1
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Sorbi C, Belluti S, Atene CG, Marocchi F, Linciano P, Roy N, Paradiso E, Casarini L, Ronsisvalle S, Zanocco-Marani T, Brasili L, Lanfrancone L, Imbriano C, Di Rocco G, Franchini S. BS148 Reduces the Aggressiveness of Metastatic Melanoma via Sigma-2 Receptor Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119684. [PMID: 37298633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of advanced-stage melanoma is clinically challenging, mainly because of its resistance to the currently available therapies. Therefore, it is important to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. The sigma-2 receptor (S2R) is overexpressed in proliferating tumor cells and represents a promising vulnerability to target. Indeed, we have recently identified a potent S2R modulator (BS148) that is effective in melanoma. To elucidate its mechanism of action, we designed and synthesized a BS148 fluorescent probe that enters SK-MEL-2 melanoma cells as assessed using confocal microscopy analysis. We show that S2R knockdown significantly reduces the anti-proliferative effect induced by BS148 administration, indicating the engagement of S2R in BS148-mediated cytotoxicity. Interestingly, BS148 treatment showed similar molecular effects to S2R RNA interference-mediated knockdown. We demonstrate that BS148 administration activates the endoplasmic reticulum stress response through the upregulation of protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) genes, and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Furthermore, we show that BS148 treatment downregulates genes related to the cholesterol pathway and activates the MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, we translate our results into patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells, proving that BS148 treatment reduces melanoma cell viability and migration. These results demonstrate that BS148 is able to inhibit metastatic melanoma cell proliferation and migration through its interaction with the S2R and confirm its role as a promising target to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sorbi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Belluti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Giacinto Atene
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Marocchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neena Roy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Elia Paradiso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zanocco-Marani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Brasili
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Carol Imbriano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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2
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1,3-Dioxane as a scaffold for potent and selective 5-HT 1AR agonist with in-vivo anxiolytic, anti-depressant and anti-nociceptive activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:310-325. [PMID: 31112892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds generated by ring expansion/opening and molecular elongation/simplification of the 1,3-dioxolane scaffold were prepared and tested for binding affinity at 5-HT1AR and α1 adrenoceptors. The compounds with greater affinity were selected for further functional studies. N-((2,2-diphenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethan-1-ammonium hydrogen oxalate (12) emerged as highly potent full agonist at the 5-HT1AR (pKi 5-HT1A = 8.8; pD2 = 9.22, %Emax = 92). The pharmacokinetic data in rats showed that the orally administered 12 has a high biodistribution in the brain compartment. Thus, 12 was further investigated in-vivo, showing an anxiolytic and antidepressant effect. Moreover, in the formalin test, 12 was able to decrease the late response to the noxious stimulus, indicating a potential use in the treatment of chronic pain.
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3
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3-dioxolane-based 5-HT 1A receptor agonists for CNS disorders and neuropathic pain. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2137-2154. [PMID: 30043643 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Targeting 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) as a strategy for CNS disorders and pain control. METHODOLOGY A series of 1,3-dioxolane-based 2-heteroaryl-phenoxyethylamines was synthesized by a convergent approach and evaluated at α1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT1AR by binding and functional experiments. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction studies were performed to explore the drug-likeness of the compounds. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The most promising compound, the pyridin-4-yl derivative, emerged as a potent and selective 5-HT1AR agonist (pKi = 9.2; pD2 = 8.83; 5-HT1A/α1 = 135). In vitro it was able to permeate by passive diffusion MDCKII-MDR1 monolayer mimicking the blood-brain barrier and showed promising neuroprotective activity.
