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Shirisha T, Majhi S, Divakar K, Kashinath D. Metal-free synthesis of functionalized tacrine derivatives and their evaluation for acetyl/butyrylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibition. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:790-804. [PMID: 38167698 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01760e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A mild and greener protocol was developed for C-C (C(sp3)-H functionalization) and C-N bond formation to synthesize functionalized tacrine derivatives using a biodegradable and reusable deep eutectic solvent [(DES) formed from N,N'-dimethyl urea and L-(+)-tartaric acid in a 3 : 1 ratio at 80 °C]. The condensation of 9-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridines with a variety of aromatic aldehydes gave unsaturated compounds via C(sp3)-H functionalization (at the C-4 position) with good yields. The substituted N-aryl tacrine derivatives were obtained from the condensed products of 9-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine with substituted anilines via the nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2 type) in the DES with good yields. This is the first example of C4-functionalized tacrine derivatives, highlighting the dual capacity of the DES to serve as both a catalyst and a solvent for facilitating C-N bond formation on acridine. The generated compounds were evaluated for acetyl/butyrylcholinesterase (AChE/BChE) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. It was found that the majority of the compounds reported here were significantly more potent inhibitors than the standard inhibitor tacrine (AChE IC50 = 203.51 nM; BChE IC50 = 204.01 nM). Among the compounds screened, 8m was found to be more potent with IC50 = 125.06 nM and 119.68 nM towards AChE and BChE inhibition respectively. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the compounds was tested using acarbose as a standard drug (IC50 = 23 100 nM) and compound 8j was found to be active with IC50 = 19 400 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subir Majhi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal-506 004, India.
| | - Kalivarathan Divakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (Autonomous), Sriperumbudur, Tamilnadu-602 117, India.
| | - Dhurke Kashinath
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal-506 004, India.
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Yadav AR, Katariya AP, Kanagare AB, Patil PDJ, Tagad CK, Dake SA, Nagwade PA, Deshmukh SU. Review on advancements of pyranopyrazole: synthetic routes and their medicinal applications. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10757-w. [PMID: 38236443 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Pyranopyrazoles are among the most distinguished, biologically potent, and exciting scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Synthesis and design of pyranopyrazoles using functional modifications via multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are thoroughly found in synthetic protocols by forming new C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. This review aims to focus on the biological importance of pyranopyrazoles as well as on a diverse synthetic approach for their synthesis using various catalytic systems such as acid-catalyzed, base-catalyzed, ionic liquids and green media-catalyzed, nano-particle-catalyzed, metal oxide-supported catalysts, and silica-supported catalysts. In this review, we have summarized data on the advancements in synthesizing pyranopyrazole from the last two decades to the mid-2023 and research papers describing the importance of these scaffolds. This review will be significant for synthetic organic chemists and researchers working in organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok R Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Deogiri College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 431005, India
| | - Ashishkumar P Katariya
- Department of Chemistry, SAJVPM'S Smt. S. K. Gandhi Arts, Amolak Science & P. H. Gandhi, Commerce College, Kada, Beed, Maharashtra, 414202, India
| | - Anant B Kanagare
- Department of Chemistry, Deogiri College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 431005, India.
| | - Pramod D Jawale Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Balbhim Arts, Science and Commerce College, Beed, Maharashtra, 431122, India
| | - Chandrakant K Tagad
- Department of Biochemistry, S.B.E.S. College of Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 431001, India
| | - Satish A Dake
- Department of Chemistry, Sunderrao Solanke Mahavidyalaya, Majalgaon, Maharashtra, 431131, India
| | - Pratik A Nagwade
- Department of Chemistry, Shri Anand College, Pathardi, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, 414102, India
| | - Satish U Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Deogiri College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 431005, India.
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3
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Bubley A, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Beloglazkina E, Majouga A, Krasnovskaya O. Tacrine-Based Hybrids: Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021717. [PMID: 36675233 PMCID: PMC9863713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, τ-hyperphosphorylation, and loss of cholinergic neurons. The other important hallmarks of AD are oxidative stress, metal dyshomeostasis, inflammation, and cell cycle dysregulation. Multiple therapeutic targets may be proposed for the development of anti-AD drugs, and the "one drug-multiple targets" strategy is of current interest. Tacrine (THA) was the first clinically approved cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, which was withdrawn due to high hepatotoxicity. However, its high potency in ChE inhibition, low molecular weight, and simple structure make THA a promising scaffold for developing multi-target agents. In this review, we summarized THA-based hybrids published from 2006 to 2022, thus providing an overview of strategies that have been used in drug design and approaches that have resulted in significant cognitive improvements and reduced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bubley
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexaner Erofeev
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Rajendran S, Sivalingam K, Karnam Jayarampillai RP, Wang WL, Salas CO. Friedlӓnder's synthesis of quinolines as a pivotal step in the development of bioactive heterocyclic derivatives in the current era of medicinal chemistry. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:1042-1085. [PMID: 35322543 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario of medicinal chemistry, quinoline plays a pivotal role in the design of new heterocyclic compounds with several pharmacological properties, so the search for new synthetic methodologies and their application in drug discovery has been widely studied. So far, many procedures have been performed for the preparation of quinoline scaffolds, among which Friedländer quinoline synthesis plays an important role in obtaining these heterocycles. The Friedländer reaction involves condensation between 2-aminobenzaldehydes and keto-compounds. The quinoline nucleus, once obtained through the Friedländer synthesis, has been extensively modified so that these derivatives can exhibit a large number of biological activities such as anticancer, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antituberculosis, and antileishmanial properties. In this work, the focus is on the applicability of the Friedländer reaction in the synthesis of various types of bioactive heterocyclic quinoline compounds, which to date has not been reported in the context of medicinal chemistry. The main part of this review selectively focuses on research from 2010 to date and will present highlights of the Friedländer quinoline synthesis procedures and findings to address biological and pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheeshkumar Rajendran
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kalaiselvi Sivalingam
- Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Wen-Long Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Cristian O Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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SAR studies of quinoline and derivatives as potential treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Amyloid β, Lipid Metabolism, Basal Cholinergic System, and Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012092. [PMID: 36292947 PMCID: PMC9603563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of insoluble aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) in the form of neuritic plaques (NPs) is one of the main features that define Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have suggested that the accumulation of these peptides in the brain significantly contributes to extensive neuronal loss. Furthermore, the content and distribution of cholesterol in the membrane have been shown to have an important effect on the production and subsequent accumulation of Aβ peptides in the plasma membrane, contributing to dysfunction and neuronal death. The monomeric forms of these membrane-bound peptides undergo several conformational changes, ranging from oligomeric forms to beta-sheet structures, each presenting different levels of toxicity. Aβ peptides can be internalized by particular receptors and trigger changes from Tau phosphorylation to alterations in cognitive function, through dysfunction of the cholinergic system. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of lipids in Alzheimer’s disease and their relationship with the basal cholinergic system, as well as potential disease-modifying therapies.
