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Abimbola Salubi C, Abbo HS, Jahed N, Titinchi S. Medicinal chemistry perspectives on the development of piperazine-containing HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117605. [PMID: 38246116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most perilous diseases known to humankind. A 2023 estimate put the number of people living with HIV around 40 million worldwide, with the majority benefiting from various antiretroviral therapies. Consequently, the urgent need for the development of effective drugs to combat this virus cannot be overstated. In the realm of medicinal and organic chemistry, the synthesis and identification of novel compounds capable of inhibiting HIV enzymes at different stages of their life cycle are of paramount importance. Notably, the spotlight is on the progress made in enhancing the potency of HIV inhibitors through the use of piperazine-based compounds. Multiple studies have revealed that the incorporation of a piperazine moiety results in a noteworthy enhancement of anti-HIV activity. The piperazine ring assumes a pivotal role in shaping the pharmacophore responsible for inhibiting HIV-1 at critical stage, including attachment, reverse transcription, integration, and protease activity. This review also sheds light on the various opportunities that can be exploited to develop effective antiretroviral targets and eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. The advancement of highly potent analogues in HIV inhibitor research has been greatly facilitated by contemporary medicinal strategies, including molecular/fragment hybridization, structure-based drug design, and bioisosterism. These techniques have opened up new avenues for the development of compounds with enhanced efficacy in combating the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Abimbola Salubi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hanna S Abbo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nazeeen Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Salam Titinchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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2
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Alshorman A, Al-Hosainat N, Jackson T. Analysis of HIV latent infection model with multiple infection stages and different drug classes. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2022; 16:713-732. [PMID: 36264087 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2022.2113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Latently infected CD4+ T cells represent one of the major obstacles to HIV eradication even after receiving prolonged highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Long-term use of HAART causes the emergence of drug-resistant virus which is then involved in HIV transmission. In this paper, we develop mathematical HIV models with staged disease progression by incorporating entry inhibitor and latently infected cells. We find that entry inhibitor has the same effect as protease inhibitor on the model dynamics and therefore would benefit HIV patients who developed resistance to many of current anti-HIV medications. Numerical simulations illustrate the theoretical results and show that the virus and latently infected cells reach an infected steady state in the absence of treatment and are eliminated under treatment whereas the model including homeostatic proliferation of latently infected cells maintains the virus at low level during suppressive treatment. Therefore, complete cure of HIV needs complete eradication of latent reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Alshorman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Trachette Jackson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Mahboubi-Rabbani M, Abbasi M, Hajimahdi Z, Zarghi A. HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase/Integrase Dual Inhibitors: A Review of Recent Advances and Structure-activity Relationship Studies. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:333-369. [PMID: 34567166 PMCID: PMC8457747 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.115446.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The significant threat to humanity is HIV infection, and it is uncertain whether a definitive treatment or a safe HIV vaccine is. HIV-1 is continually evolving and resistant to commonly used HIV-resistant medications, presenting significant obstacles to HIV infection management. The drug resistance adds to the need for new anti-HIV drugs; it chooses ingenious approaches to fight the emerging virus. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a multi-target approach for specific therapies, has proved effective in AIDS treatment. Therefore, it is a dynamic system with high prescription tension, increased risk of medication reactions, and adverse effects, leading to poor compliance with patients. In the HIV-1 lifecycle, two critical enzymes with high structural and functional analogies are reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN), which can be interpreted as druggable targets for modern dual-purpose inhibitors. Designed multifunctional ligand (DML) is a new technique that recruited many targets to be achieved by one chemical individual. A single chemical entity that acts for multiple purposes can be much more successful than a complex multidrug program. The production of these multifunctional ligands as antiretroviral drugs is valued with the advantage that the viral-replication process may end in two or more phases. This analysis will discuss the RT-IN dual-inhibitory scaffolds' developments documented so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahboubi-Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajimahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Zawawi A, Naser AY, Alwafi H, Minshawi F. Profile of Circulatory Cytokines and Chemokines in Human Coronaviruses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666223. [PMID: 34046036 PMCID: PMC8147689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 share similar characteristics. For instance, the genetic homology of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV is 80% and 50%, respectively, which may cause similar clinical features. Moreover, uncontrolled release of proinflammatory mediators (also called a cytokine storm) by activated immune cells in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 patients leads to severe phenotype development. AIM This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the inflammatory cytokine profile associated with three strains of severe human coronavirus diseases (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2). METHOD The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies published until July 2020. Randomized and observational studies reporting the inflammatory cytokines associated with severe and non-severe human coronavirus diseases, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, were included. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval to estimate the pooled mean of inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS A high level of circulating IL-6 could be associated with the severity of infection of the three coronavirus strains. TNF, IL-10, and IL-8 are associated with the severity of COVID-19. Increased circulating levels of CXCL10/IP10 and CCL2/MCP-1 might also be related to the severity of MERS. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the immune response and immunopathology in the three severe human coronavirus strains are somewhat similar. The findings highlight that nearly all studies reporting severe cases of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 have been associated with elevated levels of IL-6. This could be used as a potential therapeutic target to improve patients' outcomes in severe cases. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration 94 number: CRD42020209931.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Y. Naser
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hassan Alwafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Karuppusamy KV, Babu P, Thangavel S. The Strategies and Challenges of CCR5 Gene Editing in Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells for the Treatment of HIV. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1607-1618. [PMID: 33788143 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection continues to be a serious health issue with an alarming global spread, owing to the fact that attempts at developing an effective vaccine or a permanent cure remains futile. So far, the only available treatment for the clinical management of HIV is the combined Anti-Retroviral Therapy (cART), but the long-term cART is associated with metabolic changes, organ damages, and development and transmission of drug resistant HIV strains. Thus, there is a need for the development of one-time curative treatment for HIV infection. The allogeneic transplantation with the Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor cells (HSPCs) having 32 bp deletion in Chemokine receptor 5 gene (CCR5 Δ32) demonstrated successful HIV remission in the Berlin and London patients, and highlighted that transplantation of CCR5 null HSPCs is a promising approach for a long- term HIV remission. The advent of gene editing technologies offers a new choice of generating ex vivo CCR5 ablated allogeneic or autologous HSPCs for stem cell transplantation into HIV patients. Many groups are attempting CCR5 disruption in HSPCs using various gene-editing strategies. At least two such studies, involving CCR5 gene editing in HSPCs have entered the clinical trials. This review aims to outline the strategies taken for CCR5 gene editing and discuss the challenges associated with the development of CCR5 manipulated HSPCs for the gene therapy of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik V Karuppusamy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (A unit of inStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Prathibha Babu
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (A unit of inStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Saravanabhavan Thangavel
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (A unit of inStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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6
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Khalil BA, Elemam NM, Maghazachi AA. Chemokines and chemokine receptors during COVID-19 infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:976-988. [PMID: 33558827 PMCID: PMC7859556 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators needed during an immune response to clear pathogens. However, their excessive release is the main cause of hyperinflammation. In the recent COVID-19 outbreak, chemokines may be the direct cause of acute respiratory disease syndrome, a major complication leading to death in about 40% of severe cases. Several clinical investigations revealed that chemokines are directly involved in the different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in COVID-19 pathogenesis to better understand the disease immunopathology which may aid in developing possible therapeutic targets for the infection.
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Key Words
- AECs, airway epithelial cells
- AP-1, Activator Protein 1
- ARDS
- ARDS, acute respiratory disease syndrome
- BALF, bronchial alveolar lavage fluid
- CAP, community acquired pneumonia
- COVID-19
- CRS, cytokine releasing syndrome
- Chemokine Receptors
- Chemokines
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GAGs, glycosaminoglycans
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus
- IFN, interferon
- IMM, inflammatory monocytes and macrophages
- IP-10, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Immunity
- MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PRR, pattern recognition receptors
- RSV, rous sarcoma virus
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa A. