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Kassab RM, Al-Hussain SA, Abdelmonsef AH, Zaki ME, Gomha SM, Muhammad ZA. Novel xylenyl-spaced bis-thiazoles/thiazines: synthesis, biological profile as herpes simplex virus type 1 inhibitors and in silico simulations. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:27-41. [PMID: 38063202 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: Development of some potent bis-thiazole and bis-thiazine derivatives that could be used as antiviral prototypes. Materials & methods: Xylenyl-spaced bis-carbazone scaffold 3 was used as a versatile building block for bis-thiazole derivatives 6a-e and 9a-d and bis-thiazine derivatives 12a-f. These bis-heterocycles were screened as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) inhibitors. Results: The new bis-heterocyclic compounds showed remarkable antiviral activity (e.g., compound 6d cytotoxicity concentration CC50 >500 μg/ml). The antiviral capacity of the synthesized bis-compounds was supported by a molecular docking study against the glycoprotein D receptor of HSV-1. Compounds 6b, 9b, and 12c displayed the best binding coefficients. Conclusion: A new series of xylenyl-spaced bis-carbazone scaffolds were used as a building scaffold to construct a host of bis-thiazole/thiazine derivatives that could be used as antiviral prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaie M Kassab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Magdi Ea Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobhi M Gomha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab A Muhammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Organization for Drug Control & Research (NODCAR), Giza, 12311, Egypt
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2
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Corona A, Meleddu R, Delelis O, Subra F, Cottiglia F, Esposito F, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Tramontano E. 5-Nitro-3-(2-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)hydrazineylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives inhibit HIV-1 replication by a multitarget mechanism of action. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1193280. [PMID: 37424782 PMCID: PMC10328743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the effort to identify and develop new HIV-1 inhibitors endowed with innovative mechanisms, we focused our attention on the possibility to target more than one viral encoded enzymatic function with a single molecule. In this respect, we have previously identified by virtual screening a new indolinone-based scaffold for dual allosteric inhibitors targeting both reverse transcriptase-associated functions: polymerase and RNase H. Pursuing with the structural optimization of these dual inhibitors, we synthesized a series of 35 new 3-[2-(4-aryl-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene)hydrazin-1-ylidene]1-indol-2-one and 3-[3-methyl-4-arylthiazol-2-ylidene)hydrazine-1-ylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives, which maintain their dual inhibitory activity in the low micromolar range. Interestingly, compounds 1a, 3a, 10a, and 9b are able to block HIV-1 replication with EC50 < 20 µM. Mechanism of action studies showed that such compounds could block HIV-1 integrase. In particular, compound 10a is the most promising for further multitarget compound development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Olivier Delelis
- Laboratory of Biology and Applied Pharmacology (LBPA), Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) Cachan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cachan, France
| | - Frederic Subra
- Laboratory of Biology and Applied Pharmacology (LBPA), Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) Cachan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cachan, France
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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3
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Kang JX, Zhao GK, Yang XM, Huang MX, Hui WQ, Zeng R, Ouyang Q. Recent advances on dual inhibitors targeting HIV reverse transcriptase associated polymerase and ribonuclease H. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115196. [PMID: 36787657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an indispensable role in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through its associated polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities during the viral RNA genome transformation into proviral DNA. Due to the fact that HIV is a highly mutagenic virus and easily resistant to single-target RT inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting HIV RT associated polymerase and RNase H have been developed. These dual inhibitors have the advantages of increasing efficacy, reducing drug resistance, drug-drug interactions, and cytotoxicity, as well as improving patient compliance. In this review, we summarize recent advances in polymerase/RNase H dual inhibitors focusing on drug design strategies, and structure-activity relationships and share new insights into developing anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiong Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Police Forces Hospital of Sichuan, 614000, Leshan, China
| | - Guang-Kuan Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Ming Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Mou-Xin Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Qi Hui
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Fifth Hospital, Xian, 710082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Deng C, Yan H, Wang J, Liu BS, Liu K, Shi YM. The anti-HIV potential of imidazole, oxazole and thiazole hybrids: A mini-review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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5
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Kumar A, Wahan SK, Virendra SA, Chawla PA. Recent Advances on the Role of Nitrogen‐Based Heterocyclic Scaffolds in Targeting HIV through Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Simranpreet K. Wahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Sharma Arvind Virendra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
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Novichikhina NP, Ashrafova ZE, Stolpovskaya NV, Ledenyova IV, Kholyavka MG, Podoplelova NA, Panteleev MA, Shikhaliev KS. Synthesis and properties of novel hybrid molecules bearing 4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-2-one and thiazole moieties. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Hybrid Molecules as Potential Drugs for the Treatment of HIV: Design and Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091092. [PMID: 36145313 PMCID: PMC9502546 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major problem for humanity because HIV is constantly changing and developing resistance to current drugs. This necessitates the development of new anti-HIV drugs that take new approaches to combat an ever-evolving virus. One of the promising alternatives to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is the molecular hybrid strategy, in which two or more pharmacophore units of bioactive scaffolds are combined into a single molecular structure. These hybrid structures have the potential to have higher efficacy and lower toxicity than their parent molecules. Given the potential advantages of the hybrid molecular approach, the development and synthesis of these compounds are of great importance in anti-HIV drug discovery. This review focuses on the recent development of hybrid compounds targeting integrase (IN), reverse transcriptase (RT), and protease (PR) proteins and provides a brief description of their chemical structures, structure–activity relationship, and binding mode.