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The Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking of New 1, 2, 4-Triazole, 1, 2, 4-Triazepine, Quinoline, and Pyrimidine Scaffolds Condensed to Naturally Occurring Furochromones. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101232. [PMID: 36297343 PMCID: PMC9611066 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to synthesize a new series of furochromone derivatives, evaluate their antimicrobial properties, and improve the permeability of potent compounds to inhibit different types of bacteria and fungi. Hence, Substituted furo[3,2-g]chromene-6-carbonitrile (3a,b) readily form 7-amino-5-methyl-furo [3,2-g]chromene-6-carbonitrile (4a,b) via reduction using sodium borohydride in methanol. The same compounds of (4a,b) were used as starting materials for the synthesis of new furochromone derivatives such as furochromeno [2,3-d]pyrimidines, N- (6-cyano- 5-methyl-furochromene) acetamide, N-(6-cyano-5-methyl-furo chromene)-2-phenyl acetamide, N- (6-cyano-5-methyl-furochromene) formimidate, furochromeno[1,2,4]triazepin-5-amine, furochrom ene-6-carboxamide, furochromeno[1,2,4]triazolopyrimidines, and furochromeno[2,3-b]quinolin- 6-amine. The structures of the new compounds were determined using spectroscopy: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H, 13C), Mass spectra, Infrared, and elemental analysis. Molecular docking studies were conducted to investigate the binding patterns of the prepared compounds against DNA-gyrase (PDB 1HNJ). The results displayed that compounds furochromenotriazolopyrimidine (20a,b), furochromenoquinolin-6-amine (21a,b), furochromenotriazepin-amine (9a,b), and furo- chromenopyrimidine-amine (19a,b) were excellent antimicrobials.
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Khorsandi Z, Afshinpour M, Molaei F, Askandar RH, Keshavarzipour F, Abbasi M, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H. Design and synthesis of novel phe-phe hydroxyethylene derivatives as potential coronavirus main protease inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:7940-7948. [PMID: 33784944 PMCID: PMC8022343 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1905549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In response to the current pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, we design new compounds based on Lopinavir structure as an FDA-approved antiviral agent which is currently under more evaluation in clinical trials for COVID-19 patients. This is the first example of the preparation of Lopinavir isosteres from the main core of Lopinavir conducted to various heterocyclic fragments. It is proposed that main protease inhibitors play an important role in the cycle life of coronavirus. Thus, the protease inhibition effect of synthesized compounds was studied by molecular docking method. All of these 10 molecules, showing a good docking score compared. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations also confirmed the stability of the best-designed compound in Mpro active site.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khorsandi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maral Afshinpour
- Bioinformatics Lab., Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Molaei
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Facility of Paramedical, Jahrom University of medical science, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Fariba Keshavarzipour
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Liu T, Chen S, Du J, Xing S, Li R, Li Z. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel (4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl)-2-aminoacetamide derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113973. [PMID: 34752955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of our previous work, a novel series of (4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl)-2-aminoacetamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Biological evaluations indicated that the derivatives can be used as anti-AD drugs that have multifunctional properties, inhibit the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), inhibit neuroinflammation, have neuroprotective properties, and inhibit the self-aggregation of Aβ. Compound f9 showed good potency in BuChE inhibition (IC50: 1.28 ± 0.18 μM), anti-neuroinflammatory potency (NO, IL-1β, TNF-α; IC50: 0.67 ± 0.14, 1.61 ± 0.21, 4.15 ± 0.44 μM, respectively), and inhibited of Aβ self-aggregation (51.91 ± 3.90%). Preliminary anti-inflammatory mechanism studies indicated that the representative compound f9 blocked the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, f9 exhibited 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect, and an inhibitory effect on the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the bi-directional transport assay, f9 displayed proper blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. In addition, the title compound improved memory and cognitive functions in a mouse model induced by scopolamine. Hence, the compound f9 can be considered as a promising lead compound for further investigation in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shiming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiyu Du
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Siqi Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Ramadan M, Aly AA, El-Haleem LEA, Alshammari MB, Bräse S. Substituted Pyrazoles and Their Heteroannulated Analogs-Recent Syntheses and Biological Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164995. [PMID: 34443583 PMCID: PMC8401439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazoles are considered privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Previous reviews have discussed the importance of pyrazoles and their biological activities; however, few have dealt with the chemistry and the biology of heteroannulated derivatives. Therefore, we focused our attention on recent topics, up until 2020, for the synthesis of pyrazoles, their heteroannulated derivatives, and their applications as biologically active moieties. Moreover, we focused on traditional procedures used in the synthesis of pyrazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ramadan
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assuit 71524, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf A. Aly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Mohammed B. Alshammari
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al-Kharij 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (S.B.)
