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Verma A, Kumar Waiker D, Bhardwaj B, Saraf P, Shrivastava SK. The molecular mechanism, targets, and novel molecules in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105562. [PMID: 34952243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological illness that causes dementia mainly in the elderly. The challenging obstacles related to AD has freaked global healthcare system to encourage scientists in developing novel therapeutic startegies to overcome with the fatal disease. The current treatment therapy of AD provides only symptomatic relief and to some extent disease-modifying effects. The current approach for AD treatment involves designing of cholinergic inhibitors, Aβ disaggregation inducing agents, tau inhibitors and several antioxidants. Hence, extensive research on AD therapy urgently requires a deep understanding of its pathophysiology and exploration of various chemical scaffolds to design and develop a potential drug candidate for the treatment. Various issues linked between disease and therapy need to be considered such as BBB penetration capability, clinical failure and multifaceted pathophisiology requires a proper attention to develop a lead candidate. This review article covers all probable mechanisms including one of the recent areas for investigation i.e., lipid dyshomeostasis, pathogenic involvement of P. gingivalis and neurovascular dysfunction, recently reported molecules and drugs under clinical investigations and approved by FDA for AD treatment. Our summarized information on AD will attract the researchers to understand and explore current status and structural modifications of the recently reported heterocyclic derivatives in drug development for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Poorvi Saraf
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sushant K Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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Bagri K, Kumar A, Manisha, Kumar P. Computational Studies on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: From Biochemistry to Chemistry. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:1403-1435. [PMID: 31884928 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666191224144346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the most promising therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease treatment as these prevent the loss of acetylcholine and slows the progression of the disease. The drugs approved for the management of Alzheimer's disease by the FDA are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors but are associated with side effects. Consistent and stringent efforts by the researchers with the help of computational methods opened new ways of developing novel molecules with good acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. In this manuscript, we reviewed the studies that identified the essential structural features of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors at the molecular level as well as the techniques like molecular docking, molecular dynamics, quantitative structure-activity relationship, virtual screening, and pharmacophore modelling that were used in designing these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bagri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Manisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
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Girek M, Szymański P. Phyto‐Tacrine Hybrids as Promising Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Girek
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryDrug Analyses and RadiopharmacyMedical University of Lodz 90-151 Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1 Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryDrug Analyses and RadiopharmacyMedical University of Lodz 90-151 Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1 Poland
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Janockova J, Korabecny J, Plsikova J, Babkova K, Konkolova E, Kucerova D, Vargova J, Koval J, Jendzelovsky R, Fedorocko P, Kasparkova J, Brabec V, Rosocha J, Soukup O, Hamulakova S, Kuca K, Kozurkova M. In vitro investigating of anticancer activity of new 7-MEOTA-tacrine heterodimers. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:877-897. [PMID: 30938202 PMCID: PMC6450562 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1593159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of biochemical, biophysical and biological techniques was used to study calf thymus DNA interaction with newly synthesized 7-MEOTA-tacrine thiourea 12-17 and urea heterodimers 18-22, and to measure interference with type I and II topoisomerases. Their biological profile was also inspected in vitro on the HL-60 cell line using different flow cytometric techniques (cell cycle distribution, detection of mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, and analysis of metabolic activity/viability). The compounds exhibited a profound inhibitory effect on topoisomerase activity (e.g. compound 22 inhibited type I topoisomerase at 1 µM concentration). The treatment of HL-60 cells with the studied compounds showed inhibition of cell growth especially with hybrids containing thiourea (14-17) and urea moieties (21 and 22). Moreover, treatment of human dermal fibroblasts with the studied compounds did not indicate significant cytotoxicity. The observed results suggest beneficial selectivity of the heterodimers as potential drugs to target cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Janockova
- a Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic.,b Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- b Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic.,c Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Plsikova
- a Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic.,d Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine , P.J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Katerina Babkova
- b Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic.,c Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Konkolova
- a Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Kucerova
- e Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Vargova
- e Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Koval
- e Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Jendzelovsky
- e Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Fedorocko
- e Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- f Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science , Palacke University , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- f Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science , Palacke University , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rosocha
