1
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Park J, Ngo TH, Paudel SB, Kil YS, Ryoo GH, Jin CH, Choi HI, Jung CH, Na M, Nam JW, Han AR. Angular dihydropyranocoumarins from the flowers of Peucedanum japonicum and their aldo-keto reductase inhibitory activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 219:113974. [PMID: 38211847 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.113974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Twenty-one angular dihydropyranocoumarins and a linear furanocoumarin, including four previously undescribed compounds (1-4), were isolated from the flowers of Peucedanum japonicum (Umbelliferae). The structures of 1-4, along with their absolute stereochemistry, were determined to be (3'S,4'S)-3'-O-propanoyl-4'-O-(3‴-methyl-2‴-butenoyl)khellactone (1), (3'S,4'S)-3'-O-propanoyl-4'-O-(2‴-methyl-2‴Z-butenoyl)khellactone (2), (3'S,4'S)-3'-O-propanoyl-4'-O-(2‴-methylbutanoyl)khellactone (3), and (3'S,4'S)-3'-O-(2″-methylpropanoyl)-4'-O-(3‴-methyl-2‴-butenoyl)khellactone (4) using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. In addition, the absolute configuration of the three angular dihydropyranocoumarins (5-7) was determined for the first time in this study. Among the previously reported compounds isolated in this study, 8 and 9 were isolated for the first time from the genus Peucedanum, whereas 10 and 11 were previously unreported and had not been isolated from P. japonicum to date. Furthermore, all isolated compounds were evaluated for their aldo-keto reductase 1C1 inhibitory activities on A549 human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Compounds 10 and 12 exhibited substantial AKR1C1 inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 35.8 ± 0.9 and 44.2 ± 1.5 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Trung Huy Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Babu Paudel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Seo Kil
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hee Ryoo
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Jin
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Il Choi
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hun Jung
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ah-Reum Han
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Fu Z, Li S, Liu J, Zhang C, Jian C, Wang L, Zhang Y, Shi C. Natural Product Alantolactone Targeting AKR1C1 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:847906. [PMID: 35370661 PMCID: PMC8965451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.847906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, characterized by high invasion and metastasis. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1) plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, and has gained attention as an anticancer drug target. Here, we report that the natural sesquiterpene lactone alantolactone (ALA) was shown to bind directly to AKR1C1 through the Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration (PISA) analysis, a label-free target identification approach based on thermal proteome profiling. Acting as a specific inhibitor of AKR1C1, ALA selectively inhibits the activity of AKR1C1 and ALA treatment in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell results in a reduction in cell proliferation and metastasis, inhibition of AKR1C1 expression, and deactivation of STAT3. Moreover, ALA inhibited tumor growth in vivo, and the inhibition of AKR1C1 and STAT3 activation were also found in the murine xenograft model. Collectively, our work not only gives mechanistic insights to explain the bioactivity of ALA in anticancer but also provides opportunities of developing novel sesquiterpene lactone-based AKR1C1 inhibitors for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinmei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
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3
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Chang LL, Li YK, Zhao CX, Zeng CM, Ge FJ, Du JM, Zhang WZ, Lu PH, He QJ, Zhu H, Yang B. AKR1C1 connects autophagy and oxidative stress by interacting with SQSTM1 in a catalytic-independent manner. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:703-711. [PMID: 34017066 PMCID: PMC8888619 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting autophagy might be a promising anticancer strategy; however, the dual roles of autophagy in cancer development and malignancy remain unclear. NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) cells harbour high levels of SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), the autophagy receptor that is critical for the dual roles of autophagy. Therefore, mechanistic insights into SQSTM1 modulation may point towards better approaches to treat NSCLC. Herein, we used multiple autophagy flux models and autophagy readouts to show that aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1), which is highly expressed in NSCLC, promotes autophagy by directly binding to SQSTM1 in a catalytic-independent manner. This interaction may be strengthened by reactive oxygen species (ROS), important autophagy inducers. Further mechanistic research demonstrated that AKR1C1 interacts with SQSTM1 to augment SQSTM1 oligomerization, contributing to the SQSTM1 affinity for binding cargo. Collectively, our data reveal a catalytic-independent role of AKR1C1 for interacting with SQSTM1 and promoting autophagy. All these findings not only reveal a novel functional role of AKR1C1 in the autophagy process but also indicate that modulation of the AKR1C1-SQSTM1 interaction may be a new strategy for targeting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-lin Chang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China ,grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yue-kang Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen-xi Zhao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen-ming Zeng
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-jing Ge
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-min Du
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-zhou Zhang
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Pei-hua Lu
- grid.460176.20000 0004 1775 8598Department of Medical Oncology, Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Qiao-jun He
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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4
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Overview of human 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1): Functions, regulation, and structural insights of inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 351:109746. [PMID: 34780792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase family 1C1 (AKR1C1) is an important enzyme involved in human hormone metabolism, which is mainly responsible for the metabolism of progesterone in the human body. AKR1C1 is highly expressed and has an important relationship with the occurrence and development of various diseases, especially some cancers related to hormone metabolism. Nowadays, many inhibitors against AKR1C1 have been discovered, including some synthetic compounds and natural products, which have certain inhibitory activity against AKR1C1 at the target level. Here we briefly reviewed the physiological and pathological functions of AKR1C1 and the relationship with the disease, and then summarized the development of AKR1C1 inhibitors, elucidated the interaction between inhibitors and AKR1C1 through molecular docking results and existing co-crystal structures. Finally, we discussed the design ideals of selective AKR1C1 inhibitors from the perspective of AKR1C1 structure, discussed the prospects of AKR1C1 in the treatment of human diseases in terms of biomarkers, pre-receptor regulation and single nucleotide polymorphisms, aiming to provide new ideas for drug research targeting AKR1C1.