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Sfera A, Thomas KG, Andronescu CV, Jafri N, Sfera DO, Sasannia S, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC. Bromodomains in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Model of Ferroptosis-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904816. [PMID: 35645713 PMCID: PMC9134113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) comprise a group of illnesses marked by memory and behavioral dysfunction that can occur in up to 50% of HIV patients despite adequate treatment with combination antiretroviral drugs. Iron dyshomeostasis exacerbates HIV-1 infection and plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. In addition, persons living with HIV demonstrate a high prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, indicating that HAND provides a unique opportunity to study ferroptosis in these conditions. Both HIV and combination antiretroviral drugs increase the risk of ferroptosis by augmenting ferritin autophagy at the lysosomal level. As many viruses and their proteins exit host cells through lysosomal exocytosis, ferroptosis-driving molecules, iron, cathepsin B and calcium may be released from these organelles. Neurons and glial cells are highly susceptible to ferroptosis and neurodegeneration that engenders white and gray matter damage. Moreover, iron-activated microglia can engage in the aberrant elimination of viable neurons and synapses, further contributing to ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration. In this mini review, we take a closer look at the role of iron in the pathogenesis of HAND and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, we describe an epigenetic compensatory system, comprised of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and microRNA-29, that may counteract ferroptosis by activating cystine/glutamate antiporter, while lowering ferritin autophagy and iron regulatory protein-2. We also discuss potential interventions for lysosomal fitness, including ferroptosis blockers, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B inhibitors to achieve desirable therapeutic effects of ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jose C. Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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9
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Solangi M, Kanwal, Khan KM, Chigurupati S, Saleem F, Qureshi U, Ul-Haq Z, Jabeen A, Felemban SG, Zafar F, Perveen S, Taha M, Bhatia S. Isatin thiazoles as antidiabetic: Synthesis, in vitro enzyme inhibitory activities, kinetics, and in silico studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100481. [PMID: 35355329 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases nowadays. Several marketed drugs are available for the cure and treatment of diabetes, but there is still a dire need of introducing compatible drug molecules with lesser side effects. The current study is based on the synthesis of isatin thiazole derivatives 4-30 via the Hantzsch reaction. The synthetic compounds were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition potential. Of 27 isatin thiazoles, five (4, 5, 10, 12, and 16) displayed good activities against the α-amylase enzyme with IC50 values in the range of 22.22 ± 0.02-27.01 ± 0.06 µM, and for α-glucosidase, the IC50 values of these compounds were in the range of 20.76 ± 0.17-27.76 ± 0.17 µM, respectively. The binding interactions of the active molecules within the active site of enzymes were studied with the help of molecular docking studies. In addition, kinetic studies were carried out to examine the mechanism of action of the synthetic molecules as well. Compounds 3a, 4, 5, 10, 12, and 16 were also examined for their cytotoxic effect and were found to be noncytotoxic. Thus, several molecules were identified as good antihyperglycemic agents, which can be further modified to enhance inhibition ability and to find the lead molecule that can act as a potential antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Solangi
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengannu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Khalid M Khan
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiza Saleem
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Urooj Qureshi
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shatha G Felemban
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Zafar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
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10
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Chen Q, Wu C, Zhu J, Li E, Xu Z. Therapeutic potential of indole derivatives as anti-HIV agents: A mini-review. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:993-1008. [PMID: 34636313 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211012111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one of the leading causes of human deaths. The advent of different anti-HIV drugs over different disease progress has made AIDS/HIV from a deadly infection to chronic and manageable disease. However, the development of multidrug-resistant viruses, together with the severe side effects of anti-HIV agents, compromised their efficacy and limited the treatment options. Indoles, the most common frameworks in the bioactive molecules, represent attractive scaffolds for the design and development of novel drugs. Indole derivatives are potential inhibitors of HIV enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease, and some indole-based agents like Delavirdine have already been applied in clinics or under clinical evaluations for the treatment of AIDS/HIV, revealing that indole moiety is a useful template for the development of anti-HIV agents. This review focuses on the recent advancement of indole derivatives including indole alkaloids, hybrids, and dimers with anti-HIV potential, covering articles published between 2010 and 2020. The chemical structures, structure-activity relationship and mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Chongchong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta. Canada
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Enzhong Li
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
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YAKAN H, Serdar ÇAVUŞ M, KURT BZENGİN, MUĞLU H, SÖNMEZ F, GÜZEL E. A new series of asymmetric bis-isatin derivatives containing urea/thiourea moiety: Preparation, spectroscopic elucidation, antioxidant properties and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Meleddu R, Corona A, Distinto S, Cottiglia F, Deplano S, Sequeira L, Secci D, Onali A, Sanna E, Esposito F, Cirone I, Ortuso F, Alcaro S, Tramontano E, Mátyus P, Maccioni E. Exploring New Scaffolds for the Dual Inhibition of HIV-1 RT Polymerase and Ribonuclease Associated Functions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133821. [PMID: 34201561 PMCID: PMC8270338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic protocols for the treatment of HIV infection consist of the combination of diverse anti-retroviral drugs in order to reduce the selection of resistant mutants and to allow for the use of lower doses of each single agent to reduce toxicity. However, avoiding drugs interactions and patient compliance are issues not fully accomplished so far. Pursuing on our investigation on potential anti HIV multi-target agents we have designed and synthesized a small library of biphenylhydrazo 4-arylthiazoles derivatives and evaluated to investigate the ability of the new derivatives to simultaneously inhibit both associated functions of HIV reverse transcriptase. All compounds were active towards the two functions, although at different concentrations. The substitution pattern on the biphenyl moiety appears relevant to determine the activity. In particular, compound 2-{3-[(2-{4-[4-(hydroxynitroso)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl} hydrazin-1-ylidene) methyl]-4-methoxyphenyl} benzamide bromide (EMAC2063) was the most potent towards RNaseH (IC50 = 4.5 mM)- and RDDP (IC50 = 8.0 mM) HIV RT-associated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Serenella Deplano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Lisa Sequeira
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Daniela Secci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Alessia Onali
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Erica Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Italo Cirone
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Campus ‘S. Venuta’, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (S.A.)
