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Huang R, Liu Y, Li B, Wang R, Tamalunas A, Waidelich R, Strittmatter F, Stief CG, Hennenberg M. Inhibition of human prostate smooth muscle contraction by the inhibitors of protein kinase C, GF109203X, and Go6983. Prostate 2022; 82:59-77. [PMID: 34633103 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate smooth muscle contraction is promoted by receptor-induced activation of intracellular signaling pathways. The presumed involvement in etiology and medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) imparts a high clinical relevance to prostate smooth muscle contraction, which is contrasted by incomplete understanding at the molecular level. Involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) has been commonly assumed, but available studies were limited to nonhuman prostate smooth muscle or cell cultures. Here, we examined the effects of the PKC inhibitors Go6983 and GF109203x on contractions of human prostate tissues. METHODS Prostate tissues were obtained from radical prostatectomy. Contractions were induced by electric field stimulation (EFS), α1 -adrenergic agonists (noradrenaline, phenylephrine, methoxamine), thromboxane A2 analog U46619, endothelin-1, or calcium chloride in an organ bath. RESULTS GF109203X (500 nM) and Go6983 (300 nM) reduced EFS-, noradrenaline-, phenylephrine-, methoxamine-, and U46619-induced contractions of human prostate tissues, with maximum inhibitions approaching up to 55%. Using concentrations of 3 µM, GF109203X and Go6983 inhibited EFS- and noradrenaline-induced contractions, with similar effect sizes as 500 and 300 nM, respectively. Endothelin-1-induced contractions were not inhibited by GF109203X, and to neglectable extent by Go6983. After depolarization in calcium-free solution, calcium chloride-induced concentration-dependent contractions, which were inhibited by GF109203X and Go6983. CONCLUSIONS GF109203X and Go6983 inhibit neurogenic, α1 -adrenergic, and thromboxane A2 -induced smooth muscle contractions in the human prostate, suggesting a role of PKC for human prostate smooth muscle contraction. The inhibition may by be imparted by inhibition of calcium sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Huang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruixiao Wang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Tamalunas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphaela Waidelich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Strittmatter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Tamalunas A, Sauckel C, Ciotkowska A, Rutz B, Wang R, Huang R, Li B, Stief CG, Gratzke C, Hennenberg M. Inhibition of human prostate stromal cell growth and smooth muscle contraction by thalidomide: A novel remedy in LUTS? Prostate 2021; 81:377-389. [PMID: 33687083 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical treatment in benign prostatic hyperplasia targets prostate size to prevent disease progression, complications, and surgery, and prostate smooth muscle tone for rapid relief of lower urinary tract symptoms. Combination therapies are still required to target both at once. However, current medications are insufficient, due to an unfavorable balance between side effects and efficacy. The limited efficacy of α1 -blockers may be due to nonadrenergic mediators like endothelin-1 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2 ), which keep up prostate smooth muscle contraction even in the presence of α1 -blockers. Consequently, future options with higher efficacy need to target α1 -adrenergic and nonadrenergic contractions as well as stromal cell growth at once. Thalidomide has been approved as an oral medication for various diseases, including the treatment of prostate cancer. Therefore, we investigated the effect of thalidomide on cellular functions of prostate stromal cells and human prostate smooth muscle contraction. METHODS Cytoskeletal organization was visualized by phalloidin staining, cell growth was assessed by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay, cell viability by cell counting kit-8, and apoptosis and cell death by flow cytometry in cultured prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1). Contractions of human prostate tissues from radical prostatectomy were studied in an organ bath, where they were induced by the α1 -adrenoceptor agonists methoxamine, noradrenaline, phenylephrine, and the nonadrenergic agonists endothelin-1, TXA2 analog U46619, or electric field stimulation (EFS). RESULTS Thalidomide significantly reduced the proliferation of WPMY-1 cells, which was time- and concentration-dependent (10-300 µM). In parallel, organization of actin filaments collapsed after treatment with thalidomide. Thalidomide (30-100 µM) inhibited noradrenaline-, phenylephrine-, and methoxamine-induced contractions, as well as nonadrenergic contractions induced by endothelin-1 and U46619, and neurogenic contractions induced by EFS. No reduction in viability and no increases in apoptosis or in cell death were observed in WPMY-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Thalidomide impairs the growth of human prostate stromal cells, without showing a decrease in cell viability. In parallel, thalidomide inhibits adrenergic, neurogenic, and nonadrenergic contractions. This may be explained by a breakdown of the actin cytoskeleton. In vivo, urodynamic effects of thalidomide appear possible and may even exceed those of α1 -blockers or combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cora Sauckel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Ciotkowska