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11
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Carreiras MDC, Marco-Contelles J. Five-Membered-Ring-Fused Tacrines as Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Agents. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOur endeavors in the design, synthesis, and biological assessment of five-membered-ring-fused tacrines as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease are summarized. Particularly, we have identified racemic 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-b]quinolin-5-amine, a pyranopyrazolotacrine, as having the best nontoxic profile at the highest concentrations used (300 μM); this allows cell viability, is less hepatotoxic than tacrine, and is a potent noncompetitive AChE inhibitor (IC50 = 1.52 ± 0.49 μM). It is able to completely inhibit the EeAChE-induced Aβ1–40 aggregation in a statistically significant manner without affecting the Aβ1–40 self-aggregation at 25 μM, and shows strong neuroprotective effects (EC50 = 0.82 ± 0.17 μM).1 Introduction2 Furo-, Thieno-, and Pyrrolotacrines3 Pyrazolo-, Oxazolo-, and Isoxazolotacrines4 Indolotacrines5 Pyrano- and Pyridopyrazolotacrines6 Conclusions and Outlook
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Azimi F, Azizian H, Najafi M, Hassanzadeh F, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Ghasemi JB, Ali Faramarzi M, Mojtabavi S, Larijani B, Saghaei L, Mahdavi M. Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone-pyrazole derivatives as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors: Structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling and kinetic study. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105127. [PMID: 34246971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new series of quinazolinone-pyrazole hybrids were designed, synthesized and screened for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results of the in vitro screening indicated that all the molecular hybrids exhibited more inhibitory activity (IC50 values ranging from 60.5 ± 0.3 µM-186.6 ± 20 μM) in comparison to standard acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 ± 10.0 µM). Limited structure-activity relationship suggested that the variation in the inhibitory activities of the compounds affected by different substitutions on phenyl rings of diphenyl pyrazole moiety. The enzyme kinetic studies of the most potent compound 9i revealed that it inhibited α-glucosidase in a competitive mode with a Ki of 56 μM. Molecular docking study was performed to predict the putative binding interaction. As expected, all pharmacophoric moieties used in the initial structure design playing a pivotal role in the interaction with the binding site of the enzyme. In addition, by performing molecular dynamic investigation and MM-GBSA calculation, we investigated the difference in structural perturbation and dynamic behavior that is observed over α-glycosidase in complex with the most active compound and acarbose relative to unbound α-glycosidase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Azimi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib, 817416-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Homa Azizian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib, 817416-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib, 817416-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mojtabavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib, 817416-73461 Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Das S, Akbar S, Ahmed B, Dewangan RP, Iqubal MK, Iqubal A, Chawla P, Pottoo FH, Joseph A. Recent Advancement of Pyrazole Scaffold Based Neuroprotective Agents: A Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:940-951. [PMID: 34080970 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210602152308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a source of therapeutic agents, heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds and their derivatives are still interesting and essential. Pyrazole, a five-member heteroaromatic ring with two nitrogen atoms, has a major impact on chemical industries as well as pharmaceutical industries. Due to its wide range of biological activities against various diseases, it has been identified as a biologically important heterocyclic scaffold. The treatment of neurological disorders has always been a difficult task. Therefore, identifying therapeutically effective molecules for neurological conditions remains an open challenge in biomedical research and development. For developing novel entities as neuroprotective agents, recently, pyrazole scaffold has attracted medicinal chemists worldwide. The major focus of research in this area is to discover novel molecules as neuroprotective agents with minimal adverse effects and better effectiveness in improving the neurological condition. This review mainly covers recent developments in the neuropharmacological role of pyrazole incorporated compounds, including their structural-activity relationship (SAR), which also further includes IC50 values (in mM as well as in μM), recent patents, and a brief history as neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Saleem Akbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi-110062, India
| | - Bahar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi-110062, India
| | - Rikeshwar Prasad Dewangan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi-110062, India
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi-110062, India
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab-142001, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 2835 King Faisal Road, Dammam 31441. Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
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Mozaffarnia S, Teimuri-Mofrad R, Rashidi MR. Synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives using GO-Fc@Fe3O4 nanohybrid as a novel recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst and preparation of tacrine-naphthopyran hybrids as AChE inhibitors. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Babaee S, Chehardoli G, Akbarzadeh T, Zolfigol MA, Mahdavi M, Rastegari A, Homayouni Moghadam F, Najafi Z. Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking of Some Novel Tacrine Based Cyclopentapyranopyridine- and Tetrahydropyranoquinoline-Kojic Acid Derivatives as Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Agents. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000924. [PMID: 33861892 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of tacrine based cyclopentapyranopyridine- and tetrahydropyranoquinoline-kojic acid derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as anti-cholinesterase agents. The chemical structures of all target compounds were characterized by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds mostly inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) with IC50 values of 4.18-48.71 μM rather than butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (BChE) with IC50 values of >100 μM. Among them, cyclopentapyranopyridine-kojic acid derivatives showed slightly better AChE inhibitory activity compared to tetrahydropyranoquinoline-kojic acid. The compound 10-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-11-(4-isopropylphenyl)-7,8,9,11-tetrahydro-4H-cyclopenta[b]pyrano[2',3' : 5,6]pyrano[3,2-e]pyridin-4-one (6f) bearing 4-isopropylphenyl moiety and cyclopentane ring exhibited the highest anti-AChE activity with IC50 value of 4.18 μM. The kinetic study indicated that the compound 6f acts as a mixed inhibitor and the molecular docking studies also illustrated that the compound 6f binds to both the catalytic site (CS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. The compound 6f showed moderate neuroprotective properties against H2 O2 -induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. The theoretical ADME study also predicted good drug-likeness for the compound 6f. Based on these results, the compound 6f seems to be a very promising AChE inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Babaee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
| | - Gholamabbas Chehardoli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838678, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 8165131378, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rastegari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Farshad Homayouni Moghadam
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran
| | - Zahra Najafi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838678, Iran
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16
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Wan LX, Zhen YQ, He ZX, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Li X, Gao F, Zhou XL. Late-Stage Modification of Medicine: Pd-Catalyzed Direct Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Aryltacrine Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9960-9972. [PMID: 33869976 PMCID: PMC8047743 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new series of N-aryltacrine derivatives were designed and synthesized as cholinesterase inhibitors by the late-stage modification of tacrine, using the palladium-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. In vitro inhibition assay against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) demonstrated that most of the synthesized compounds had potent AChE inhibitory activity with negative inhibition of BuChE. Among them, N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-tacrine (3g) and N-(4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-tacrine (3o) showed the most potent activity against AChE (IC50 values of 1.77 and 1.48 μM, respectively). The anti-AChE activity of 3g and 3o was 3.5 times more than that of tacrine (IC50 value of 5.16 μM). Compound 3o also displayed anti-BuChE activity with an IC50 value of 19.00 μM. Cell-based assays against HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines revealed that 3o had significantly lower hepatotoxicity compared to tacrine, with additional neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells. The advantages including synthetic accessibility, high potency, low toxicity, and adjunctive neuroprotective activity make compound 3o a new promising multifunctional candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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17
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Maleki A, Ghassemi M. Clean One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrans Using a Green and Magnetically Recyclable Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst. SYNOPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1469-6721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCopper ferrite (CuFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized via thermal decomposition and applied as a reusable and green catalyst in the synthesis of functionalized 4H-pyran derivatives using malononitrile, an aromatic aldehyde, and a β-ketoester in ethanol at room temperature. The nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, EDX, SEM, TGA, and DTG analysis. The catalyst was recovered from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnet and decanting the mixture. Recycled catalyst was reused for several times without significant loss in its activity. Running the one-pot three-component reaction at room temperature, using a green solvent under environmentally friendly reaction conditions, ease of catalyst recovery and recyclability, no need for column chromatography and good to excellent yields are advantages of this protocol.
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18
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Zaiter J, Hibot A, Hafid A, Khouili M, Neves CMB, Simões MMQ, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Dagci T, Saso L, Armagan G. Evaluation of the cellular protection by novel spiropyrazole compounds in dopaminergic cell death. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113140. [PMID: 33454549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The loss of neurons is strongly correlated with aging and aging-associated disorders. In this study, cell viability assays and mitochondrial function were performed to evaluate the effect of new spiro-pyrazole derivatives, prepared from aldehydes and 3-amino-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one, on neuroprotection in an in vitro model of dopaminergic cell death induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). The percentages of neuroprotection by derivatives were found between 21.26% and 52.67% at selected concentrations (10-50 μM) with compound 4d exerting the best neuroprotective effect. The results show that the studied spiropyrazolones perform important roles in dopaminergic neuroprotection and can be used for potential new therapies in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Zaiter
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 523, 23000, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Achraf Hibot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 523, 23000, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Abderrafia Hafid
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 523, 23000, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mostafa Khouili
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 523, 23000, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Claudia M B Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Taner Dagci
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Güliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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19
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Ghafary S, Ghobadian R, Mahdavi M, Nadri H, Moradi A, Akbarzadeh T, Najafi Z, Sharifzadeh M, Edraki N, Moghadam FH, Amini M. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel cinnamic acid-tryptamine hybrid for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Daru 2020; 28:463-477. [PMID: 32372339 PMCID: PMC7704987 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholine deficiencies in hippocampus and cortex, aggregation of β-amyloid, and β-secretase over activity have been introduced as main reasons in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Colorimetric Ellman's method was used for determination of IC50 value in AChE and BChE inhibitory activity. The kinetic studies, neuroprotective and β-secretase inhibitory activities, evaluation of inhibitory potency on β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregations induced by AChE, and docking study were performed for prediction of the mechanism of action. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A new series of cinnamic acids-tryptamine hybrid was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as dual cholinesterase inhibitors. These compounds demonstrated in-vitro inhibitory activities against acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE). Among of these synthesized compounds, (E)-N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamide (5q) demonstrated the most potent AChE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 11.51 μM) and (E)-N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)acrylamide (5b) were the best anti-BChE (IC50 = 1.95 μM) compounds. In addition, the molecular modeling and kinetic studies depicted 5q and 5b were mixed type inhibitor and bound with both the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and catalytic sites (CAS) of AChE and BChE. Moreover, compound 5q showed mild neuroprotective in PC12 cell line and weak β-secretase inhibitory activities. This compound also inhibited aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in self-induced peptide aggregation test at concentration of 10 μM. CONCLUSION It is worth noting that both the kinetic study and the molecular modeling of 5q and 5b depicted that these compounds simultaneously interacted with both the catalytic active site and the peripheral anionic site of AChE and BChE. These findings match with those resulted data from the enzyme inhibition assay. Graphical abstract A new series of cinnamic-derived acids-tryptamine hybrid derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and neuroprotective agents. Compound 5b and 5q, as the more potent compounds, interacted with both the peripheral site and the choline binding site having mixed type inhibition. Results suggested that derivatives have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ghafary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Design & Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Ghobadian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Design & Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Design & Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Najafi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farshad Homayouni Moghadam
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Design & Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Salimi M, Esmaeli-nasrabadi F, Sandaroos R. Fe3O4@Hydrotalcite-NH2-CoII NPs: A novel and extremely effective heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalyst for synthesis of the 1-substituted 1H-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrazoles. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Synthesis, X-ray structure, vibrational spectroscopy, DFT, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of (E)-N’-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015-Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175965. [PMID: 32825138 PMCID: PMC7504404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is an important biochemical enzyme in that it controls acetylcholine-mediated neuronal transmission in the central nervous system, contains a unique structure with two binding sites connected by a gorge region, and it has historically been the main pharmacological target for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Given the large projected increase in Alzheimer's disease cases in the coming decades and its complex, multifactorial nature, new drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease at once are needed. Tacrine, the first acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used clinically but withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity concerns, remains an important starting point in research for the development of multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This review highlights tacrine-based, multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors published in the literature since 2015 with a specific focus on merged compounds (i.e., compounds where tacrine and a second pharmacophore show significant overlap in structure). The synthesis of these compounds from readily available starting materials is discussed, along with acetylcholinesterase inhibition data, relative to tacrine, and structure activity relationships. Where applicable, molecular modeling, to elucidate key enzyme-inhibitor interactions, and secondary biological activity is highlighted. Of the numerous compounds identified, there is a subset with promising preliminary screening results, which should inspire further development and future research in this field.