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Penning TM, Jonnalagadda S, Trippier PC, Rižner TL. Aldo-Keto Reductases and Cancer Drug Resistance. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1150-1171. [PMID: 34312303 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of carbonyl groups to alcohols for conjugation reactions to proceed. They are implicated in resistance to cancer chemotherapeutic agents either because they are directly involved in their metabolism or help eradicate the cellular stress created by these agents (e.g., reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides). Furthermore, this cellular stress activates the Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 pathway. As many human AKR genes are upregulated by the NRF2 transcription factor, this leads to a feed-forward mechanism to enhance drug resistance. Resistance to major classes of chemotherapeutic agents (anthracyclines, mitomycin, cis-platin, antitubulin agents, vinca alkaloids, and cyclophosphamide) occurs by this mechanism. Human AKRs also catalyze the synthesis of androgens and estrogens and the elimination of progestogens and are involved in hormonal-dependent malignancies. They are upregulated by antihormonal therapy providing a second mechanism for cancer drug resistance. Inhibitors of the NRF2 system or pan-AKR1C inhibitors offer promise to surmount cancer drug resistance and/or synergize the effects of existing drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are overexpressed in a large number of human tumors and mediate resistance to cancer chemotherapeutics and antihormonal therapies. Existing drugs and new agents in development may surmount this resistance by acting as specific AKR isoforms or AKR pan-inhibitors to improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.M.P.); Department of Pharmaceutical Science (S.J., P.C.T.) and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (P.C.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, Nebraska; and Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T.L.R.)
| | - Sravan Jonnalagadda
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.M.P.); Department of Pharmaceutical Science (S.J., P.C.T.) and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (P.C.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, Nebraska; and Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T.L.R.)
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.M.P.); Department of Pharmaceutical Science (S.J., P.C.T.) and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (P.C.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, Nebraska; and Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T.L.R.)
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.M.P.); Department of Pharmaceutical Science (S.J., P.C.T.) and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (P.C.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, Nebraska; and Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T.L.R.)
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6
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Zhu H, Hu Y, Zeng C, Chang L, Ge F, Wang W, Yan F, Zhao Q, Cao J, Ying M, Gu Y, Zheng L, He Q, Yang B. The SIRT2-mediated deacetylation of AKR1C1 is required for suppressing its pro-metastasis function in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2188-2200. [PMID: 32104503 PMCID: PMC7019158 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1) promotes malignancy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) by activating Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. However, how the pro-metastatic functions of AKR1C1 are switched on/off remains unknown. Methods: Immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS analyses were performed to identify the acetylation on AKR1C1 protein, and the functional analyses (in vitro and in vivo) were performed to depict the contribution of acetylation to the pro-metastatic effects of AKR1C1. Results: Here we report that acetylated AKR1C1 on two lysine residues K185 & K201 is critical to its pro-metastatic role. The acetylation modification has no impact on the canonical enzymatic activity of AKR1C1, while it is required for the interaction between AKR1C1 to STAT3, which triggers the downstream transduction events, ultimately mobilizing cells. Importantly, the deacetylase Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is capable of deacetylating AKR1C1, inhibiting the transactivation of STAT3 target genes, thus suppressing the migration of cells. Conclusion: Acetylation on Lysines 185 and 201 of AKR1C1 dictates its pro-metastatic potential both in vitro and in vivo, and the reverting of acetylation by Sirtuin 2 provides potential therapeutic targets for treatment against metastatic NSCLC patients with high AKR1C1 expression.
