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Rai AK, Satija NK. A comparative analysis of daunorubicin and its metabolite daunorubicinol interaction with apoptotic and drug resistance proteins using in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10737-10749. [PMID: 36907598 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2187214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Daunorubicin (DNR) is a chemotherapeutic drug associated with multiple side effects, including drug resistance. As the molecular mechanism related to these side effects remain unclear and mostly hypothesized, this study addresses and compares the role of DNR and its metabolite Daunorubicinol (DAUNol) to induce apoptosis and drug resistance using molecular docking, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation, MM-PBSA and chemical pathway analysis. The results showed that DNR's interaction was stronger with Bax protein, Mcl-1:mNoxaB and Mcl-1:Bim protein complexes than DAUNol. On the other hand, contrasting results were obtained for drug resistance proteins where stronger interaction was obtained with DAUNol compared to DNR. Further, MD simulation performed for 100 ns provided the details of protein-ligand interaction. Most notable was the interaction of Bax protein with DNR, resulting in conformational changes at α-helices 5, 6 and 9, leading to Bax activation. Finally, the chemical signalling pathway analysis also revealed the regulation of different signalling pathways by DNR and DAUNol. It was observed that DNR majorly impacted the signalling associated with apoptosis while DAUNol mainly targeted pathways related to multidrug resistance and cardiotoxicity. Overall, the results highlight that DNR biotransformation reduces its capability to induce apoptosis while enhancing its ability to induce drug resistance and off-target toxicity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Rai
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Satija
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Fujii J, Homma T, Miyata S, Takahashi M. Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A). Metabolites 2021; 11:343. [PMID: 34073440 PMCID: PMC8227408 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide an overview of the physiological roles of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A) and also discuss the functions of aldose reductase (AKR1B) and other family members when necessary. Many types of aldehyde compounds are cytotoxic and some are even carcinogenic. Such toxic aldehydes are detoxified via the action of AKR in an NADPH-dependent manner and the resulting products may exert anti-diabetic and anti-tumorigenic activity. AKR1A is capable of reducing 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal, which are reactive intermediates that are involved in glycation, a non-enzymatic glycosylation reaction. Accordingly, AKR1A is thought to suppress the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and prevent diabetic complications. AKR1A and, in part, AKR1B are responsible for the conversion of d-glucuronate to l-gulonate which constitutes a process for ascorbate (vitamin C) synthesis in competent animals. AKR1A is also involved in the reduction of S-nitrosylated glutathione and coenzyme A and thereby suppresses the protein S-nitrosylation that occurs under conditions in which the production of nitric oxide is stimulated. As the physiological functions of AKR1A are currently not completely understood, the genetic modification of Akr1a could reveal the latent functions of AKR1A and differentiate it from other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Miyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 5-17-21 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0003, Japan;
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
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Piska K, Jamrozik M, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Bucki A, Żmudzki P, Kołaczkowski M, Pękala E. Carbonyl reduction pathway in hepatic in vitro metabolism of anthracyclines: Impact of structure on biotransformation rate. Toxicol Lett 2021; 342:50-57. [PMID: 33581289 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl reduction biotransformation pathway of anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) is a significant process, associated with drug metabolism and elimination. However, it also plays a pivotal role in anthracyclines-induced cardiotoxicity and cancer resistance. Herein, carbonyl reduction of eight anthracyclines, at in vivo relevant concentrations (20 μM), was studied in human liver cytosol, to describe the relationship between their structure and metabolism. Significant differences of intrinsic clearance between anthracyclines, ranging from 0,62-74,9 μL/min/mg were found and associated with data from in silico analyses, considering their binding in active sites of the main anthracyclines-reducing enzymes: carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) and aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3). Partial atomic charges of carbonyl oxygen atom were also determined and considered as a factor associated with reaction rate. Structural features, including presence or absence of side-chain hydroxy group, a configuration of sugar chain hydroxy group, and tetracyclic rings substitution, affecting anthracyclines susceptibility for carbonyl reduction were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marek Jamrozik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
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4