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Ghafary S, Nadri H, Mahdavi M, Moradi A, Akbarzadeh T, Sharifzadeh M, Edraki N, Moghadam FH, Amini M. Anticholinesterase Activity of Cinnamic Acids Derivatives: In Vitro, In Vivo Biological Evaluation, and Docking Study. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817666191224094049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Acetylcholine deficiency in the hippocampus and cortex, aggregation of
amyloid-beta, and beta-secretase overactivity have been introduced as the main reasons in the
formation of Alzheimer’s disease.
Objective:
A new series of cinnamic derived acids linked to 1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazole moiety were
designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and
butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities.
Methods:
Colorimetric Ellman’s method was used for the determination of IC50% of AchE and
BuChE inhibitory activity. The kinetic studies, neuroprotective activity, BACE1 inhibitory activity,
evaluation of inhibitory potency on Aβ1-42 self-aggregation induced by AchE, and docking study
were performed for studying the mechanism of action.
Results:
Some of the synthesized compounds, compound 7b-4 ((E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-((1-
(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl) methyl) acrylamide) depicted the most potent
acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities ( IC50 = 5.27 μM ) and compound 7a-1 (N- ( (1- benzyl-
1H- 1, 2, 3- triazole - 4-yl) methyl) cinnamamide) demonstrated the most potent
butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities (IC50 = 1.75 μM). Compound 7b-4 showed
neuroprotective and β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitory activitiy. In vivo studies of compound 7b-4 in
Scopolamine-induced dysfunction confirmed memory improvement.
Conculusion:
It should be noted that molecular modeling (compounds 7b-4 and 7a-1) and kinetic
studies (compounds 7a-1 and 7b-4) showed that these synthesis compounds interacted
simultaneously with both the catalytic site (CS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE and
BuChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ghafary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farshad Homayouni Moghadam
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and modeling of hybrids from tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines as dual cholinestrase and COX-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Dehbalaei MG, Foroughifar N, Khajeh-Amiri A, Pasdar H. Ni (II) Immobilized on Fe 3O 4@SiO 2@L-Methionine: A Reusable Nanocatalyst and its Application in the Synthesis of New Tetracyclic Tacrine Derivatives. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2020.1721958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naser Foroughifar
- Department of Chemistry, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hoda Pasdar
- Department of Chemistry, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Iraji A, Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Khoshneviszadeh M, Edraki N. Novel small molecule therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease: Focusing on BACE1 and multi-target directed ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103649. [PMID: 32101780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that effects 50 million people worldwide. In this review, AD pathology and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting AD were fully discussed. In particular, common approaches to prevent Aβ production and/or accumulation in the brain including α-secretase activators, specific γ-secretase modulators and small molecules BACE1 inhibitors were reviewed. Additionally, natural-origin bioactive compounds that provide AD therapeutic advances have been introduced. Considering AD is a multifactorial disease, the therapeutic potential of diverse multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that combine the efficacy of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, BACE1 inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) inhibitors, for the treatment of AD are also reviewed. This article also highlights descriptions on the regulator of serotonin receptor (5-HT), metal chelators, anti-aggregants, antioxidants and neuroprotective agents targeting AD. Finally, current computational methods for evaluating the structure-activity relationships (SAR) and virtual screening (VS) of AD drugs are discussed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Xie J, Liang R, Wang Y, Huang J, Cao X, Niu B. Progress in Target Drug Molecules for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:4-36. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191203113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that 4 widespread in the elderly.
The etiology of AD is complicated, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Although there are many
researches on anti-AD drugs, they are limited to reverse relief symptoms and cannot treat diseases.