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Campus ‘S. Venuta’, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (S.A.)
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Péter Mátyus
- Institute of Digital Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Public Services, Semmelweis University, Ferenc tér 15, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.M.); (A.C.); (S.D.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (F.E.); (I.C.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6758744
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Tangadanchu VKR, Sui YF, Zhou CH. Isatin-derived azoles as new potential antimicrobial agents: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:128030. [PMID: 33839249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel antibiotics are forced to be developed on account of multidrug-resistant bacteria with serious threats to human health. This work developed isatin-derived azoles as new potential antimicrobial agents. Bioactive assay revealed that isatin hybridized 1,2,4-triazole 7a exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against E. coli ATCC 25,922 with an MIC value of 1 µg/mL, which was 8-fold more potent than reference drug norfloxacin. The active molecule 7a possessed the ability to kill some bacteria and fungi as well as displayed low propensity to induce resistance towards E. coli ATCC25922. Preliminary mechanism investigation indicated that hybrid 7a might block deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication by intercalating with DNA and possibly interacting with DNA polymerase III, thus exerting its antimicrobial potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Kumar Reddy Tangadanchu
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yan-Fei Sui
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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14
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Abdelhameed RM, Darwesh OM, El-Shahat M. Synthesis of arylidene hydrazinylpyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-ones as potent anti-microbial agents. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04956. [PMID: 32995633 PMCID: PMC7511821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination of arylidene hydrazinyl moiety with pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one skeleton in compounds 7‒26 results in the output of unprecedented anti-microbial agents. Arylidene hydrazinyl based on Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one analoges 7‒26 prepared by the treatment of [2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones 6a,b with various aromatic aldehydes. The antimicrobial action for recently synthesized compounds was considered towards gram positive bacterial species (Staphylococcus aurous ATCC- 47077; Bacillus cereus ATCC-12228), gram negative bacterial species (Escherichia coli ATCC-25922; Salmonella typhi ATCC-15566) and Candida albicans ATCC-10231 as fungal strains. The antimicrobial action expanded by expanding the electron donating group in position 2 and 5 for Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one core. Derivatives 13, 14, 15, 16 and 12; individually appeared hopeful anti-microbial action towards all strains utilized with inhibition zone higher than that of standard reference drug with lowest MIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda M Abdelhameed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Scopus affiliation ID 60014618, 33 EL Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Osama M Darwesh
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Research Division, National Research Centre, Scopus affiliation ID 60014618, 33 EL Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Shahat
- Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Scopus affiliation ID 60014618, 33 EL Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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15
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Corona A, Onnis V, Del Vecchio C, Esposito F, Cheng YC, Tramontano E. 2-(Arylamino)-6-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic Acid Derivatives: New HIV-1 RT Dual Inhibitors Active on Viral Replication. Molecules 2020; 25:E1338. [PMID: 32183488 PMCID: PMC7144554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of the AIDS epidemic, and the life-long treatment required, indicate the constant need of novel HIV-1 inhibitors. In this scenario the HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) function is a promising drug target. Here we report a series of compounds, developed on the 2-amino-6-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic acid scaffold, studied as promising RNase H dual inhibitors. Among the 44 tested compounds, 34 inhibited HIV-1 RT-associated RNase H function in the low micromolar range, and seven of them showed also to inhibit viral replication in cell-based assays with a selectivity index up to 10. The most promising compound, 21, inhibited RNase H function with an IC50 of 14 µM and HIV-1 replication in cell-based assays with a selectivity index greater than 10. Mode of action studies revealed that compound 21 is an allosteric dual-site compound inhibiting both HIV-1 RT functions, blocking the polymerase function also in presence of mutations carried by circulating variants resistant to non-nucleoside inhibitors, and the RNase H function interacting with conserved regions within the RNase H domain. Proving compound 21 as a promising lead for the design of new allosteric RNase H inhibitors active against viral replication with not significant cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.O.); (F.E.)
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.O.); (F.E.)
| | - Claudia Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.O.); (F.E.)