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beata Rutz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruixiao Wang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ru Huang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Kaykı-Mutlu G, Papazisi O, Palmen M, Danser AHJ, Michel MC, Arioglu-Inan E. Cardiac and Vascular α 1-Adrenoceptors in Congestive Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. Cells 2020; 9:E2412. [PMID: 33158106 PMCID: PMC7694190 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As heart failure (HF) is a devastating health problem worldwide, a better understanding and the development of more effective therapeutic approaches are required. HF is characterized by sympathetic system activation which stimulates α- and β-adrenoceptors (ARs). The exposure of the cardiovascular system to the increased locally released and circulating levels of catecholamines leads to a well-described downregulation and desensitization of β-ARs. However, information on the role of α-AR is limited. We have performed a systematic literature review examining the role of both cardiac and vascular α1-ARs in HF using 5 databases for our search. All three α1-AR subtypes (α1A, α1B and α1D) are expressed in human and animal hearts and blood vessels in a tissue-dependent manner. We summarize the changes observed in HF regarding the density, signaling and responses of α1-ARs. Conflicting findings arise from different studies concerning the influence that HF has on α1-AR expression and function; in contrast to β-ARs there is no consistent evidence for down-regulation or desensitization of cardiac or vascular α1-ARs. Whether α1-ARs are a therapeutic target in HF remains a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Kaykı-Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; (G.K.-M.); (E.A.-I.)
| | - Olga Papazisi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (O.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Meindert Palmen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (O.P.); (M.P.)
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ebru Arioglu-Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; (G.K.-M.); (E.A.-I.)
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Li B, Wang X, Wang R, Rutz B, Ciotkowska A, Gratzke C, Herlemann A, Spek A, Tamalunas A, Waidelich R, Stief CG, Hennenberg M. Inhibition of neurogenic and thromboxane A 2 -induced human prostate smooth muscle contraction by the integrin α2β1 inhibitor BTT-3033 and the integrin-linked kinase inhibitor Cpd22. Prostate 2020; 80:831-849. [PMID: 32449814 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate smooth muscle contraction is critical for etiology and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Integrins connect the cytoskeleton to membranes and cells to extracellular matrix, what is essential for force generation in smooth muscle contraction. Integrins are composed of different subunits and may cooperate with integrin-linked kinase (ILK). Here, we examined effects of inhibitors for different integrin heterodimers and ILK on contraction of human prostate tissues. METHODS Prostate tissues were obtained from radical prostatectomy. Integrins and ILK were detected by Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and double fluorescence staining. Smooth muscle contractions of prostate strips were studied in an organ bath. Contractions were compared after application of solvent (controls), the ILK inhibitor Cpd22 (N-methyl-3-(1-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)propanamide), the integrin α2β1 inhibitor BTT-3033 (1-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[4[[(phenylamino)carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-sulfonamide), or the integrin α4β1/α9β1 inhibitor BOP (N-(benzenesulfonyl)- l-prolyl- l-O-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)tyrosine sodium salt). RESULTS Western blot analyses of prostate tissues using antibodies raised against integrins α2b, α4, α9, β1, and ILK revealed bands matching the expected sizes of corresponding antigens. Expression of integrins and ILK was confirmed by RT-PCR. Individual variations of expression levels occurred independently from divergent degree of BPH, reflected by different contents of prostate-specific antigen. Double fluorescence staining of prostate sections using antibodies raised against integrins α2 and β1, or against ILK resulted in immunoreactivity colocalizing with calponin, suggesting localization in prostate smooth muscle cells. Electric field stimulation (EFS) induced frequency-dependent contractions, which were inhibited by Cpd22 (3 µM) and BTT-3033 (1 µM) (inhibition around 37% by Cpd22 and 46% by BTT-3033 at 32 Hz). The thromboxane A2 analog U46619-induced concentration-dependent contractions, which were inhibited by Cpd22 and BTT-3033 (around 67% by Cpd22 and 39% by BTT-3033 at 30 µM U46619). Endothelin-1 induced concentration-dependent contractions, which were not affected by Cpd22 or BTT-3033. Noradrenaline and the α1 -adrenergic agonists methoxamine and phenylephrine-induced concentration-dependent contractions, which were not or very slightly inhibited by Cpd22 and BTT-3033. BOP did not change EFS- or agonist-induced contraction. CONCLUSIONS Integrin α2β1 and ILK inhibitors inhibit neurogenic and thromboxane A2 -induced prostate smooth muscle contraction in human BPH. A role for these targets for prostate smooth muscle contraction may appear possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruixiao Wang