Therefore, the development of high-efficiency anti-AD drugs with no side effects has become an urgent
need. Based on the published literature, this paper summarizes the main targets of AD and their drugs,
and focuses on the research and development progress of these drugs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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28
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Mollabagher H, Taheri S, Mojtahedi MM, Seyedmousavi S. Cu-metal organic frameworks (Cu-MOF) as an environment-friendly and economical catalyst for one pot synthesis of tacrine derivatives. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1995-2003. [PMID: 35494562 PMCID: PMC9047972 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the catalytic activity of Cu-MOF for the one-pot synthesis of tacrine derivatives via a four-component reaction of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione, aldehydes, malononitrile and cycloketones in the presence of AlCl3. The structure of the synthesized compound is confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and MASS. The catalyst prepared under pressure is characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and SEM. The noteworthy advantages of this procedure include its broad substrate scope, high yields up to 93%, atom economy, using readily available starting materials and a powerful recyclable nano catalyst. Additionally, there is no need to use column chromatography for purifying products so, it has the potential for large-scale applications in pharmaceutical industries. Another advantage of this method is the ability to recycle the catalyst up to 3 times and reuse it. The present work describes the catalytic activity of Cu-MOF for the one-pot synthesis of tacrine derivatives via a four-component reaction of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione, aldehydes, malononitrile and cycloketones in the presence of AlCl3.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Mollabagher
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Salman Taheri
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran
- Tehran
- Iran
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Wang N, Qiu P, Cui W, Yan X, Zhang B, He S. Recent Advances in Multi-target Anti-Alzheimer Disease Compounds (2013 Up to the Present). Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5684-5710. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181203124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
:
Since the last century, when scientists proposed the lock-and-key model, the discovery of
drugs has focused on the development of drugs acting on single target. However, single-target drug
therapies are not effective to complex diseases with multi-factorial pathogenesis. Moreover, the
combination of single-target drugs readily causes drug resistance and side effects. In recent years,
multi-target drugs have increasingly been represented among FDA-approved drugs. Alzheimer’s
Disease (AD) is a complex and multi-factorial disease for which the precise molecular mechanisms
are still not fully understood. In recent years, rational multi-target drug design methods, which combine
the pharmacophores of multiple drugs, have been increasingly applied in the development of
anti-AD drugs. In this review, we give a brief description of the pathogenesis of AD and provide
detailed discussions about the recent development of chemical structures of anti-AD agents (2013 up
to present) that have multiple targets, such as amyloid-β peptide, Tau protein, cholinesterases,
monoamine oxidase, β-site amyloid-precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1, free radicals, metal ions
(Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) and so on. In this paper, we also added some novel targets or possible pathogenesis
which have been reported in recent years for AD therapy. We hope that these findings may provide
new perspectives for the pharmacological treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Panpan Qiu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shan He
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Synthesis and antimicrobial study of 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives in the presence of amino-functionalized silica-coated cobalt oxide nanostructures as catalyst. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Przybyłowska M, Kowalski S, Dzierzbicka K, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Therapeutic Potential of Multifunctional Tacrine Analogues. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:472-490. [PMID: 29651948 PMCID: PMC6520589 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180412091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Tacrine is a potent inhibitor of cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) that shows limiting clinical application by liver toxicity. In spite of this, analogues of tacrine are considered as a model inhibitor of cholinesterases in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. The interest in these compounds is mainly related to a high variety of their structure and biological properties. In the present review, we have described the role of cholinergic transmission and treatment strategies in Alzheimer’s disease as well as the synthesis and biological activity of several recently developed classes of multifunctional tacrine analogues and hybrids, which consist of a new paradigm to treat Alzheimer’s disease. We have also reported potential of these analogues in the treatment of Alzheimer’s diseases in various experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
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Maddila S, Gorle S, Shabalala S, Oyetade O, Maddila SN, Lavanya P, Jonnalagadda SB. Ultrasound mediated green synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles by using Mn doped ZrO2. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Ragab HM, Teleb M, Haidar HR, Gouda N. Chlorinated tacrine analogs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of their anti-cholinesterase activity as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:557-568. [PMID: 30782574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In search of potent acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors with low hepatotoxicity for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, introduction of a chloro substitution to tacrine and some of its analogs has proven to be beneficial in maintaining or potentiating the cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, it was found to be able to reduce the hepatotoxicity of the synthesized compounds, which is the main target of the study. Accordingly, a series of new 4-(chlorophenyl)tetrahydroquinoline derivatives, was synthesized and characterized. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo anti-cholinesterase activity using tacrine as a reference standard. Furthermore, they were investigated for their hepatotoxicity compared to tacrine. The obtained biological results revealed that all synthesized compounds displayed equivalent or significantly higher anti-cholinesterase activity and lower hepatotoxicity in comparison to tacrine. In addition, in silico drug-likeness of the synthesized compounds were predicted and their practical logP were assessed indicating that all synthesized compounds can be considered as promising hits/leads. Furthermore, docking study of the compound showing the highest in vitro anticholinesterase activity was performed and its binding mode was compared to that of tacrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan M Ragab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Hassan R Haidar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Noha Gouda
- Noha Gouda, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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Cui YJ, Tang LQ, Zhang CM, Liu ZP. Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole Derivatives and Their Tumor Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020279. [PMID: 30642134 PMCID: PMC6359563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To find novel antitumor agents, a series of 1H-benzofuro[3,2-c]pyrazole derivatives 4a-e were designed and synthesized. The treatment of 6-methoxybenzofuran-3(2H)-one 3 with LiHMDS in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) followed by reaction with 3-substitued phenyl isothiocyanate gave the thioamide intermediates, which underwent condensation with hydrazine monohydrate in dioxane/EtOH (1:1) to provide the benzofuropyrazole derivatives 4a–e as well as the unexpected pyrazole derivatives 5a–e. In tumor cell growth inhibitory assay, all the benzofuropyrazole derivatives were not active against the breast tumor MCF-7 cell, only 4a was highly active and more potent than ABT-751 against the leukemia K562 (GI50 = 0.26 μM) and lung tumor A549 cells (GI50 = 0.19 μM), while other benzofuropyrazoles showed very weak inhibitory activity. In contrast, the pyrazoles 5a-e were in general more potent than the benzofuropyrazoles 4a–e. Compound 5a exhibited a similar tendency to that of 4a with high potency against K562 and A549 cells but weak effects on MCF-7 cell. Both pyrazoles 5b and 5e exhibited high inhibitory activities against K562, MCF-7 and A549 cells. The most active compound 5b was much more potent than ABT-751 against K562 and A549 cells with GI50 values of 0.021 and 0.69 μM, respectively. Moreover, 5b was identified as a novel tubulin polymerization inhibitor with an IC50 of 7.30 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Cui