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA;
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.O.); (F.E.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA;
- Genetics and Biomedical Research Institute, National Research Council, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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16
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Nikoofar K, Peyrovebaghi SS. Ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of 3‐(1‐(2‐(1
H
‐indol‐3‐yl)ethyl)‐2‐aryl‐6,6‐dimethyl‐4‐oxo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1
H
‐indol‐3‐yl)indolin‐2‐ones by novel core‐shell bio‐based nanocatalyst anchoring sulfonated
L
‐histidine on magnetized silica (SO
3
H‐
L
‐His@SiO
2
‐nano Fe
3
O
4
). J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Nikoofar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and ChemistryAlzahra University Tehran Iran
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17
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Esposito F, Sechi M, Pala N, Sanna A, Koneru PC, Kvaratskhelia M, Naesens L, Corona A, Grandi N, di Santo R, D'Amore VM, Di Leva FS, Novellino E, Cosconati S, Tramontano E. Discovery of dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives as dual allosteric HIV-1 Integrase and Reverse Transcriptase associated Ribonuclease H inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2019; 174:104671. [PMID: 31812637 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection requires life-long treatment that is associated with chronic toxicity and possible selection of drug-resistant strains. A new opportunity for drug intervention is offered by antivirals that act as allosteric inhibitors targeting two viral functions (dual inhibitors). In this work, we investigated the effects of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) derivatives on both HIV-1 Integrase (IN) and Reverse Transcriptase associated Ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities. Among the tested compounds, the dihydroxyindole-carboxamide 5 was able to inhibit in the low micromolar range (1-18 μM) multiple functions of IN, including functional IN-IN interactions, IN-LEDGF/p75 binding and IN catalytic activity. Docking and site-directed mutagenesis studies have suggested that compound 5 binds to a previously described HIV-1 IN allosteric pocket. These observations indicate that 5 is structurally and mechanistically distinct from the published allosteric HIV-1 IN inhibitors. Moreover, compound 5 also inhibited HIV-1 RNase H function, classifying this molecule as a dual HIV-1 IN and RNase H inhibitor able to impair the HIV-1 virus replication in cell culture. Overall, we identified a new scaffold as a suitable platform for the development of novel dual HIV-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Mario Sechi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicolino Pala
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Adele Sanna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pratibha Chowdary Koneru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Roberto di Santo
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maria D'Amore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
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18
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Massari S, Corona A, Distinto S, Desantis J, Caredda A, Sabatini S, Manfroni G, Felicetti T, Cecchetti V, Pannecouque C, Maccioni E, Tramontano E, Tabarrini O. From cycloheptathiophene-3-carboxamide to oxazinone-based derivatives as allosteric HIV-1 ribonuclease H inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:55-74. [PMID: 30362381 PMCID: PMC6211256 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1523901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper focussed on a step-by-step structural modification of a cycloheptathiophene-3-carboxamide derivative recently identified by us as reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) inhibitor. In particular, its conversion to a 2-aryl-cycloheptathienoozaxinone derivative and the successive thorough exploration of both 2-aromatic and cycloheptathieno moieties led to identify oxazinone-based compounds as new anti-RNase H chemotypes. The presence of the catechol moiety at the C-2 position of the scaffold emerged as critical to achieve potent anti-RNase H activity, which also encompassed anti-RNA dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity for the tricyclic derivatives. Benzothienooxazinone derivative 22 resulted the most potent dual inhibitor exhibiting IC50s of 0.53 and 2.90 μM against the RNase H and RDDP functions. Mutagenesis and docking studies suggested that compound 22 binds two allosteric pockets within the RT, one located between the RNase H active site and the primer grip region and the other close to the DNA polymerase catalytic centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Caredda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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19
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Distinto S, Meleddu R, Ortuso F, Cottiglia F, Deplano S, Sequeira L, Melis C, Fois B, Angeli A, Capasso C, Angius R, Alcaro S, Supuran CT, Maccioni E. Exploring new structural features of the 4-[(3-methyl-4-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene)amino]benzenesulphonamide scaffold for the inhibition of human carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1526-1533. [PMID: 31431095 PMCID: PMC6713091 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1654470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of 4-[(3-methyl-4-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene)amino]benzene-1-sulphonamides (EMAC8002a–m) was designed and synthesised to evaluate the effect of substituents in the positions 3 and 4 of the dihydrothiazole ring on the inhibitory potency and selectivity toward human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX, and XII. Most of the new compounds preferentially inhibit the isoforms II and XII. Both electronic and steric features on the aryl substituent in the position 4 of the dihydrothiazole ring concur to determine the overall biological activity of these new derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Serenella Deplano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Lisa Sequeira
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Claudia Melis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Benedetta Fois
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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20
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Tramontano E, Corona A, Menéndez-Arias L. Ribonuclease H, an unexploited target for antiviral intervention against HIV and hepatitis B virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104613. [PMID: 31550450 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleases H (RNases H) are endonucleolytic enzymes, evolutionarily related to retroviral integrases, DNA transposases, resolvases and numerous nucleases. RNases H cleave RNA in RNA/DNA hybrids and their activity plays an important role in the replication of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, as well as in the replication of reverse-transcribing viruses. During reverse transcription, the RNase H activity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) degrades the viral genomic RNA to facilitate the synthesis of viral double-stranded DNA. HIV and HBV reverse transcriptases contain DNA polymerase and RNase H domains that act in a coordinated manner to produce double-stranded viral DNA. Although RNase H inhibitors have not been developed into licensed drugs, recent progress has led to the identification of a number of small molecules with inhibitory activity at low micromolar or even nanomolar concentrations. These compounds can be classified into metal-chelating active site inhibitors and allosteric inhibitors. Among them, α-hydroxytropolones, N-hydroxyisoquinolinediones and N-hydroxypyridinediones represent chemotypes active against both HIV and HBV RNases H. In this review we summarize recent developments in the field including the identification of novel RNase H inhibitors, compounds with dual inhibitory activity, broad specificity and efforts to decrease their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Varun, Sonam, Kakkar R. Isatin and its derivatives: a survey of recent syntheses, reactions, and applications. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:351-368. [PMID: 30996856 PMCID: PMC6438150 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00585k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) and its derivatives represent an important class of heterocyclic compounds that can be used as precursors for drug synthesis. Since its discovery, a lot of research work has been done regarding the synthesis, chemical properties, and biological and industrial applications of isatin. In this review, we have reported several novel methods for the synthesis of N-, C2-, and C3-substituted and spiro derivatives of isatin. The isatin moiety also shows important chemical reactions such as oxidation, ring expansion, Friedel-Crafts reaction and aldol condensation. These reactions, in turn, produce several biologically viable compounds like 2-oxindoles, tryptanthrin, indirubins, and many more. We have also summarized some recently reported biological activities exhibited by isatin derivatives, like anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic and others. Special attention has been paid to their anti-cancer activity, and various anti-cancer targets such as histone deacetylase, carbonic anhydrase, tyrosine kinase, and tubulin have been discussed in detail. Other applications of isatin derivatives, such as in the dye industry and in corrosion prevention, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , India .