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Beata Rutz
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Ciotkowska
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annika Herlemann
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Annabel Spek
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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Yu Q, Gratzke C, Wang Y, Wang X, Li B, Strittmatter F, Herlemann A, Wang R, Tamalunas A, Waidelich R, Stief CG, Hennenberg M. New strategies for inhibition of non-adrenergic prostate smooth muscle contraction by pharmacologic intervention. Prostate 2019; 79:746-756. [PMID: 30811062 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of prostate smooth muscle contraction by α1 -adrenoceptor antagonists (α1 -blockers) is a first-line medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Increased smooth muscle tone in the hyperplastic prostate may drive urethral obstruction, resulting in bladder outlet obstruction and voiding symptoms. However, efficacy of α1 -blockers is limited, as non-adrenergic mediators including endothelin-1 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2 ) increase prostate smooth muscle tension in parallel to α1 -adrenoceptors. This may maintain urethral obstruction despite therapy with α1 -blockers. Consequently, future treatment options with higher efficacy need to target α1 -adrenergic and non-adrenergic contractions simultaneouly. Recently, several compounds were reported to inhibit adrenergic or neurogenic prostate contractions, however, their effects on non-adrenergic contraction are unknown. Here, we examined effects of inhibitors for Rac-GTPase, Src family kinases (SFKs), and p21-activated kinases (PAKs) on non-adrenergic prostate contractions. METHODS Prostate tissues were obtained from radical prostatectomy. Contractions were studied in an organ bath. Viability of cultured stromal cells was assessed by CCK-8 assay. RESULTS Inhibition of α1 -adrenergic contractions by Rac inhibitors EHT1864 (100 μM) and NSC23766 (100 μM), and SFK inhibitors AZM475721 (10 μM) and PP2 (10 μM) was confirmed by inhibition of methoxamine-induced contractions. No effects of the PAK inhibitors FRAX486 (30 μM) and IPA3 (300 μM) on α1 -adrenergic contraction were confirmed by absent effects on methoxamine-inuced contractions. EHT1864 caused inhibition of endothelin-1- and U46619-induced contractions. EHT1864 reduced the viability of stromal cells concentration- and time-dependently. EHT1864 attenuated KCl-induced contractions of prostate strips only slightly, so that toxic effects may not account alone for inhibition of agonist-induced contractions. NSC23766 inhibited U46619-induced contractions, but not endothelin-1-induced contractions. AZM475271 had no effects on endothelin-1- or U46619-induced contractions, while PP2 inhibited U46619- but not endothelin-1-induced contractions. FRAX486 caused inhibition of U46619-induced contractions. IPA3 inhibited U46619-, but not endothelin-1-induced contractions. CONCLUSIONS Of all six inhibitors, EHT1864 seems to be most promising from a translational point of view, as it inhibited TXA2 - and endothelin-1-induced besides α1 -adrenergic prostate contractions. This reflects divergent pharmacologic profiles of EHT1864 and NSC23766, although both are Rac-GTPase inhibitors. In vivo, urodynamic effects of EHT1864 and possibly of FRAX486 may exceed those of α1 -blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Yu
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annika Herlemann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruixiao Wang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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de Oliveira MG, Alexandre EC, Bonilla-Becerra SM, Bertollotto GM, Justo AFO, Mónica FZ, Antunes E. Autonomic dysregulation at multiple sites is implicated in age-associated underactive bladder in female mice. Neurourol Urodyn 2019; 38:1212-1221. [PMID: 30932250 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the functional and molecular alterations of contractile and relaxant machinery in the bladder and urethra that lead to the underactive bladder (UAB) in old female mice. METHODS Female young (3-months) and old (18-months) C57BL/6 mice were used. Urodynamic was assessed in awake and anaesthetized mice. Electrical-field stimulation (EFS) and concentration-response curves to contractile and relaxing agents in isolated bladders and urethras were performed. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of muscarinic, adrenergic, and transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 (TRPV4), and of the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were determined. Bladder cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured. RESULTS Cystometry in old mice showed incapacity to produce bladder emptying. On filter paper, old mice showed reduced urinary spots. Compared to the young group, bladder contractions induced by EFS and carbachol were lower in old mice. The β3 -adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron promoted higher bladder relaxation and elevation of cAMP levels in old mice. In old mice urethras, the α1a -adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine produced higher contractions, but no differences were found for the NO donor sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxations. In old mice, increased mRNA expressions of β3 - and α1a -adrenoceptors in bladder and urethra were found, respectively, whereas the muscarinic M2 and M3 receptors and β2 -adrenoceptors did not change between groups. Reduced mRNA expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase and nNOS were found in old mouse urethras. Additionally, TRPV4 expression was reduced in bladder urothelium from old mice. CONCLUSION Age-associated mouse UAB is the result of autonomic dysfunction at multiple levels leading to the less sensitive and overrelaxed bladder, along with urethral hypercontractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Milena Bonilla-Becerra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Maria Bertollotto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Fernando Oliveira Justo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Zakia Mónica
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Franchini S, Bencheva LI, Battisti UM, Tait A, Sorbi C, Fossa P, Cichero E, Ronsisvalle S, Aricò G, Denora N, Iacobazzi RM, Cilia A, Pirona L, Brasili L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3-dioxolane-based 5-HT 1A receptor agonists for CNS disorders and neuropathic pain. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2137-54. [PMID: 30043643 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Targeting 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) as a strategy for CNS disorders and pain control. METHODOLOGY A series of 1,3-dioxolane-based 2-heteroaryl-phenoxyethylamines was synthesized by a convergent approach and evaluated at α1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT1AR by binding and functional experiments. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction studies were performed to explore the drug-likeness of the compounds. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The most promising compound, the pyridin-4-yl derivative, emerged as a potent and selective 5-HT1AR agonist (pKi = 9.2; pD2 = 8.83; 5-HT1A/α1 = 135). In vitro it was able to permeate by passive diffusion MDCKII-MDR1 monolayer mimicking the blood-brain barrier and showed promising neuroprotective activity.
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Choi BR, Kim HK, Soni KK, Karna KK, Lee SW, So I, Park JK. Additive effect of oral LDD175 to tamsulosin and finasteride in a benign prostate hyperplasia rat model. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:1855-1863. [PMID: 29970959 PMCID: PMC6021003 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s164049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective We investigated the benefits of the BKCa agonist 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid (LDD175) combined with tamsulosin and finasteride, in a benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) rat model. Materials and methods Castration was performed by bilateral orchiectomy under ketamine anesthesia. A rat model of BPH was established by daily intramuscular administration of testosterone propionate plus 17β-estradiol for 8 weeks. Model rats were administered combinations of 20 mg/kg LDD175, 0.01 mg/kg tamsulosin and 1 mg/kg finasteride once daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks from week 6 to 9 post-surgery. Intraurethral pressure induced by electrostimulation of the hypogastric nerve was measured at the end of administration. Body and genitourinary organ weights were recorded, serums were assayed for hormone concentrations, and tissues were subjected to histopathology, and analyses of α1-adrenoceptor mRNA and protein expression levels after treatment. Results Combined LDD175, tamsulosin, and finasteride significantly decreased prostatic index, serum hormone levels, epithelial thickness, and prostate expression of α1-adrenoceptors in BPH model rats. The 3-drug combination was more effective than any other combination or LDD175 alone. Conclusion These results suggest that LDD175 addition to tamsulosin and finasteride may be beneficial for the treatment of BPH patients who do not respond to tamsulosin plus finasteride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Choi
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiran Kumar Soni
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keshab Kumar Karna
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Park