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4
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Gu ZS, Zhou AN, Xiao Y, Zhang QW, Li JQ. Synthesis and antidepressant-like activity of novel aralkyl piperazine derivatives targeting SSRI/5-HT 1A /5-HT 7. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:701-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Franchini S, Sorbi C, Battisti UM, Tait A, Bencheva LI, Cichero E, Fossa P, Cilia A, Prezzavento O, Ronsisvalle S, Aricò G, Benassi L, Vaschieri C, Azzoni P, Magnoni C, Brasili L. Structure-Activity Relationships within a Series of σ1
and σ2
Receptor Ligands: Identification of a σ2
Receptor Agonist (BS148) with Selective Toxicity against Metastatic Melanoma. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1893-1905. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Claudia Sorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Umberto Maria Battisti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Annalisa Tait
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Leda Ivanova Bencheva
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Genova; Viale Benedetto XV 3 16132 Genova Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Genova; Viale Benedetto XV 3 16132 Genova Italy
| | - Antonio Cilia
- Divisione Ricerca e Sviluppo; Recordati S.p.A.; Via Civitali 1 20148 Milano Italy
| | - Orazio Prezzavento
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Catania; Viale Andrea Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Catania; Viale Andrea Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Giuseppina Aricò
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Catania; Viale Andrea Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Luisa Benassi
- Dipartimento Chirurgico, Medico, Odontoiatrico e di Scienze Morfologiche con interesse Trapiantologico, Oncologico e di Medicina Rigenerativa; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; via del Pozzo 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Cristina Vaschieri
- Dipartimento Chirurgico, Medico, Odontoiatrico e di Scienze Morfologiche con interesse Trapiantologico, Oncologico e di Medicina Rigenerativa; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; via del Pozzo 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Paola Azzoni
- Dipartimento Chirurgico, Medico, Odontoiatrico e di Scienze Morfologiche con interesse Trapiantologico, Oncologico e di Medicina Rigenerativa; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; via del Pozzo 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Cristina Magnoni
- Dipartimento Chirurgico, Medico, Odontoiatrico e di Scienze Morfologiche con interesse Trapiantologico, Oncologico e di Medicina Rigenerativa; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; via del Pozzo 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Livio Brasili
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
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6
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Ostrowska K, Grzeszczuk D, Głuch-Lutwin M, Gryboś A, Siwek A, Dobrzycki Ł, Trzaskowski B. Development of selective agents targeting serotonin 5HT 1A receptors with subnanomolar activities based on a coumarin core. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1690-1696. [PMID: 30108880 PMCID: PMC6072470 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00281e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 new 5-[3-(4-aryl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy]coumarin derivatives from the corresponding bromoalkyl derivatives have been designed and synthesized by us using a microwave-assisted protocol. Radioligand binding assays of this series of compounds as well as a previously synthesized series of 17 structurally-similar compounds showed that six systems have very high affinities to the 5-HT1A receptor (0.3-1.0 nM) and good selectivity against the 5-HT2A receptor. Molecular docking, structural studies and structure-activity relationship studies were used to gain more insight into the atomistic details of ligand binding and rationalize the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ostrowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Warsaw , 1 Banacha Str. , 02 097 Warsaw , Poland .
| | - D Grzeszczuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Warsaw , 1 Banacha Str. , 02 097 Warsaw , Poland .