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Long-Qian Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Cheng-Mei Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Kushwaha P, Fatima S, Upadhyay A, Gupta S, Bhagwati S, Baghel T, Siddiqi M, Nazir A, Sashidhara KV. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular dynamic simulations of novel Benzofuran-tetrazole derivatives as potential agents against Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of selective and potent Carbazole-based butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4952-4962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liang J, Seydimemet M, Ghalip Z, Ablajan K. InCl3-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of multi-substituted pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid esters under ultrasound irradiation. Mol Divers 2018; 23:275-282. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Derabli C, Boualia I, Abdelwahab AB, Boulcina R, Bensouici C, Kirsch G, Debache A. A cascade synthesis, in vitro cholinesterases inhibitory activity and docking studies of novel Tacrine-pyranopyrazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2481-2484. [PMID: 29887354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the preparation of some new Tacrine analogues modified with a pyranopyrazole moiety. A one-pot multicomponent reaction of 3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one, aryl(or hetero)aldehydes, malononitrile and cyclohexanone involving a Friedländer condensation led to the title compounds. The synthesized heterocyclic analogues of this molecule were evaluated in vitro for their AChE and BChE inhibitory activities in search for potent cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors. Most of the synthesized compounds displayed remarkable AChE inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.044 to 5.80 µM, wherein compounds 5e and 5j were found to be most active inhibitors against AChE with IC50 values of 0.058 and 0.044 µM respectively. Molecular modeling simulation on AChE and BChE receptors, showed good correlation between IC50 values and binding interaction template of the most active inhibitors docked into the active site of their relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamseddine Derabli
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Molecules with Biological Interest, Frères Mentouri-Constantine University, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Imen Boualia
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Molecules with Biological Interest, Frères Mentouri-Constantine University, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ahmed B Abdelwahab
- SRSMC, Lorraine University, 1 Boulevard Arago, 57070, France; Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centrer, El-Behoos St. 33, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Raouf Boulcina
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Molecules with Biological Interest, Frères Mentouri-Constantine University, 25000 Constantine, Algeria; Faculty of Technology, Batna 2 University, 05000 Batna, Algeria.
| | | | - Gilbert Kirsch
- SRSMC, Lorraine University, 1 Boulevard Arago, 57070, France
| | - Abdelmadjid Debache
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Molecules with Biological Interest, Frères Mentouri-Constantine University, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
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Posri P, Suthiwong J, Takomthong P, Wongsa C, Chuenban C, Boonyarat C, Yenjai C. A new flavonoid from the leaves of Atalantia monophylla (L.) DC. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:1115-1121. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1457667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyapan Posri
- Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jittra Suthiwong
- Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Chatchawan Wongsa
- Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chindawadee Chuenban
- Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chantana Boonyarat
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chavi Yenjai
- Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Synthesis and activity towards Alzheimer's disease in vitro: Tacrine, phenolic acid and ligustrazine hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:238-254. [PMID: 29466774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel tacrine-phenolic acid dihybrids and tacrine-phenolic acid-ligustrazine trihybrids were synthesized, characterized and screened as novel potential anti-Alzheimer drug candidates. These compounds showed potent inhibition activity towards cholinesterases (ChEs), among of them, 9i was the most potent one towards acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE, IC50 = 3.9 nM; hAChE, IC50 = 65.2 nM). 9i could also effectively block β-amyloid (Aβ) self-aggregation with an inhibition ratio of 47% at 20 μM. In addition, its strong anti-oxidation activity could protect PC12 cells from CoCl2-damage in the experimental condition while no neurotoxicity. Furthermore, its hepatotoxicity was lower than tacrine in vitro and in vivo. Kinetic and molecular modeling studies revealed that 9i worked in a mixed-type way, could interact simultaneously with catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. Therefore, 9i was a promising multifunctional candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Karrouchi K, Radi S, Ramli Y, Taoufik J, Mabkhot YN, Al-Aizari FA, Ansar M. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Pyrazole Derivatives: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010134. [PMID: 29329257 PMCID: PMC6017056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. The presence of this nucleus in pharmacological agents of diverse therapeutic categories such as celecoxib, a potent anti-inflammatory, the antipsychotic CDPPB, the anti-obesity drug rimonabant, difenamizole, an analgesic, betazole, a H2-receptor agonist and the antidepressant agent fezolamide have proved the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety. Owing to this diversity in the biological field, this nucleus has attracted the attention of many researchers to study its skeleton chemically and biologically. This review highlights the different synthesis methods and the pharmacological properties of pyrazole derivatives. Studies on the synthesis and biological activity of pyrazole derivatives developed by many scientists around the globe are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Karrouchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
- Physicochemical service, Drugs Quality Control Laboratory, Division of Drugs and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Smaail Radi
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Youssef Ramli
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Jamal Taoufik
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faiz A Al-Aizari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M'hammed Ansar
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
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Karrouchi K, Radi S, Ramli Y, Taoufik J, Mabkhot YN, Al-Aizari FA, Ansar M. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Pyrazole Derivatives: A Review. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29329257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010134k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. The presence of this nucleus in pharmacological agents of diverse therapeutic categories such as celecoxib, a potent anti-inflammatory, the antipsychotic CDPPB, the anti-obesity drug rimonabant, difenamizole, an analgesic, betazole, a H2-receptor agonist and the antidepressant agent fezolamide have proved the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety. Owing to this diversity in the biological field, this nucleus has attracted the attention of many researchers to study its skeleton chemically and biologically. This review highlights the different synthesis methods and the pharmacological properties of pyrazole derivatives. Studies on the synthesis and biological activity of pyrazole derivatives developed by many scientists around the globe are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Karrouchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