- d Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine , P.J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- b Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic.,c Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Slavka Hamulakova
- g Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- b Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Maria Kozurkova
- a Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University , Kosice , Slovak Republic.,b Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
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Saxena M, Dubey R. Target Enzyme in Alzheimer’s Disease: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:264-275. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190128125912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), affecting a large population worldwide is characterized by the
loss of memory and learning ability in the old population. The enzyme Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme
(AChE) is the key enzyme in the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is also the target
of most of the clinically used drugs for the treatment of AD but these drugs provide only symptomatic
treatment and have the limitation of loss of therapeutic efficacy with time. The development of different
strategies targeting the AChE enzyme along with other targets like Butyl Cholinesterase (BChE),
amyloid-β (Aβ), β-secretase-1 (BACE), metals antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging capacity
has been focused in recent years. Literature search was conducted for the molecules and their
rational design which have shown inhibition for AChE and the other abovementioned targets. Several
hybrid molecules incorporating the main sub-structures derived from diverse chemotypes like acridine,
quinoline, carbamates, and other heterocyclic analogs have shown desired pharmacological activity
with a good profile in a single molecule. It is followed by optimization of the activity through structural
modifications guided by structure-activity relationship studies. It has led to the discovery of novel
molecules 17b, 20, and 23 with desired AChE inhibition along with desirable activity against other
abovementioned targets for further pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Saxena
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Lucknow-226010, India
| | - Ragini Dubey
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Lucknow-226010, India
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Son M, Park C, Rampogu S, Zeb A, Lee KW. Discovery of Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors as Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20041000. [PMID: 30823604 PMCID: PMC6412560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20041000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzes the hydrolysis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine to acetate and choline in a synaptic cleft. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmitters are linked closely with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment, and a disordered cognitive function. Since the previously approved AChE inhibitors, donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Reminyl), and rivastigmine (Exelon), have side effects and several studies are being carried out out to develop novel AD drugs, we have applied a three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship (3D QSAR) and structure-based pharmacophore modeling methodologies to identify potential candidate inhibitors against AChE. Herein, 3D QSAR and structure-based pharmacophore models were built from known inhibitors and crystal structures of human AChE in complex with donepezil, galantamine, huperzine A, and huprine W, respectively. The generated models were used as 3D queries to screen new scaffolds from various chemical databases. The hit compounds obtained from the virtual screening were subjected to an assessment of drug-like properties, followed by molecular docking. The final hit compounds were selected based on binding modes and molecular interactions in the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations for AChE in complex with the final hits were performed to evaluate that they maintained stable interactions with the active site residues. The binding free energies of the final hits were also calculated using molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method. Taken together, we proposed that these hits can be promising candidates for anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minky Son
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Chanin Park
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Amir Zeb
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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23 rd Interdisciplinary Toxicological Conference TOXCON 2018. Interdiscip Toxicol 2018; 11:64-113. [PMID: 30181712 PMCID: PMC6117821 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Tanoli NU, Tanoli SAK, Ferreira AG, Mehmood M, Gul S, Monteiro JL, Vieira LCC, Venâncio T, Correa AG, Ul-Haq Z. Characterization of the interactions between coumarin-derivatives and acetylcholinesterase: Examination by NMR and docking simulations. J Mol Model 2018; 24:207. [PMID: 30008113 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and a significant threat to the elderly populations, especially in the Western world. The rapid hydrolysis of the principal neurotransmitter into choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synapses causes the loss of cognitive response that becomes the real cause of AD. Therefore, inhibition of AChE is the most fundamental therapy among currently available treatments for AD. In this context, we designed and performed molecular recognitions studies of coumarin-based inhibitors towards AChE. STD NMR and Tr-NOESY applications were utilized to evaluate the binding epitope, the dissociation constant (KD) and bound conformations of these inhibitors within this inhibitor-AChE complex. Compound 1, which has a similar inhibition activity to tacrine (a current drug) led in this study as a stronger binder with KD = 30 μM ,even greater than tacrine (KD = 140 μM). Moreover, docking simulations mimic NMR results and provided evidence of synchronizing binding of compound 1 with three sites; the peripheral anionic site, the bottom of the gorge, and the catalytic site. Therefore, we envisioned from our experimental and theoretical results that coumarin-based inhibitors containing a piperidinyl scaffold might be a potential drug candidates for AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish U Tanoli
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engneering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Lehtrar Road, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan.