| | - Sonam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , India .
| | - Rita Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , India .
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22
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Shirvani P, Fassihi A, Saghaie L. Recent Advances in the Design and Development of Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Scaffolds. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:52-77. [PMID: 30417561 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have always been an important part of the anti-HIV-1 combination therapy known as combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) since 1996. The use of NNRTIs for about 22 years has led to some mutations in the residues that compose the reverse transcriptase active site, resulting in the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Thus, the search for new potent NNRTIs with an improved safety profile and activity against drug-resistant HIV strains is indispensable, and many hit and lead NNRTIs have been discovered in the last decade. This review provides an overview of the development in this field from 2013 to August 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Shirvani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib Avenue, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib Avenue, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib Avenue, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
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23
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Chemical system biology based molecular interactions to identify inhibitors against Q151M mutant of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Eldehna WM, Al-Wabli RI, Almutairi MS, Keeton AB, Piazza GA, Abdel-Aziz HA, Attia MI. Synthesis and biological evaluation of certain hydrazonoindolin-2-one derivatives as new potent anti-proliferative agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:867-878. [PMID: 29707975 PMCID: PMC7011955 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1462802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In connection with our research program on the development of novel indolin-2-one-based anticancer candidates, herein we report the design and synthesis of different series of hydrazonoindolin-2-ones 3a-e, 5a-e, 7a-c, and 10a-l. The synthesised derivatives were in vitro evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity towards lung A-549, colon HT-29, and breast ZR-75 human cancer cell lines. Compounds 5b, 5c, 7b, and 10e emerged as the most potent derivatives with average IC50 values of 4.37, 2.53, 2.14, and 4.66 µM, respectively, which are superior to Sunitinib (average IC50 = 8.11 µM). Furthermore, compounds 7b and 10e were evaluated for their effects on cell cycle progression and levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in the A-549 cancer cell line. Moreover, 7b and 10e inhibited the cell growth of the multidrug-resistant lung cancer NCI-H69AR cell line with IC50 = 16 µM. In addition, the cytotoxic activities of 7b and 10e were assessed towards three non-tumorigenic cell lines (Intestine IEC-6, Breast MCF-10A, and Fibroblast Swiss-3t3) where both compounds displayed mean tumor selectivity index (1.6 and 1.8) higher than that of Sunitinib (1.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdy M Eldehna
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafrelsheikh , Egypt
| | - Reem I Al-Wabli
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha S Almutairi
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam B Keeton
- c Department of Oncologic Sciences and Pharmacology , Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama , Mobile , AL , USA
| | - Gary A Piazza
- c Department of Oncologic Sciences and Pharmacology , Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama , Mobile , AL , USA
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- d Department of Applied Organic Chemistry , National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Attia
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,e Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618) , Giza , Egypt
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25
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de Castro S, Camarasa MJ. Polypharmacology in HIV inhibition: can a drug with simultaneous action against two relevant targets be an alternative to combination therapy? Eur J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29529501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection still has a serious health and socio-economical impact and is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. HIV infection and the AIDS pandemic are still matters of great concern, especially in less developed countries where the access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is limited. Patient compliance is another serious drawback. Nowadays, HAART is the treatment of choice although it is not the panacea. Despite the fact that it suppresses viral replication at undetectable viral loads and prevents progression of HIV infection into AIDS HAART has several pitfalls, namely, long-term side-effects, drug resistance development, emergence of drug-resistant viruses, low compliance and the intolerance of some patients to these drugs. Moreover, another serious health concern is the event of co-infection with more than one pathogen at the same time (e.g. HIV and HCV, HBV, herpes viruses, etc). Currently, the multi-target drug approach has become an exciting strategy to address complex diseases and overcome drug resistance development. Such multifunctional molecules combine in their structure pharmacophores that may simultaneously interfere with multiple targets and their use may eventually be more safe and efficacious than that involving a mixture of separate molecules because of avoidance or delay of drug resistance, lower incidence of unwanted drug-drug interactions and improved compliance. In this review we focus on multifunctional molecules with dual activity against different targets of the HIV life cycle or able to block replication, not only of HIV but also of other viruses that are often co-pathogens of HIV. The different approaches are documented by selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Castro
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC) Juan de La Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC) Juan de La Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Bogdanov AV, Zaripova IF, Voloshina AD, Strobykina AS, Kulik NV, Bukharov SV, Mironov VF. Isatin Derivatives Containing Sterically Hindered Phenolic Fragment and Water-Soluble Acyl Hydrazones on Their Basis: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Design, synthesis, docking and biological evaluation of 4-phenyl-thiazole derivatives as autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4156-4164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Corona A, Onnis V, Deplano A, Bianco G, Demurtas M, Distinto S, Cheng YC, Alcaro S, Esposito F, Tramontano E. Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel heteroarylcarbothioamide derivatives as dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H and RDDP functions. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3943645. [PMID: 28859311 PMCID: PMC6433301 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the continuous effort to identify new HIV-1 inhibitors endowed with innovative mechanisms, the dual inhibition of different viral functions would provide a significant advantage against drug-resistant variants. The HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) is the only viral-encoded enzymatic activity that still lacks an efficient inhibitor. We synthesized a library of 3,5-diamino-N-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbothioamide and 4-amino-5-benzoyl-N-phenyl-2-(substituted-amino)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbothioamide derivatives and tested them against RNase H activity. We identified the pyrazolecarbothioamide derivative A15, able to inhibit viral replication and both RNase H and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) RT-associated activities in the low micromolar range. Docking simulations hypothesized its binding to two RT pockets. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that, with respect to wt RT, V108A substitution strongly reduced A15 IC50 values (12.6-fold for RNase H inhibition and 4.7-fold for RDDP), while substitution A502F caused a 9.0-fold increase in its IC50 value for RNase H, not affecting the RDDP inhibition, reinforcing the hypothesis of a dual-site inhibition. Moreover, A15 retained good inhibition potency against three non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant enzymes, confirming a mode of action unrelated to NNRTIs and suggesting its potential as a lead compound for development of new HIV-1 RT dual inhibitors active against drug-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Corona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Alessandro Deplano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Giulia Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Monica Demurtas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