- Physicochemical service, Drugs Quality Control Laboratory, Division of Drugs and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Smaail Radi
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Youssef Ramli
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Jamal Taoufik
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faiz A Al-Aizari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M'hammed Ansar
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
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New racemic annulated pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazines as tacrine-like AChE inhibitors with potential use in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:280-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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CeO2/ZrO2 as green catalyst for one-pot synthesis of new pyrano[2,3-c]-pyrazoles. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-2878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Eghtedari M, Sarrafi Y, Nadri H, Mahdavi M, Moradi A, Homayouni Moghadam F, Emami S, Firoozpour L, Asadipour A, Sabzevari O, Foroumadi A. New tacrine-derived AChE/BuChE inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-amino-2-phenyl-4H-pyrano[2,3-b]quinoline-3-carboxylates. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 128:237-246. [PMID: 28189905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of poly-functionalized tacrine-derived compounds namely 5-amino-2-phenyl-4H-pyrano[2,3-b]quinoline-3-carboxylates were designed and synthesized as cholinesterases inhibitors. The in vitro inhibition assay against AChE and BuChE demonstrated that most of compounds had potent AChE inhibitory with reserving potential of BuChE inhibition. Among them, compound 6i bearing a 4-(3-bromophenyl) moiety showed the most potent activity against AChE/BuChE (IC50s values of 0.069 and 1.35 μM, respectively). The anti-AChE activity of 6i was five times more than that of tacrine. The SAR study revealed that chloro/bromo substituent at ortho or meta position of the 4-phenyl ring can improve the anticholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Farshad Homayouni Moghadam
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asadipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Omid Sabzevari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ilangovan A, Sakthivel P, Sivasankari K, Mercy CSA, Natarajaseenivasan K. Discovery of 6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrano[4,3-c]isoxazol-3-ones as a new class of pathogen specific anti-leptospiral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:29-40. [PMID: 27643561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of a series of 6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrano[4,3-c]isoxazol-3-one derivatives starting from 5-carboalkoxy-2,3-dihydropyranone (5-CDHPs) has been developed. Pyranoisoxazolones 10a-j, dihydronaphthopyran-4-one (DHNPs) class of natural product 12b and 12c and its analogues 12a and 13a-c were preliminarily screened against pathogenic leptospiral serovar Autumnalis strain N2 at various concentrations. Six pyranoisoxazolones, 10b, 10d, 10f, 10g, 10i and 10j which displayed very good anti-leptospiral activity was taken for secondary screening against twelve strains of pathogenic and one non-pathogenic leptospiral serovars. While all the compounds displayed significant anti-leptospiral activity against the pathogenic serovars at MIC of 62.5-500 μg/mL. Compounds 10d, 10g and 10j did not show any significant effect on non-pathogenic serovar. Inhibition of leptospires at a significant level by pyranoisoxazolone 10g was confirmed using RT-qPCR assay. In vivo treatment of BALB/c mice with compound 10g revealed that, it has 95% survivability against the pathogenic strain Canicola and also showed inhibition of renal colonization of leptospires. Compound 10g was found to show cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells only at higher concentration (≥75 μg/mL). Effective binding of compound 10g with leptospiral outer membrane protein LipL32 observed via in silico molecular docking provided a suitable explanation for pathogen specificity of compound 10g. Antibiotics acting against leptospirosis in human are very few. The results obtained from in vitro, in vivo and in silico study reveals that 6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrano[4,3-c]isoxazol-3-ones class of compounds are lead molecules for further development as pathogen specific anti-leptospiral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andivelu Ilangovan
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Palaniappan Sakthivel
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karikalacholan Sivasankari
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Charles Solomon Akino Mercy
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
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Hariri R, Afshar Z, Mahdavi M, Safavi M, Saeedi M, Najafi Z, Sabourian R, Karimpour-Razkenari E, Edraki N, Moghadam FH, Shafiee A, Khanavi M, Akbarzadeh T. Novel Tacrine-Based Pyrano[3’,4’:5,6]pyrano[2,3-b]quinolinones: Synthesis and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:915-924. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Hariri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Afshar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Drug Design and Development Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maliheh Safavi
- Department of Biotechnology; Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Najafi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz Iran
| | - Farshad Homayouni Moghadam
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology; ACECR; Isfahan Iran
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mahnaz Khanavi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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48
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Pourabdi L, Khoobi M, Nadri H, Moradi A, Moghadam FH, Emami S, Mojtahedi MM, Haririan I, Forootanfar H, Ameri A, Foroumadi A, Shafiee A. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of tacrine-based pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles targeting AChE/BuChE and 15-LOX. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:298-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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A review on tacrine-based scaffolds as multi-target drugs (MTDLs) for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 128:332-345. [PMID: 27876467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurological disorder among elderly people and combinatorial factors such as genetic, lifestyle, and environmental are involved in onset and disease progression. It has been demonstrated that loss of cholinergic transmission is one of the most significant causes of AD. One strategy currently being investigated for the development of new therapeutics relates to the enhancement of cholinergic system through several ways. At this juncture, anticholinesterase inhibitors have absorbed lots of attention and different marketed drugs such as donepezil, rivastigmine, tacrine, and galantamine have been developed. 9-Amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine known as tacrine was introduced in 1945 as an efficient anticholinesterase agent. The mechanism of action of tacrine was proved to inhibit the metabolism of acetylcholine and therefore extending its activity and raising levels in the cerebral cortex. However, extensive use of tacrine was limited since it showed various side effects and toxicity. Thus, lots of efforts were carried out to prepare tacrine analogues to overcome the related adverse effects. This review describes differently synthesized tacrine-based scaffolds as cholinesterase inhibitors to manage Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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50
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The therapeutic voyage of pyrazole and its analogs: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 120:170-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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