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Kumar D, Sharma P, Shabu, Kaur R, Lobe MMM, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F. In search of therapeutic candidates for HIV/AIDS: rational approaches, design strategies, structure-activity relationship and mechanistic insights. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17936-17964. [PMID: 35480193 PMCID: PMC9033207 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a serious threat to the health and development of mankind, which has affected about 37.9 million people worldwide. The increasing negative health, economic and social impacts of this disease have led to the search for new therapeutic candidates for the mitigation of AIDS/HIV. However, to date, there is still no treatment that can cure this disease. Furthermore, the clinically available drugs have numerous severe side effects. Hence, the synthesis of novel agents from natural leads is one of the rational approaches to obtain new drugs in modern medicinal chemistry. This review article is an effort to summarize recent developments with regards to the discovery of novel analogs with promising biological potential against HIV/AIDS. Herein, we also aim to discuss prospective directions on the progress of more credible and specific analogues. Besides presenting design strategies, the present communication also highlights the structure-activity relationship together with the structural features of the most promising molecules, their IC50 values, mechanistic insights and some interesting key findings revealed during their biological evaluation. The interactions with the amino acid residues of the enzymes responsible for HIV-1 inhibition are also discussed. This collection will be of great interest for researchers working in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala India
| | - Shabu
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM) Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
| | - Maloba M M Lobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea P. O. Box 63 Buea Cameroon +237 685625811
| | - Girish K Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Badhani Pathankot-145001 Punjab India
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea P. O. Box 63 Buea Cameroon +237 685625811
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany +49 3455525043
- Institute of Botany, Technical University of Dresden Zellescher Weg 20b 01062 Dresden Germany
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2
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Li Y, Tian Y, Xi Y, Qin Z, Yan A. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Study for HIV-1 LEDGF/p75 Inhibitors. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2020; 16:654-666. [DOI: 10.2174/1573409915666190919153959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background:
HIV-1 Integrase (IN) is an important target for the development of the
new anti-AIDS drugs. HIV-1 LEDGF/p75 inhibitors, which block the integrase and LEDGF/p75
interaction, have been validated for reduction in HIV-1 viral replicative capacity.
Methods:
In this work, computational Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models
were developed for predicting the bioactivity of HIV-1 integrase LEDGF/p75 inhibitors. We collected
190 inhibitors and their bioactivities in this study and divided the inhibitors into nine scaffolds
by the method of T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (TSNE). These 190 inhibitors
were split into a training set and a test set according to the result of a Kohonen’s self-organizing
map (SOM) or randomly. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models, support vector machine
(SVM) models and two consensus models were built based on the training sets by 20 selected
CORINA Symphony descriptors.
Results:
All the models showed a good prediction of pIC50. The correlation coefficients of all the
models were more than 0.7 on the test set. For the training set of consensus Model C1, which performed
better than other models, the correlation coefficient(r) achieved 0.909 on the training set,
and 0.804 on the test set.
Conclusion:
The selected molecular descriptors show that hydrogen bond acceptor, atom charges
and electronegativities (especially π atom) were important in predicting the activity of HIV-1 integrase
LEDGF/p75-IN inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institute of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Yujia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, P.O. Box 53, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, P.O. Box 53, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zijian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, P.O. Box 53, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, P.O. Box 53, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China