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Ngoutane Mfopa A, Corona A, Eloh K, Tramontano E, Frau A, Boyom FF, Caboni P, Tocco G. Uvaria angolensis as a promising source of inhibitors of HIV-1 RT-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and RNase H functions. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:640-647. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1332615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvine Ngoutane Mfopa
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Kodjo Eloh
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Aldo Frau
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Graziella Tocco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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30
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Carcelli M, Rogolino D, Gatti A, Pala N, Corona A, Caredda A, Tramontano E, Pannecouque C, Naesens L, Esposito F. Chelation Motifs Affecting Metal-dependent Viral Enzymes: N'-acylhydrazone Ligands as Dual Target Inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase and Reverse Transcriptase Ribonuclease H Domain. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:440. [PMID: 28373864 PMCID: PMC5357622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, still represent a serious global health emergency. The chronic toxicity derived from the current anti-retroviral therapy limits the prolonged use of several antiretroviral agents, continuously requiring the discovery of new antiviral agents with innovative strategies of action. In particular, the development of single molecules targeting two proteins (dual inhibitors) is one of the current main goals in drug discovery. In this contest, metal-chelating molecules have been extensively explored as potential inhibitors of viral metal-dependent enzymes, resulting in some important classes of antiviral agents. Inhibition of HIV Integrase (IN) is, in this sense, paradigmatic. HIV-1 IN and Reverse Transcriptase-associated Ribonuclease H (RNase H) active sites show structural homologies, with the presence of two Mg(II) cofactors, hence it seems possible to inhibit both enzymes by means of chelating ligands with analogous structural features. Here we present a series of N′-acylhydrazone ligands with groups able to chelate the Mg(II) hard Lewis acid ions in the active sites of both the enzymes, resulting in dual inhibitors with micromolar and even nanomolar activities. The most interesting identified N′-acylhydrazone analog, compound 18, shows dual RNase H-IN inhibition and it is also able to inhibit viral replication in cell-based antiviral assays in the low micromolar range. Computational modeling studies were also conducted to explore the binding attitudes of some model ligands within the active site of both the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Carcelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Dominga Rogolino
- Department of Chemistry, University of ParmaParma, Italy; Research Interuniversity Consortium Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems Parma Unit, University of ParmaParma, Italy
| | - Anna Gatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of ParmaParma, Italy; Research Interuniversity Consortium Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems Parma Unit, University of ParmaParma, Italy
| | - Nicolino Pala
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessia Caredda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di MonserratoCagliari, Italy; Genetics and Biomedical Research institute, National Research CouncilMonserrato, Italy
| | | | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato Cagliari, Italy
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31
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Sonar VP, Corona A, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Meleddu R, Fois B, Floris C, Malpure NV, Alcaro S, Tramontano E, Cottiglia F. Natural product-inspired esters and amides of ferulic and caffeic acid as dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:248-260. [PMID: 28254698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using an HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-associated RNase H inhibition assay as lead, bioguided fractionation of the dichloromethane extract of the Ocimum sanctum leaves led to the isolation of five triterpenes (1-5) along with three 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenyl derivatives (6-8). The structure of this isolates were determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as ESI-MS. Tetradecyl ferulate (8) showed an interesting RNase H IC50 value of 12.4 μM and due to the synthetic accessibility of this secondary metabolite, a structure-activity relationship study was carried out. A series of esters and amides of ferulic and caffeic acids were synthesized and, among all, the most active was N-oleylcaffeamide displaying a strong inhibitory activity towards both RT-associated functions, ribonuclease H and DNA polymerase. Molecular modeling studies together with Yonetani-Theorell analysis, demonstrated that N-oleylcaffeamide is able to bind both two allosteric site located one close to the NNRTI binding pocket and the other close to RNase H catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P Sonar
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Drug Sciences Section, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Drug Sciences Section, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Drug Sciences Section, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Drug Sciences Section, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Benedetta Fois
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Drug Sciences Section, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Costantino Floris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nilesh V Malpure
- Department of Botany, S. S. G. M. College, IN-423601 Kopargaon, District Ahmednagar, MS, India
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università"Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Drug Sciences Section, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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32
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Grozav A, Porumb ID, Găină LI, Filip L, Hanganu D. Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Potential of Novel 2-(2-((1H-indol-5yl)methylene)-hydrazinyl)-thiazole Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020260. [PMID: 28208774 PMCID: PMC6155897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized 2-(2-((1H-indol-5yl)methylene)-hydrazinyl)-thiazole derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity on two carcinoma cell lines A2780 and HeLa. Significant cytotoxic activity for 2-(2-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl)-4-methylthiazole (1) and 2-(2-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl)-4-phenylthiazole (3), on both A2780 [IC50: 11.6 μM (1), and 12.4 μM (3)] and HeLa [IC50: 22.4 μM (1) and 19.4μM (3)] cell lines is reported. Their antioxidant potential was evaluated by spectrophotometric method, using DPPH radical or Fe (TPTZ)3+ complex, and EPR spectroscopy, therefore the compounds 1 and 3 showed remarkable antioxidant activity simultaneously with a cytotoxic effect on A2780 and HeLa cell lines. Furthermore, based on theoretical quantum chemical calculation, the present study analyzed the chemoselectivity of the hydrogen extraction from the indolyl-hydrazinil-thiazoles in reaction with free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Grozav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, Cluj-Napoca RO-400012, Romania.