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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van Mil ACCM, Tymko MM, Kerstens TP, Stembridge M, Green DJ, Ainslie PN, Thijssen DHJ. Similarity between carotid and coronary artery responses to sympathetic stimulation and the role of α 1-receptors in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:409-418. [PMID: 29565771 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00386.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery (CCA) dilation occurs in healthy subjects during cold pressor test (CPT), while the magnitude of dilation relates to cardiovascular risk. To further explore this phenomenon and mechanism, we examined carotid artery responses to different sympathetic tests, with and without α1-receptor blockade and assessed similarity to these responses between carotid and coronary arteries. In randomized order, 10 healthy participants (25 ± 3 yr) underwent sympathetic stimulation using the CPT (3-min left-hand immersion in ice-slush) and lower-body negative pressure (LBNP). Before and during sympathetic tests, CCA diameter and velocity (Doppler ultrasound) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery velocity (echocardiography) were recorded across 3 min. Measures were repeated 90 min following selective α1-receptor blockade via oral prazosin (0.05 mg/kg body wt). CPT significantly increased CCA diameter, LAD maximal velocity, and velocity-time integral area-under-the-curve (all P < 0.05). In contrast, LBNP resulted in a decrease in CCA diameter, LAD maximal velocity, and velocity time integral (VTI; all P < 0.05). Following α1-receptor blockade, CCA and LAD velocity responses to CPT were diminished. In contrast, during LBNP (-30 mmHg), α1-receptor blockade did not alter CCA or LAD responses. Finally, changes in CCA diameter and LAD VTI responses to sympathetic stimulation were positively correlated ( r = 0.66, P < 0.01). We found distinct carotid artery responses to different tests of sympathetic stimulation, where α1 receptors partly contribute to CPT-induced responses. Finally, we found agreement between carotid and coronary artery responses. These data indicate similarity between carotid and coronary responses to sympathetic tests and the role of α1 receptors that is dependent on the nature of the sympathetic challenge. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We showed distinct carotid artery responses to cold pressor test (CPT; i.e., dilation) and lower-body negative pressure (LBNP; i.e., constriction). Blockade of α1-receptors significantly attenuated dilator responses in carotid and coronary arteries during CPT, while no changes were found during LBNP. Our findings indicate strong similarity between carotid and coronary artery responses to distinct sympathetic stimuli, and for the role of α-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke C C M van Mil
- Department of Physiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , United Kingdom
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia , Kelowna , Canada
| | - Thijs P Kerstens
- Department of Physiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia , Kelowna , Canada.,Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University , Cardiff , United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, the University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Australia
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia , Kelowna , Canada
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , United Kingdom
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10
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Hennenberg M, Acevedo A, Wiemer N, Kan A, Tamalunas A, Wang Y, Yu Q, Rutz B, Ciotkowska A, Herlemann A, Strittmatter F, Stief CG, Gratzke C. Non-Adrenergic, Tamsulosin-Insensitive Smooth Muscle Contraction is Sufficient to Replace α 1 -Adrenergic Tension in the Human Prostate. Prostate 2017; 77:697-707. [PMID: 28116771 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia may be caused by prostate smooth muscle contraction. Although α1 -blockers may improve symptoms by prostate smooth muscle relaxation, their efficacy is limited. This may be explained by non-adrenergic mediators causing contraction in parallel to α1 -adrenoceptors. However, little is known about the relevance and cooperative actions of non-adrenergic mediators in the prostate. METHODS Prostate tissues were obtained from radical prostatectomy (n = 127 patients). Contractile responses were studied in an organ bath. RESULTS Endothelin-1 and noradrenaline induced contractions of similar magnitude (116 ± 23 and 117 ± 18% of KCl-induced contractions). Endothelin-2- and -3-induced maximum contractions of 63 ± 8.6 and 71 ± 19% of KCl, while contractions by the thromboxane analog U46619 amounted up to 63 ± 9.4%. Dopamine-induced contractions averaged to 22 ± 4.5% of KCl, while maximum contractions by serotonin, histamine, and carbachol stayed below 10% of KCl-induced. While noradrenaline-induced contractions were inhibited by tamsulosin (300 nM), endothelin-1-, -2-, or -3-induced contraction were not. No additive effects were observed if endothelins and noradrenaline were applied consecutively to the same samples. If endothelin-1 was applied after U46619, resulting tension (172 ± 43% of KCl) significantly exceeded noradrenaline-induced contraction. Tensions following combined application of endothelin-2 or -3 with U46619 stayed below noradrenaline-induced contractions. Tension following combined application of all three endothelins with U46619 resembled maximum noradrenaline-induced tone. CONCLUSIONS Contractions following concomitant confrontation of human prostate tissue with noradrenaline and endothelin-1 are not additive. Endothelin-1 is sufficient to induce a smooth muscle tone resembling that of noradrenaline. This may replace lacking α1 -adrenergic tone under therapy with α1 -blockers, explaining the limited efficacy of α1 -blockers in LUTS treatment. Contractions by thromboxane and endothelin-1 may be additive, and may exceed α1 -adrenergic tone. Prostate 77:697-707, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alice Acevedo