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Panwar U, Singh SK. Structure-based virtual screening toward the discovery of novel inhibitors for impeding the protein-protein interaction between HIV-1 integrase and human lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3199-3217. [PMID: 28948865 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1384400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase is a unique promising component of the viral replication cycle, catalyzing the integration of reverse transcribed viral cDNA into the host cell genome. Generally, IN activity requires both viral as well as a cellular co-factor in the processing replication cycle. Among them, the human lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) represented as promising cellular co-factor which supports the viral replication by tethering IN to the chromatin. Due to its major importance in the early steps of HIV replication, the interaction between IN and LEDGF/p75 has become a pleasing target for anti-HIV drug discovery. The present study involves the finding of novel inhibitor based on the information of dimeric CCD of IN in complex with known inhibitor, which were carried out by applying a structure-based virtual screening concept with molecular docking. Additionally, Free binding energy, ADME properties, PAINS analysis, Density Functional Theory, and Enrichment Calculations were performed on selected compounds for getting a best lead molecule. On the basis of these analyses, the current study proposes top 3 compounds: Enamine-Z742267384, Maybridge-HTS02400, and Specs-AE-848/37125099 with acceptable pharmacological properties and enhanced binding affinity to inhibit the interaction between IN and LEDGF/p75. Furthermore, Simulation studies were carried out on these molecules to expose their dynamics behavior and stability. We expect that the findings obtained here could be future therapeutic agents and may provide an outline for the experimental studies to stimulate the innovative strategy for research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Panwar
- a Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi 630004 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- a Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi 630004 , Tamil Nadu , India
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4
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Structural basis for the potent inhibition of the HIV integrase-LEDGF/p75 protein-protein interaction. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 75:189-198. [PMID: 28582696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Integrase (IN) constitutes one of the key enzymes involved in the lifecycle of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the etiological agent of AIDS. The biological role of IN strongly depends on the recognition and binding of cellular cofactors belonging to the infected host cell. Thus, the inhibition of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between IN and cellular cofactors has been envisioned as a promising therapeutic target. In the present work we explore a structure-activity relationship for a set of 14 compounds reported as inhibitors of the PPI between IN and the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75). Our results demonstrate that the possibility to adopt the bioactive conformation capable of interacting with the hotspots IN-LEDGF/p75 hotspots residues constitutes a critical feature to obtain a potent inhibition. A ligand efficiency (|Lig-Eff|) quantitative descriptor combining both interaction energetics and conformational requirements was developed and correlated with the reported biological activity. Our results contribute to the rational development of IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction inhibitors providing a solid quantitative structure-activity relationship aimed for the screening of new IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction inhibitors.
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5
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Agharbaoui FE, Hoyte AC, Ferro S, Gitto R, Buemi MR, Fuchs JR, Kvaratskhelia M, De Luca L. Computational and synthetic approaches for developing Lavendustin B derivatives as allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:673-683. [PMID: 27517812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Through structure-based virtual screening and subsequent activity assays of selected natural products, Lavendustin B was previously identified as an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase (IN) interaction with its cognate cellular cofactor, lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75). In order to improve the inhibitory potency we have employed in silico-based approaches. Particularly, a series of new analogues was designed and docked into the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket of HIV-1 IN. To identify promising leads we used the Molecular Mechanics energies combined with the Generalized Born and Surface Area continuum solvation (MM-GBSA) method, molecular dynamics simulations and analysis of hydrogen bond occupancies. On the basis of these studies, six analogues of Lavendustine B, containing the benzylamino-hydroxybenzoic scaffold, were selected for synthesis and structure activity-relationship (SAR) studies. Our results demonstrated a good correlation between computational and experimental data, and all six analogues displayed an improved potency for inhibiting IN binding to LEDGF/p75 in vitro to respect to the parent compound Lavendustin B. Additionally, these analogs show to inhibit weakly LEDGF/p75-independent IN catalytic activity suggesting a multimodal allosteric mechanism of action. Nevertheless, for the synthesized compounds similar profiles for HIV-1 inhibition and cytoxicity were highlighted. Taken together, our studies elucidated the mode of action of Lavendustin B analogs and provided a path for their further development as a new promising class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima E Agharbaoui
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy; Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Ashley C Hoyte
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy.