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Zhou H, Fu LX, Li L, Chen YY, Zhu HQ, Zhou JL, Lv MX, Gan RZ, Zhang XX, Liang G. The epigallocatechin gallate derivative Y6 reduces the cardiotoxicity and enhances the efficacy of daunorubicin against human hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting carbonyl reductase 1 expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113118. [PMID: 32621953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Green tea is the most ancient and popular beverage worldwide and its main constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has a potential role in the management of cancer through the modulation of cell signaling pathways. However, EGCG is frangible to oxidation and exhibits low lipid solubility and bioavailability, and we synthesized a derivative of EGCG in an attempt to overcome these limitations. AIM OF THE STUDY The anthracycline antibiotic daunorubicin (DNR) is a potent anticancer agent. However, its severe cardiotoxic limits its clinical efficacy. Human carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) is one of the most effective human reductases for producing hydroxyl metabolites and thus may be involved in increasing the cardiotoxicity and decreasing the antineoplastic effect of anthracycline antibiotics. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the co-therapeutic effect of Y6, a novel and potent adjuvant obtained by optimization of the structure of EGCG. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cellular concentrations of DNR and its metabolite DNRol were measured by HPLC to determine the effects of EGCG and Y6 on the inhibition of DNRol formation. The cytotoxic effects of EGCG and Y6 were tested by MTT assay in order to identify non-toxic concentrations of them. To understand their antitumor and cardioprotective mechanisms, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and CBR1 protein expression was measured via Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining while gene expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. Moreover, PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways were analyzed via Western blotting. HepG2 xenograft model was used to detect the effects of EGCG and Y6 on the antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity of DNR in vivo. Finally, to obtain further insight into the interactions of Y6 and EGCG with HIF-1α and CBR1, we performed a molecular modeling. RESULTS Y6(10 μg/ml or 55 mg/kg) decreased the expression of HIF-1α and CBR1 at both the mRNA and protein levels during combined drug therapy in vitro as well as in vivo, thereby inhibiting formation of the metabolite DNRol from DNR, with the mechanisms being related to PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling inhibition. In a human carcinoma xenograft model established with subcutaneous HepG2 cells, Y6(55 mg/kg) enhanced the antitumor effect and reduced the cardiotoxicity of DNR more effectively than EGCG(40 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Y6 has the ability to inhibit CBR1 expression through the coordinate inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling, then synergistically enhances the antitumor effect and reduces the cardiotoxicity of DNR.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/toxicity
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cardiotoxicity
- Catechin/analogs & derivatives
- Catechin/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Daunorubicin/pharmacology
- Daunorubicin/toxicity
- Drug Synergism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li-Xiang Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou, China
| | - Hong-Qing Zhu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jin-Ling Zhou
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mei-Xian Lv
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ri-Zhi Gan
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Gang Liang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Kandeel M, Alzahrani A. Molecular dynamics simulation of carbonyl reductase 1 clarifies the structural switch in drug metabolism. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1821502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Alzahrani
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Nikolaienko TY. Interaction of anticancer drug doxorubicin with sodium oleate bilayer: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sági JC, Kutszegi N, Kelemen A, Fodor LE, Gézsi A, Kovács GT, Erdélyi DJ, Szalai C, Semsei ÁF. Pharmacogenetics of anthracyclines. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1075-87. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines constitute a fundamental part of the chemotherapy regimens utilized to treat a number of different malignancies both in pediatric and adult patients. These drugs are one of the most efficacious anticancer agents ever invented. On the other hand, anthracyclines are cardiotoxic. Childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines often undergo cardiac complications which are influenced by genetic variations of the patients. The scientific literature comprises numerous investigations in the subject of the pharmacogenetics of anthracyclines. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of this research topic. Genetic variants are proposed targets in the personalized treatment in order to individualize dosing and therefore reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit C Sági
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Nóra Kutszegi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kelemen
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Lili E Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - András Gézsi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Gábor T Kovács
- Second Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Tűzoltó utca 7–9, Hungary
| | - Dániel J Erdélyi