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Wiemer
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aysenur Kan
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Qingfeng Yu
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Beata Rutz
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Ciotkowska
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Herlemann
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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11
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Dunford EC, Mandel ER, Mohajeri S, Haas TL, Riddell MC. Metabolic effects of prazosin on skeletal muscle insulin resistance in glucocorticoid-treated male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R62-R73. [PMID: 27834289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00146.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-dose glucocorticoids (GC) induce skeletal muscle atrophy, insulin resistance, and reduced muscle capillarization. Identification of treatments to prevent or reverse capillary rarefaction and metabolic deterioration caused by prolonged elevations in GCs would be therapeutically beneficial. Chronic administration of prazosin, an α1-adrenergic antagonist, increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy rodents and, recently, in a rodent model of elevated GCs and hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prazosin administration would improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, through prazosin-mediated sparing of capillary rarefaction, in this rodent model of increased GC exposure. Prazosin was provided in drinking water (50 mg/l) to GC-treated or control rats (400 mg implants of either corticosterone or a wax pellet) for 7 or 14 days (n = 5-14/group). Whole body measures of glucose metabolism were correlated with skeletal muscle capillarization (C:F) at 7 and 14 days in the four groups of rats. Individual C:F was found to be predictive of insulin sensitivity (r2 = 0.4781), but not of glucose tolerance (r2 = 0.1601) and compared with water only, prazosin treatment decreased insulin values during oral glucose challenge by approximately one-third in corticosterone (Cort)-treated animals. Cort treatment, regardless of duration, induced significant glycolytic skeletal muscle atrophy (P < 0.05), decreased IRS-1 protein content (P < 0.05), and caused elevations in FOXO1 protein expression (P < 0.05), which were unaffected with prazosin administration. In summary, it appears that α1-adrenergic antagonism improves Cort-induced skeletal muscle vascular impairments and reduces insulin secretion during an oral glucose tolerance test, but is unable to improve the negative alterations directly affecting the myocyte, including muscle size and muscle signaling protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Dunford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin R Mandel
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sepideh Mohajeri
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara L Haas
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Alcántara-Hernández R, García-Sáinz JA. Novel Structural Approaches to Study GPCR Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E27. [PMID: 28025563 PMCID: PMC5297662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upon natural agonist or pharmacological stimulation, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are subjected to posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. These posttranslational modifications allow protein-protein interactions that turn off and/or switch receptor signaling as well as trigger receptor internalization, recycling or degradation, among other responses. Characterization of these processes is essential to unravel the function and regulation of GPCR. METHODS In silico analysis and methods such as mass spectrometry have emerged as novel powerful tools. Both approaches have allowed proteomic studies to detect not only GPCR posttranslational modifications and receptor association with other signaling macromolecules but also to assess receptor conformational dynamics after ligand (agonist/antagonist) association. RESULTS this review aims to provide insights into some of these methodologies and to highlight how their use is enhancing our comprehension of GPCR function. We present an overview using data from different laboratories (including our own), particularly focusing on free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) (previously known as GPR120) and α1A- and α1D-adrenergic receptors. From our perspective, these studies contribute to the understanding of GPCR regulation and will help to design better therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Rocío Alcántara-Hernández
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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13
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Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Castillo-Badillo JA, Romero-Ávila MT, Rivera R, Chun J, García-Sáinz JA. Carboxyl terminus-truncated α1D-adrenoceptors inhibit the ERK pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:911-20. [PMID: 27146292 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human α1D-adrenoceptors are G protein-coupled receptors that mediate adrenaline/noradrenaline actions. There is a growing interest in identifying regulatory domains in these receptors and determining how they function. In this work, we show that the absence of the human α1D-adrenoceptor carboxyl tail results in altered ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and p38 phosphorylation states. Amino terminus-truncated and both amino and carboxyl termini-truncated α1D-adrenoceptors were transfected into Rat-1, HEK293, and B103 cells, and changes in the phosphorylation state of extracellular signal-regulated kinase was assessed using biochemical and biophysical approaches. The phosphorylation state of other protein kinases (p38, MEK1, and Raf-1) was also studied. Noradrenaline-induced ERK phosphorylation in Rat-1 fibroblasts expressing amino termini-truncated α1D-adrenoceptors. However, in cells expressing receptors with both amino and carboxyl termini truncations, noradrenaline-induced activation was abrogated. Interestingly, ERK phosphorylation that normally occurs through activation of endogenous G protein-coupled receptors, EGF receptors, and protein kinase C, was also decreased, suggesting that downstream steps in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway were affected. A similar effect was observed in B103 cells but not in HEK 293 cells. Phosphorylation of Raf-1 and MEK1 was also diminished in Rat-1 fibroblasts expressing amino- and carboxyl-truncated α1D-adrenoceptors. Our data indicate that expression of carboxyl terminus-truncated α1D-adrenoceptors alters ERK and p38 phosphorylation state.
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14
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Gao L, Chen L, Lu ZZ, Gao H, Wu L, Chen YX, Zhang CM, Jiang YK, Jing Q, Zhang YY, Yang HT. Activation of α1B-adrenoceptors contributes to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia-improved postischemic myocardial performance via inhibiting MMP-2 activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1569-81. [PMID: 24705558 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00772.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) activation renders cardioprotection from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the signaling pathways involved have not been fully understood. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) has been shown to enhance myocardial tolerance to I/R injury via triggering intrinsic adaptive responses. Here we investigated whether IHH protects the heart against I/R injury via the regulation of MMP-2 and how the MMP-2 is regulated. IHH (Po2 = 84 mmHg, 4-h/day, 4 wk) improved postischemic myocardial contractile performance, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and infarct size in isolated perfused rat hearts. Moreover, IHH reversed I/R-induced MMP-2 activation and release, disorders in the levels of MMP-2 regulators, peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4), and loss of the MMP-2 targets α-actinin and troponin I. This protection was mimicked, but not augmented, by a MMP inhibitor doxycycline and lost by the α1-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonist prazosin. Furthermore, IHH increased myocardial α1A-AR and α1B-AR density but not α1D-AR after I/R. Concomitantly, IHH further enhanced the translocation of PKC epsilon (PKCε) and decreased the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c due to I/R via the activation of α1B-AR but not α1A-AR or α1D-AR. IHH-conferred cardioprotection in the postischemic contractile function, LDH release, MMP-2 activation, and nitrotyrosine as well as TIMP-4 contents were mimicked but not additive by α1-AR stimulation with phenylephrine and were abolished by an α1B-AR antagonist chloroethylclonidine and a PKCε inhibitor PKCε V1-2. These findings demonstrate that IHH exerts cardioprotection through attenuating excess ONOO(-) biosynthesis and TIMP-4 loss and sequential MMP-2 activation via the activation of α1B-AR/PKCε pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
| | - Le Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
| | - Zhi-Zhen Lu
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
| | - Lan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yi-Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
| | - Cai-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yu-Kun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
| | - Qing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
| | - You-Yi Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China; and
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