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7
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Zeng C, Zhu D, You J, Dong X, Yang B, Zhu H, He Q. Liquiritin, as a Natural Inhibitor of AKR1C1, Could Interfere With the Progesterone Metabolism. Front Physiol 2019; 10:833. [PMID: 31333491 PMCID: PMC6616128 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low progesterone level is always linked with pre-term birth. Therefore, maintaining of progesterone level is vital during pregnancy. Aldo-keto reductase family one member C1 (AKR1C1) catalyzes the reduction of progesterone to its inactive form of 20-alpha-hydroxy-progesterone and thus limits the biological effect of progesterone. In our effort to identify the natural compound that would specifically inhibit AKR1C1, liquiritin was found to be a selective and potent inhibitor of AKR1C1. Kinetic analyses in the S-(+)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthol (s-tetralol) catalyzed by AKR1C1 in the presence of the inhibitors suggest that liquiritin is a competitive inhibitor by targeting the residues Ala-27, Val-29, Ala-25, and Asn-56 of AKR1C1. In HEC-1-B cells, treatment with liquiritin results in 85.00% of reduction in progesterone metabolism, which is mediated by AKR1C1 enzymatic activity. Overall, our study not only identify liquiritin as an inhibitor against AKR1C1, but also reveal that liquiritin may be served as a potential intervention strategy for preventing pre-term birth caused by low progesterone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Zeng
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Difeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun You
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Penning TM, Wangtrakuldee P, Auchus RJ. Structural and Functional Biology of Aldo-Keto Reductase Steroid-Transforming Enzymes. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:447-475. [PMID: 30137266 PMCID: PMC6405412 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are monomeric NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases that play pivotal roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids in humans. AKR1C enzymes acting as 3-ketosteroid, 17-ketosteroid, and 20-ketosteroid reductases are involved in the prereceptor regulation of ligands for the androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors and are considered drug targets to treat steroid hormone-dependent malignancies and endocrine disorders. In contrast, AKR1D1 is the only known steroid 5β-reductase and is essential for bile-acid biosynthesis, the generation of ligands for the farnesoid X receptor, and the 5β-dihydrosteroids that have their own biological activity. In this review we discuss the crystal structures of these AKRs, their kinetic and catalytic mechanisms, AKR genomics (gene expression, splice variants, polymorphic variants, and inherited genetic deficiencies), distribution in steroid target tissues, roles in steroid hormone action and disease, and inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Phumvadee Wangtrakuldee
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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9
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Zeng CM, Chang LL, Ying MD, Cao J, He QJ, Zhu H, Yang B. Aldo-Keto Reductase AKR1C1-AKR1C4: Functions, Regulation, and Intervention for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28352233 PMCID: PMC5349110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases comprise of AKR1C1-AKR1C4, four enzymes that catalyze NADPH dependent reductions and have been implicated in biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. Recent studies have provided evidences of strong correlation between the expression levels of these family members and the malignant transformation as well as the resistance to cancer therapy. Mechanistically, most studies focus on the catalytic-dependent function of AKR1C isoforms, like their impeccable roles in prostate cancer, breast cancer, and drug resistance due to the broad substrates specificity. However, accumulating clues showed that catalytic-independent functions also played critical roles in regulating biological events. This review summarizes the catalytic-dependent and -independent roles of AKR1Cs, as well as the small molecule inhibitors targeting these family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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10
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Wapenaar H, van der Wouden PE, Groves MR, Rotili D, Mai A, Dekker FJ. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition of histone acetyltransferase KAT8. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 105:289-96. [PMID: 26505788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferase 8 (KAT8) is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) responsible for acetylating lysine 16 on histone H4 (H4K16) and plays a role in cell cycle progression as well as acetylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Further studies on its biological function and drug discovery initiatives will benefit from the development of small molecule inhibitors for this enzyme. As a first step towards this aim we investigated the enzyme kinetics of this bi-substrate enzyme. The kinetic experiments indicate a ping-pong mechanism in which the enzyme binds Ac-CoA first, followed by binding of the histone substrate. This mechanism is supported by affinity measurements of both substrates using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Using this information, the KAT8 inhibition of a focused compound collection around the non-selective HAT inhibitor anacardic acid has been investigated. Kinetic studies with anacardic acid were performed, based on which a model for the catalytic activity of KAT8 and the inhibitory action of anacardic acid (AA) was proposed. This enabled the calculation of the inhibition constant Ki of anacardic acid derivatives using an adaptation of the Cheng-Prusoff equation. The results described in this study give insight into the catalytic mechanism of KAT8 and present the first well-characterized small-molecule inhibitors for this HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wapenaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E van der Wouden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R Groves