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Sheraz A K Tanoli
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Antonio G Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Mazhar Mehmood
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engneering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Lehtrar Road, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Sana Gul
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemicals and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75210, Pakistan
| | - Julia L Monteiro
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Lucas C C Vieira
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Tiago Venâncio
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Arlene G Correa
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemicals and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75210, Pakistan
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Sabolová D, Kristian P, Kožurková M. Multifunctional properties of novel tacrine congeners: cholinesterase inhibition and cytotoxic activity. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1377-1387. [PMID: 29624715 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the synthesis of a wide range of novel tetrahydroacridine derivatives (tiocyanates, selenocyanates, ureas, selenoureas, thioureas, isothioureas, disulfides, diselenides and several tacrine homo- and hetro-hybrids). These tacrine congeners exhibit significant anticholinesterase and cytotoxic properties and may therefore be of considerable potential for the development of new drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Sabolová
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, P.J. Šafárik University Košice, Moyzesova, 11, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Kristian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, P.J. Šafárik University Košice, Moyzesova, 11, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Kožurková
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, P.J. Šafárik University Košice, Moyzesova, 11, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolovska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Synthesis and activity towards Alzheimer's disease in vitro: Tacrine, phenolic acid and ligustrazine hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:238-254. [PMID: 29466774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel tacrine-phenolic acid dihybrids and tacrine-phenolic acid-ligustrazine trihybrids were synthesized, characterized and screened as novel potential anti-Alzheimer drug candidates. These compounds showed potent inhibition activity towards cholinesterases (ChEs), among of them, 9i was the most potent one towards acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE, IC50 = 3.9 nM; hAChE, IC50 = 65.2 nM). 9i could also effectively block β-amyloid (Aβ) self-aggregation with an inhibition ratio of 47% at 20 μM. In addition, its strong anti-oxidation activity could protect PC12 cells from CoCl2-damage in the experimental condition while no neurotoxicity. Furthermore, its hepatotoxicity was lower than tacrine in vitro and in vivo. Kinetic and molecular modeling studies revealed that 9i worked in a mixed-type way, could interact simultaneously with catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. Therefore, 9i was a promising multifunctional candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Czarnecka K, Girek M, Maciejewska K, Skibiński R, Jończyk J, Bajda M, Kabziński J, Sołowiej P, Majsterek I, Szymański P. New cyclopentaquinoline hybrids with multifunctional capacities for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 33:158-170. [PMID: 29210299 PMCID: PMC6080388 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1406485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common progressive form of brain neurodegeneration and the most prevailing cause of dementia. Unfortunately, the aetiology of AD is not completely studied but different factors are associated with the development of AD such as among others low level of acetylcholine, aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau protein, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The study encompass organic syntheses of 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinoline with 5,6-dichloronicotinic acid and suitable linkers derivatives as multifunctional agents for AD treatment. Afterwards self-induced amyloid beta aggregation, inhibition studies of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and molecular docking studies were performed. The results showed that 3b compound exhibited the best acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, with IC50 value of 0.052 µM which is lower compared to references. Besides, all synthesised compounds showed good butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity with IC50 values from 0.071 to 0.797 µM. Compound 3b exhibited strong Aβ1–42 aggregation inhibitory effect with 25.7% at 5 µM to 92.8% at 100 µM as well as good anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, new compounds could create new perspectives for further development as a multi-target-directed agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Czarnecka
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Girek
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Karolina Maciejewska
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Jakub Jończyk
- c Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- c Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Jacek Kabziński
- d Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Przemysław Sołowiej
- d Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- d Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Hamulakova S, Janovec L, Soukup O, Jun D, Kuca K. Synthesis, in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and molecular docking of new acridine-coumarin hybrids. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:333-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sharma A, Piplani P. Design and synthesis of some acridine-piperazine hybrids for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:926-935. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Panjab University; Chandigarh India