- Second Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Tűzoltó utca 7–9, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szalai
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
- Central Laboratory, Heim Pal Children Hospital, H-1089 Budapest, Üllői út 86, Hungary
| | - Ágnes F Semsei
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
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Ficarra S, Tellone E, Pirolli D, Russo A, Barreca D, Galtieri A, Giardina B, Gavezzotti P, Riva S, De Rosa MC. Insights into the properties of the two enantiomers of trans-δ-viniferin, a resveratrol derivative: antioxidant activity, biochemical and molecular modeling studies of its interactions with hemoglobin. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1276-86. [PMID: 26883599 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is widely known as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule. The present study first reports the effects of trans-δ-viniferin (TVN), a dimer of resveratrol, on human erythrocytes. The antioxidant activity of TVN was tested using in vitro model systems such as hydroxy radical scavenging, DPPH and lipid peroxidation. In addition we have examined the influence of the 15R,22R- and 15S,22S-enantiomers (abbreviated R,R-TVN, and S,S-TVN, respectively) on anion transport, ATP release, caspase 3 activation. Given that hemoglobin (Hb) redox reactions are the major source of RBC oxidative stress, we also explored the effects of TVN on hemoglobin function. TVN showed moderate antioxidant properties and good protective activity from hemoglobin oxidation. Potential binding sites of R,R-TVN and S,S-TVN with oxy- and deoxy-Hb were also investigated through an extensive in silico docking approach and molecular dynamics calculations. The whole molecular modeling studies indicate that binding of R,R-TVN and S,S-TVN to Hb lacks of specific ligand-target interactions. This is the first report on the biological activity of the individual enantiomers of a resveratrol-related dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Ficarra
- Dipartimento di Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche e ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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9
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Hedrich WD, Xiao J, Heyward S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Baer MR, Hassan HE, Wang H. Activation of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor Increases the Therapeutic Index of CHOP in Lymphoma Treatment. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:392-401. [PMID: 26823489 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR and NR1i3) is a key regulator of CYP2B6, the enzyme predominantly responsible for the biotransformation of cyclophosphamide (CPA) to its pharmacologically active metabolite, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4-OH-CPA). Previous studies from our laboratory illustrated that CAR activation increases the formation of 4-OH-CPA; however, CPA is rarely used clinically outside of combination therapies. Here, we hypothesize that including a selective human CAR activator with the CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) regimen can improve the efficacy without exacerbating off-target toxicity of this regimen in non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment. In this study, we have developed a novel multiorgan coculture system containing human primary hepatocytes for hepatic metabolism, lymphoma cells as a model target for CHOP, and cardiomyocytes as a major site of off-target toxicity associated with this regimen. We found that a selective human CAR activator, CITCO (6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime), altered expression of key drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in human hepatocytes, which positively affects the metabolic profile of CHOP. Coadministration of CITCO and CHOP in the coculture model led to significantly enhanced cytotoxicity in lymphoma cells but not in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, the beneficial effects of CITCO were abrogated when CAR knockout HepaRG cells were used in the coculture model. Importantly, synergistic anticancer effects were observed between CITCO and CHOP, in that inclusion of CITCO alongside the CHOP regimen offers comparable antineoplastic activity toward lymphoma cells at significantly reduced drug concentrations, and the decreased CHOP load attenuates cardiotoxicity. Overall, these findings provide a potentially promising novel strategy for facilitating CHOP-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hedrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jingwei Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hazem E Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland.
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10
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Boušová I, Skálová L, Souček P, Matoušková P. The modulation of carbonyl reductase 1 by polyphenols. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:520-33. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1089885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Lehr M, Fabian J, Hanekamp W. Involvement of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in metabolic reduction of drug ketones. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:398-404. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; University of Münster; Germany
| | - Jörg Fabian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; University of Münster; Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; University of Münster; Germany
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12
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