| | - Ioan-Dan Porumb
- Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Heterochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai", University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca RO-400028, Romania.
| | - Luiza Ioana Găină
- Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Heterochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai", University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca RO-400028, Romania.
| | - Lorena Filip
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, Cluj-Napoca RO-400012, Romania.
| | - Daniela Hanganu
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, Cluj-Napoca RO-400012, Romania.
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Martini R, Esposito F, Corona A, Ferrarese R, Ceresola ER, Visconti L, Tintori C, Barbieri A, Calcaterra A, Iovine V, Canducci F, Tramontano E, Botta M. Natural Product Kuwanon-L Inhibits HIV-1 Replication through Multiple Target Binding. Chembiochem 2017; 18:374-377. [PMID: 27992102 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years many advances have been made in the fight against HIV-1 infection. However, the lack of a vaccine, together with the increasing resistance to the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), make HIV-1 infection still a serious global emergency. Thus, new compounds with original modes of action are continuously required, and natural products have ever been a very interesting class of pharmacologically active molecules. Some of them have been used since ancient times against viral infections. Here we present a work in which we suggest that kuwanon-L, a natural product active as an HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitor, might exert its overall antiviral activity through binding to multiple viral targets. Specific enzymatic tests, together with a time-of-addition (TOA) experiment, support our hypothesis of binding both to IN and to reverse transcriptase (RT). Overall, this compound can be considered an attractive lead for the development of new classes of antiviral agents able to overcome the problem of resistance, due to its ability to exert its action by binding simultaneously to multiple viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Martini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Microbiology, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Rita Ceresola
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Visconti
- Laboratory of Microbiology, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Tintori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbieri
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Iovine
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Laboratory of Microbiology, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, 53019, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
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Melis C, Meleddu R, Angeli A, Distinto S, Bianco G, Capasso C, Cottiglia F, Angius R, Supuran CT, Maccioni E. Isatin: a privileged scaffold for the design of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 32:68-73. [PMID: 27775452 PMCID: PMC6010117 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1235042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The isatin scaffold is the constitutive fragment of several natural and synthetic bioactive molecules. Albeit several benzene sulphonamide-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) have been reported, only recently isatin benzene sulphonamides have been studied and proposed as CAIs. In this study we have designed, synthesised, and evaluated the biological activity of a series of differently substituted isatin-based benzene sulphonamides which have been designed for the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase isoforms. The activity of all the synthesised compounds was evaluated towards human carbonic anhydrase I, II, IX, and XII isozymes. Our results indicate that the nature and position of substituents on the isatin ring can modulate both activity and isozyme selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Melis
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Rita Meleddu
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- b Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Florence , Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Giulia Bianco
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | | | - Filippo Cottiglia
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Rossella Angius
- d Laboratorio NMR e Tecnologie Bioanalitiche, Sardegna Ricerche , Pula , CA , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- b Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Florence , Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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Meleddu R, Distinto S, Corona A, Tramontano E, Bianco G, Melis C, Cottiglia F, Maccioni E. Isatin thiazoline hybrids as dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 32:130-136. [PMID: 27766892 PMCID: PMC6010014 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1238366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 3-3-{2-[2-3-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene]hydrazin-1-ylidene-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one derivatives has been designed and synthesized to study their activity on both HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1) RT (Reverse Transcriptase) associated functions. These derivatives are analogs of previously reported series whose biological activity and mode of action have been investigated. In this work we investigated the influence of the introduction of a methyl group in the position 3 of the dihydrothiazole ring and of a chlorine atom in the position 5 of the isatin nucleus. The new synthesized compounds are active towards both DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H in the µM range. The nature of the aromatic group in the position 4 of the thiazole was relevant in determining the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Meleddu
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- b Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- b Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Giulia Bianco
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Claudia Melis
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- a Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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36