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6
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De Luca L, Agharbaoui FE, Gitto R, Buemi MR, Christ F, Debyser Z, Ferro S. Rational Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Coumarin Derivatives as Protein-protein Interaction Inhibitors. Mol Inform 2016; 35:460-73. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201501034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche; Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; Università degli Studi di Messina; Viale Annunziata I-98168 Messina Italy
| | - Fatima E. Agharbaoui
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche; Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; Università degli Studi di Messina; Viale Annunziata I-98168 Messina Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche; Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; Università degli Studi di Messina; Viale Annunziata I-98168 Messina Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche; Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; Università degli Studi di Messina; Viale Annunziata I-98168 Messina Italy
| | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy KU Leuven and IRC KULAK; Kapucijnenvoer 33 B-3000 Leuven, Flanders Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy KU Leuven and IRC KULAK; Kapucijnenvoer 33 B-3000 Leuven, Flanders Belgium
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche; Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; Università degli Studi di Messina; Viale Annunziata I-98168 Messina Italy
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7
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Zhan P, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Liu X. Anti-HIV Drug Discovery and Development: Current Innovations and Future Trends. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2849-78. [PMID: 26509831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The early effectiveness of combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the treatment of HIV infection has been compromised to some extent by rapid development of multidrug-resistant HIV strains, poor bioavailability, and cumulative toxicities, and so there is a need for alternative strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and additional therapeutic agents with novel action modes or targets. From this perspective, we first review current strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and optimization, with the aid of selected examples from the recent literature. We highlight the development of phosphate ester-based prodrugs as a means to improve the aqueous solubility of HIV inhibitors, and the introduction of the substrate envelope hypothesis as a new approach for overcoming HIV drug resistance. Finally, we discuss future directions for research, including opportunities for exploitation of novel antiretroviral targets, and the strategy of activation of latent HIV reservoirs as a means to eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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8
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Sari O, Roy V, Métifiot M, Marchand C, Pommier Y, Bourg S, Bonnet P, Schinazi RF, Agrofoglio LA. Synthesis of dihydropyrimidine α,γ-diketobutanoic acid derivatives targeting HIV integrase. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 104:127-38. [PMID: 26451771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a series of dihydropyrimidinone and thiopyrimidine derivatives bearing aryl α,γ-diketobutanoic acid moiety are described using the Biginelli multicomponent reaction as key step. The most active among 20 synthesized novel compounds were 4c, 4d and 5b, which possess nanomolar HIV-1 integrase (IN) stand transfer (ST) inhibition activities. In order to understand their mode of interactions within the IN active site, we docked all the compounds into the previously reported X-ray crystal structure of IN. We observed that compounds 4c, 4d and 5b occupied an area close to the two catalytic Mg(2+) ions surrounded by their chelating triad (E221, D128 and D185), DC16, Y212 and the β-diketo acid moiety of 4c, 4d and 5b chelating Mg(2+). As those compounds lack anti-HIV activities in cell, their prodrugs were synthetized. The prodrug 4c' exhibited an anti-HIV activity of 0.19 μM in primary human lymphocytes with some cytotoxicity. All together, these results indicate that the new analogs potentially interact within the catalytic site with highly conserved residues important for IN catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Sari
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Vincent Roy
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Mathieu Métifiot
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stéphane Bourg
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France; CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, Univ. Orléans, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Pascal Bonnet
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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9
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Optimization of rhodanine scaffold for the development of protein–protein interaction inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Kumar A, Zhang KYJ. Hierarchical virtual screening approaches in small molecule drug discovery. Methods 2015; 71:26-37. [PMID: 25072167 PMCID: PMC7129923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual screening has played a significant role in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of therapeutic targets in last two decades. Various ligand and structure-based virtual screening approaches are employed to identify small molecule ligands for proteins of interest. These approaches are often combined in either hierarchical or parallel manner to take advantage of the strength and avoid the limitations associated with individual methods. Hierarchical combination of ligand and structure-based virtual screening approaches has received noteworthy success in numerous drug discovery campaigns. In hierarchical virtual screening, several filters using ligand and structure-based approaches are sequentially applied to reduce a large screening library to a number small enough for experimental testing. In this review, we focus on different hierarchical virtual screening strategies and their application in the discovery of small molecule modulators of important drug targets. Several virtual screening studies are discussed to demonstrate the successful application of hierarchical virtual screening in small molecule drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Structural Bioinformatics Team, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Structural Bioinformatics Team, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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11
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Gu WG, Liu BN, Yuan JF. Virtual-screening targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 integrase-lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75 interaction for drug development. J Drug Target 2014; 23:134-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.959020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4695-748. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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A new potential approach to block HIV-1 replication via protein-protein interaction and strand-transfer inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2269-79. [PMID: 24618511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic treatment of AIDS is recently characterized by a crescent effort towards the identification of multiple ligands able to target different steps of HIV-1 life cycle. Taking into consideration our previously obtained SAR information and combining some important chemical structural features we report herein the synthesis of novel benzyl-indole derivatives as anti-HIV agents. Through this work we identified new dual target small molecules able to inhibit both IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction and the IN strand-transfer step considered as two crucial phases of viral life cycle.
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