| | - Poonam Piplani
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Panjab University; Chandigarh India
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16
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Ragab HM, Ashour HMA, Galal A, Ghoneim AI, Haidar HR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some tacrine analogs: study of the effect of the chloro substituent on the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mao F, Li J, Wei H, Huang L, Li X. Tacrine-propargylamine derivatives with improved acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and lower hepatotoxicity as a potential lead compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 30:995-1001. [PMID: 25792506 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.1003212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of tacrine-propargylamine derivatives were synthesised and evaluated as possible anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) agents. Among these derivatives, compounds 3a and 3b exhibited superior activities and a favourable balance of AChE and BuChE activities (3a: IC50 values of 51.3 and 77.6 nM; 3b: IC50 values of 11.2 and 83.5 nM). Compounds 3a and 3b also exhibited increased hAChE inhibitory activity compared with tacrine by approximately 5- and 28-fold, respectively, and low neurotoxicity. Importantly, these compounds also had lower hepatotoxicity than tacrine. Based on these results, compounds 3a and 3b could be considered as potential lead compounds for the treatment of AD and other AChE related diseases, such as schizophrenia, glaucoma and myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Mao
- a Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China .,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China , and
| | - Jianheng Li
- a Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hui Wei
- c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ling Huang
- a Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xingshu Li
- a Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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18
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Hamulakova S, Imrich J, Janovec L, Kristian P, Danihel I, Holas O, Pohanka M, Böhm S, Kozurkova M, Kuca K. Novel tacrine/acridine anticholinesterase inhibitors with piperazine and thiourea linkers. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 70:435-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Hamulakova S, Janovec L, Hrabinova M, Spilovska K, Korabecny J, Kristian P, Kuca K, Imrich J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Tacrine Derivatives and Tacrine–Coumarin Hybrids as Cholinesterase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7073-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5008648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slavka Hamulakova
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, SK-041
67 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Janovec
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, SK-041
67 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Center
for Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, CZ-500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Spilovska
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, SK-041
67 Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department
of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, CZ-500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Center
for Biomedical Research, University Hospital, CZ-500 05 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, CZ-500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Kristian
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, SK-041
67 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Center
for Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, CZ-500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center
for Biomedical Research, University Hospital, CZ-500 05 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Imrich
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, SK-041
67 Kosice, Slovak Republic
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20
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Liu H, Wang L, Lv M, Pei R, Li P, Pei Z, Wang Y, Su W, Xie XQ. AlzPlatform: an Alzheimer's disease domain-specific chemogenomics knowledgebase for polypharmacology and target identification research. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1050-60. [PMID: 24597646 PMCID: PMC4010297 DOI: 10.1021/ci500004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is one of the most complicated progressive neurodegeneration
diseases that involve many genes, proteins, and their complex interactions.
No effective medicines or treatments are available yet to stop or
reverse the progression of the disease due to its polygenic nature.
To facilitate discovery of new AD drugs and better understand the
AD neurosignaling pathways involved, we have constructed an Alzheimer’s
disease domain-specific chemogenomics knowledgebase, AlzPlatform (www.cbligand.org/AD/) with cloud computing and sourcing
functions. AlzPlatform is implemented with powerful computational
algorithms, including our established TargetHunter, HTDocking, and
BBB Predictor for target identification and polypharmacology analysis
for AD research. The platform has assembled various AD-related chemogenomics
data records, including 928 genes and 320 proteins related to AD,
194 AD drugs approved or in clinical trials, and 405 188 chemicals
associated with 1 023 137 records of reported bioactivities
from 38 284 corresponding bioassays and 10 050 references.