| | - M Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum , Kraków , Poland
| | - A Gryboś
- Department of Pharmacobiology , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum , Kraków , Poland
| | - A Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum , Kraków , Poland
| | - Ł Dobrzycki
- Crystallochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Warsaw , 1 Pasteura Str. , 02 093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - B Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , 2C Banacha Str. , 02-097 , Poland
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7
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Gupta S, Pandey D, Mandalapu D, Sharma V, Shukla M, Singh S, Singh N, Yadav SK, Tanpula DK, Singh S, Maikhuri JP, Shukla S, Lal J, Siddiqi MI, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Novel aryl piperazines for alleviation of ‘andropause’ associated prostatic disorders and depression. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132:204-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Guariento S, Franchini S, Tonelli M, Fossa P, Sorbi C, Cichero E, Brasili L. Exhaustive CoMFA and CoMSIA analyses around different chemical entities: a ligand-based study exploring the affinity and selectivity profiles of 5-HT 1A ligands. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:214-230. [PMID: 28114832 PMCID: PMC6009877 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1247057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1A) receptors represent an attractive target in drug discovery. In particular, 5-HT1A agonists and partial agonists are deeply investigated for their potential role in the treatment of anxiety, depression, ischaemic brain disorder and more recently, of pain. On the other hand, 5-HT1A antagonists have been revealed promising compounds in cognition disorders and, lately, in cancer. Thus, the discovery of 5HT1A ligands is nowadays an appealing research activity in medicinal chemistry. In this work, Comparative Molecular Fields Analysis (CoMFA) and Comparative Molecular Similarity Index Analysis (CoMSIA) were applied on an in-house library of 5-HT1A ligands bearing different chemical scaffolds in order to elucidate their affinity and selectivity for the target. Following this procedure, a number of structural modifications have been drawn for the development of much more effective 5-HT1AR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guariento
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Silvia Franchini
- b Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Michele Tonelli
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Claudia Sorbi
- b Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Livio Brasili
- b Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
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9
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The replacement of the 2-methoxy substituent of N-((6,6-diphenyl-1,4-dioxan-2-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethan-1-amine improves the selectivity for 5-HT1A receptor over α1-adrenoceptor and D2-like receptor subtypes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:233-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Franchini S, Manasieva LI, Sorbi C, Battisti UM, Fossa P, Cichero E, Denora N, Iacobazzi RM, Cilia A, Pirona L, Ronsisvalle S, Aricò G, Brasili L. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of 1-oxa-4-thiaspiro- and 1,4-dithiaspiro[4.5]decane derivatives as potent and selective 5-HT 1A receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:435-452. [PMID: 27689727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 1-(1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-ylmethyl)-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (1) was reported as a potent 5-HT1AR agonist with a moderate 5-HT1AR selectivity. In an extension of this work a series of derivatives of 1, obtained by combining different heterocyclic rings with a more flexible amine chain, was synthesized and tested for binding affinity and activity at 5-HT1AR and α1 adrenoceptors. The results led to the identification of 14 and 15 as novel 5-HT1AR partial agonists, the first being outstanding for selectivity (5-HT1A/α1d = 80), the latter for potency (pD2 = 9.58) and efficacy (Emax = 74%). Theoretical studies of ADME properties shows a good profile for the entire series and MDCKII-MDR1 cells permeability data predict a good BBB permeability of compound 15, which possess a promising neuroprotective activity. Furthermore, in mouse formalin test, compound 15 shows a potent antinociceptive activity suggesting a new strategy for pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Leda Ivanova Manasieva
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudia Sorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Umberto M Battisti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy; Istituto tumori IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", Via Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cilia
- Divisione Ricerca e Sviluppo, Recordati S.p.A., Via Civitali 1, 20148, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pirona
- Divisione Ricerca e Sviluppo, Recordati S.p.A., Via Civitali 1, 20148, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Aricò
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Livio Brasili
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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11
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Cichero E, Espinoza S, Tonelli M, Franchini S, Gerasimov AS, Sorbi C, Gainetdinov RR, Brasili L, Fossa P. A homology modelling-driven study leading to the discovery of the first mouse trace amine-associated receptor 5 (TAAR5) antagonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00490j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The computational study here proposed allowed us to discovery for the first time two TAAR5 antagonist, selective over the TAAR1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Genoa
- 3, 16132 Genoa
- Italy
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Genoa
- Italy
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Genoa
- 3, 16132 Genoa
- Italy
| | - Silvia Franchini
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sorbi
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Genoa
- Italy
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine
| | - Livio Brasili
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Genoa
- 3, 16132 Genoa
- Italy
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12
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Canale V, Kurczab R, Partyka A, Satała G, Witek J, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Pawłowski M, Bojarski AJ, Wesołowska A, Zajdel P. Towards novel 5-HT7 versus 5-HT1A receptor ligands among LCAPs with cyclic amino acid amide fragments: Design, synthesis, and antidepressant properties. Part II. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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