP-HP
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris
| | | | - Alexandre Lautrette
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Réanimation, Pôle REUNNIRH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne Elisabeth Heng
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Néphrologie, Pôle REUNNIRH, Clermont-Ferrand
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28
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Patriquin CJ, Clark WF, Pavenski K, Arnold DM, Rock G, Foley SR. How we treat thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Results of a Canadian TTP practice survey. J Clin Apher 2016; 32:246-256. [PMID: 27476033 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease with 90% mortality if untreated. Since the Canadian Apheresis Group (CAG) trial showed greater survival with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) versus plasma infusion, there has been widespread adoption of TPE. Beyond TPE, there is significant practice variation. To characterize this, we developed a survey sent to physicians who might be directly involved in TTP management. METHODS The survey was sent to CAG members as well as hematologists and nephrologists nationwide and addressed areas of controversy or recognized practice heterogeneity. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize responses, and the χ2 test was used to compare respondents who were and were not CAG physicians. We also compared responses by estimated frequency of TTP cases per year. RESULTS The CAG response rate was 31% (13 of 42). The survey was sent to 665 non-CAG physicians, of whom 41 responded (6.1%). Though not statistically different, CAG and non-CAG respondents varied regarding use of corticosteroids, aspirin, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. Significant differences were found between CAG and non-CAG groups regarding cryosupernatant as fluid choice (69.2% vs. 22.5%, P = .004) and the use of TPE tapering (84.6% vs. 51.3%, P = .034), respectively. CONCLUSION TTP treatment is variable across centres in Canada. Areas of significant variation include the choice of replacement fluid for TPE and whether or not and how to taper TPE. Our survey highlights the practice heterogeneity that exists and identifies areas where more evidence is needed and perhaps where trials should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gail Rock
- Canadian Apheresis Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Rituximab reduces risk for relapse in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2016; 127:3092-4. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-703827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bennett CL, Djulbegovic B. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: gaining knowledge. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2016; 3:e210-1. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(16)30028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Veyradier
- From the Hematology Department and Research Unit EA3518, Institute of Hematology, French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Hospital Group Saint Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Diderot, Paris
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Rogier T, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Pouteil-Noble C, Taleb A, Guillet M, Noel A, Broussolle C, Sève P. [Clinical efficacy of eculizumab as treatment of gemcitabine-induced thrombotic microangiopathy: A case report]. Rev Med Interne 2016; 37:701-704. [PMID: 26833144 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gemcitabine-induced thrombotic microangiopathy is a rare event whose management is not yet consensual. The use of eculizumab could be of interest. CASE REPORT A 68-year-old woman was treated by gemcitabine as adjuvant chemotherapy of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Two months later, the patient presented with mechanical hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and high blood pressure that led to the diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathy. Gemcitabine was stopped. Plasma exchange therapy was introduced since hematological and renal parameters had worsened. As clinical efficacy was insufficient, eculizumab was introduced at a dose of 900 mg per week 4 times, then 1200 mg every 2 weeks. Symptoms along with hematological and nephrological analysis were back to physiological standards after 7 intravenous injections. CONCLUSION Eculizumab seems to be an effective treatment against gemcitabine-induced thrombotic microangiopathy in case of severe hematological and renal injuries associated with a lack of response to plasma exchange therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rogier
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France
| | - M Gerfaud-Valentin
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France
| | - C Pouteil-Noble
- Service de transplantation, de néphrologie et d'immunologie clinique, hôpital Édouard-Herriot, hospices civils de Lyon, 5, place d'Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - A Taleb
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France
| | - M Guillet
- Service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie et de nutrition clinique, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France
| | - A Noel
- Service de réanimation médicale, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France
| | - C Broussolle
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France
| | - P Sève
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France.
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