Furthermore, we have demonstrated the application of the AlzPlatform
in three case studies for identification of multitargets and polypharmacology
analysis of FDA-approved drugs and also for screening and prediction
of new AD active small chemical molecules and potential novel AD drug
targets by our established TargetHunter and/or HTDocking programs.
The predictions were confirmed by reported bioactivity data and our
in vitro experimental validation. Overall, AlzPlatform will enrich
our knowledge for AD target identification, drug discovery, and polypharmacology
analyses and, also, facilitate the chemogenomics data sharing and
information exchange/communications in aid of new anti-AD drug discovery
and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy; Drug Discovery Institute; University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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21
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El-Malah A, Gedawy EM, Kassab AE, Salam RMA. Novel tacrine analogs as potential cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 347:96-103. [PMID: 24343873 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The increase in ACh levels ameliorates the symptoms of the disease. Tacrine is the first clinically approved drug as AChEI used in the treatment of AD. In this paper, we synthesized new tacrine analogs to act on catalytic and peripheral sites of AChE. Their inhibitory activity was evaluated. All novel compounds except 7a showed promising results toward AChE. Two compounds, 10b and 11b, are more potent than tacrine. Furthermore, molecular-modeling studies were performed for these two compounds to rationalize the obtained pharmacological activity. Moreover, various drug-likeness properties of the new compounds were predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Malah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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22
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A review on cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:375-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Spilovska K, Korabecny J, Kral J, Horova A, Musilek K, Soukup O, Drtinova L, Gazova Z, Siposova K, Kuca K. 7-Methoxytacrine-adamantylamine heterodimers as cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease treatment--synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies. Molecules 2013; 18:2397-418. [PMID: 23429378 PMCID: PMC6270602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18022397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A structural series of 7-MEOTA-adamantylamine thioureas was designed, synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE). The compounds were prepared based on the multi-target-directed ligand strategy with different linker lengths (n = 2-8) joining the well-known NMDA antagonist adamantine and the hAChE inhibitor 7-methoxytacrine (7-MEOTA). Based on in silico studies, these inhibitors proved dual binding site character capable of simultaneous interaction with the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of hAChE and the catalytic active site (CAS). Clearly, these structural derivatives exhibited very good inhibitory activity towards hBChE resulting in more selective inhibitors of this enzyme. The most potent cholinesterase inhibitor was found to be thiourea analogue 14 (with an IC₅₀ value of 0.47 µM for hAChE and an IC₅₀ value of 0.11 µM for hBChE, respectively). Molecule 14 is a suitable novel lead compound for further evaluation proving that the strategy of dual binding site inhibitors might be a promising direction for development of novel AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Spilovska
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
- University Hospital, Biomedicinal Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.S.)
| | - Jan Kral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Anna Horova
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
- University Hospital, Biomedicinal Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital, Biomedicinal Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.S.)
| | - Lucie Drtinova
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.S.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (K.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Zuzana Gazova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; E-Mails: (Z.G.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarina Siposova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; E-Mails: (Z.G.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, P. J. Safarik University, Srobarova 2, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University Hospital, Biomedicinal Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.S.)
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
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24
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Xing W, Fu Y, Shi Z, Lu D, Zhang H, Hu Y. Discovery of novel 2,6-disubstituted pyridazinone derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:95-103. [PMID: 23466605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
2,6-Disubstituted pyridazinone 4 was identified by HTS as a novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Under SAR development, compound 17e stood out as displaying high AChE inhibitory activity and AChE/butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) selectivity in vitro. Docking studies revealed that 17e might interact with the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) simultaneously. Based on this novel binding information, 6-ortho-tolylamino and N-ethyl-N-isopropylacetamide substituted piperidine were disclosed as new PAS and CAS binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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