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Penning TM. The aldo-keto reductases (AKRs): Overview. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 234:236-46. [PMID: 25304492 PMCID: PMC4388799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) protein superfamily contains >190 members that fall into 16 families and are found in all phyla. These enzymes reduce carbonyl substrates such as: sugar aldehydes; keto-steroids, keto-prostaglandins, retinals, quinones, and lipid peroxidation by-products. Exceptions include the reduction of steroid double bonds catalyzed by AKR1D enzymes (5β-reductases); and the oxidation of proximate carcinogen trans-dihydrodiol polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; while the β-subunits of potassium gated ion channels (AKR6 family) control Kv channel opening. AKRs are usually 37kDa monomers, have an (α/β)8-barrel motif, display large loops at the back of the barrel which govern substrate specificity, and have a conserved cofactor binding domain. AKRs catalyze an ordered bi bi kinetic mechanism in which NAD(P)H cofactor binds first and leaves last. In enzymes that favor NADPH, the rate of release of NADP(+) is governed by a slow isomerization step which places an upper limit on kcat. AKRs retain a conserved catalytic tetrad consisting of Tyr55, Asp50, Lys84, and His117 (AKR1C9 numbering). There is conservation of the catalytic mechanism with short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) even though they show different protein folds. There are 15 human AKRs of these AKR1B1, AKR1C1-1C3, AKR1D1, and AKR1B10 have been implicated in diabetic complications, steroid hormone dependent malignancies, bile acid deficiency and defects in retinoic acid signaling, respectively. Inhibitor programs exist world-wide to target each of these enzymes to treat the aforementioned disorders. Inherited mutations in AKR1C and AKR1D1 enzymes are implicated in defects in the development of male genitalia and bile acid deficiency, respectively, and occur in evolutionarily conserved amino acids. The human AKRs have a large number of nsSNPs and splice variants, but in many instances functional genomics is lacking. AKRs and their variants are now poised to be interrogated using modern genomic and informatics approaches to determine their association with human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Matsunaga T, El-Kabbani O, Hara A. Aldo-Keto Reductases as New Therapeutic Targets for Colon Cancer Chemoresistance. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7070-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Brožič P, Turk S, Adeniji AO, Konc J, Janežič D, Penning TM, Lanišnik Rižner T, Gobec S. Selective inhibitors of aldo-keto reductases AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 discovered by virtual screening of a fragment library. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7417-24. [PMID: 22881866 DOI: 10.1021/jm300841n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductases 1C1-1C4 (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) function in vivo as 3-keto-, 17-keto-, and 20-ketosteroid reductases and regulate the activity of androgens, estrogens, and progesterone and the occupancy and transactivation of their corresponding receptors. Aberrant expression and action of AKR1C enzymes can lead to different pathophysiological conditions. AKR1C enzymes thus represent important targets for development of new drugs. We performed a virtual high-throughput screen of a fragment library that was followed by biochemical evaluation on AKR1C1-AKR1C4 enzymes. Twenty-four structurally diverse compounds were discovered with low μM K(i) values for AKR1C1, AKR1C3, or both. Two structural series included the salicylates and the N-phenylanthranilic acids, and additionally a series of inhibitors with completely novel scaffolds was discovered. Two of the best selective AKR1C3 inhibitors had K(i) values of 0.1 and 2.7 μM, exceeding expected activity for fragments. The compounds identified represent an excellent starting point for further hit-to-lead development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Brožič
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9,10-Phenanthrenequinone promotes secretion of pulmonary aldo-keto reductases with surfactant. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:407-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Probing the inhibitor selectivity pocket of human 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1) with X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2564-7. [PMID: 21414777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1) is an important drug target due to its role in the development of lung and endometrial cancers, premature birth and neuronal disorders. We report the crystal structure of AKR1C1 complexed with the first structure-based designed inhibitor 3-chloro-5-phenylsalicylic acid (K(i)=0.86 nM) bound in the active site. The binding of 3-chloro-5-phenylsalicylic acid to AKR1C1 resulted in a conformational change in the side chain of Phe311 to accommodate the bulky phenyl ring substituent at the 5-position of the inhibitor. The contributions of the nonconserved residues Leu54, Leu306, Leu308 and Phe311 to the binding were further investigated by site-directed mutagenesis, and the effects of the mutations on the K(i) value were determined. The Leu54Val and Leu306Ala mutations resulted in 6- and 81-fold increases, respectively, in K(i) values compared to the wild-type enzyme, while the remaining mutations had little or no effects.
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