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Ibrahim HS, Abou-Seri SM, Abdel-Aziz HA. 3-Hydrazinoindolin-2-one derivatives: Chemical classification and investigation of their targets as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:366-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pala N, Esposito F, Rogolino D, Carcelli M, Sanna V, Palomba M, Naesens L, Corona A, Grandi N, Tramontano E, Sechi M. Inhibitory Effect of 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-[4-(aryl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide Derivatives on HIV Reverse Transcriptase Associated RNase H Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1371. [PMID: 27556447 PMCID: PMC5000766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 ribonuclease H (RNase H) function of the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme catalyzes the selective hydrolysis of the RNA strand of the RNA:DNA heteroduplex replication intermediate, and represents a suitable target for drug development. A particularly attractive approach is constituted by the interference with the RNase H metal-dependent catalytic activity, which resides in the active site located at the C-terminus p66 subunit of RT. Herein, we report results of an in-house screening campaign that allowed us to identify 4-[4-(aryl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamides, prepared by the "click chemistry" approach, as novel potential HIV-1 RNase H inhibitors. Three compounds (9d, 10c, and 10d) demonstrated a selective inhibitory activity against the HIV-1 RNase H enzyme at micromolar concentrations. Drug-likeness, predicted by the calculation of a panel of physicochemical and ADME properties, putative binding modes for the active compounds, assessed by computational molecular docking, as well as a mechanistic hypothesis for this novel chemotype are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolino Pala
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Sezione Biomedica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Dominga Rogolino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Mauro Carcelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Vanna Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Michele Palomba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Angela Corona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Sezione Biomedica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Sezione Biomedica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Sezione Biomedica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Mario Sechi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Corona A, Desantis J, Massari S, Distinto S, Masaoka T, Sabatini S, Esposito F, Manfroni G, Maccioni E, Cecchetti V, Pannecouque C, Le Grice SFJ, Tramontano E, Tabarrini O. Studies on Cycloheptathiophene-3-carboxamide Derivatives as Allosteric HIV-1 Ribonuclease H Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1709-20. [PMID: 26990134 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant progress achieved with combination antiretroviral therapy in the fight against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the difficulty to eradicate the virus together with the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant strains clearly underline a pressing need for innovative agents, possibly endowed with novel mechanisms of action. In this context, owing to its essential role in HIV genome replication, the reverse transcriptase associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) has proven to be an appealing target. To identify new RNase H inhibitors, an in-house cycloheptathiophene-3-carboxamide library was screened; this led to compounds endowed with inhibitory activity, the structural optimization of which led to the catechol derivative 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide (compound 33) with an IC50 value on the RNase H activity in the nanomolar range. Mechanistic studies suggested selective inhibition of the RNase H through binding to an innovative allosteric site, which could be further exploited to enrich this class of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Corona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Takashi Masaoka
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research-KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
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Ribonuclease H/DNA Polymerase HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Dual Inhibitor: Mechanistic Studies on the Allosteric Mode of Action of Isatin-Based Compound RMNC6. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147225. [PMID: 26800261 PMCID: PMC4723341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are needed for the replication of the viral genome and are validated drug targets. However, there are no approved drugs inhibiting RNase H and the efficiency of DNA polymerase inhibitors can be diminished by the presence of drug resistance mutations. In this context, drugs inhibiting both activities could represent a significant advance towards better anti-HIV therapies. We report on the mechanisms of allosteric inhibition of a newly synthesized isatin-based compound designated as RMNC6 that showed IC50 values of 1.4 and 9.8 μM on HIV-1 RT-associated RNase H and polymerase activities, respectively. Blind docking studies predict that RMNC6 could bind two different pockets in the RT: one in the DNA polymerase domain (partially overlapping the non-nucleoside RT inhibitor [NNRTI] binding pocket), and a second one close to the RNase H active site. Enzymatic studies showed that RMNC6 interferes with efavirenz (an approved NNRTI) in its binding to the RT polymerase domain, although NNRTI resistance-associated mutations such as K103N, Y181C and Y188L had a minor impact on RT susceptibility to RMNC6. In addition, despite being naturally resistant to NNRTIs, the polymerase activity of HIV-1 group O RT was efficiently inhibited by RMNC6. The compound was also an inhibitor of the RNase H activity of wild-type HIV-1 group O RT, although we observed a 6.5-fold increase in the IC50 in comparison with the prototypic HIV-1 group M subtype B enzyme. Mutagenesis studies showed that RT RNase H domain residues Asn474 and Tyr501, and in a lesser extent Ala502 and Ala508, are critical for RMNC6 inhibition of the endonuclease activity of the RT, without affecting its DNA polymerization activity. Our results show that RMNC6 acts as a dual inhibitor with allosteric sites in the DNA polymerase and the RNase H domains of HIV-1 RT.
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Krzemińska A, Świderek KP, Paneth P. Theoretical studies of energetics and binding isotope effects of binding a triazole-based inhibitor to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:310-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 18O binding isotope effect allows us to distinguish the actual binding site of an inhibitor in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Krzemińska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Lodz
- Poland
| | - K. P. Świderek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Lodz
- Poland
- Department de Quimica Fisica i Analitica
| | - P. Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Lodz
- Poland
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Wan ZY, Yao J, Mao TQ, Wang XL, Wang HF, Chen WX, Yin H, Chen FE, De Clercq E, Daelemans D, Pannecouque C. Pyrimidine sulfonylacetanilides with improved potency against key mutant viruses of HIV-1 by specific targeting of a highly conserved residue. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:215-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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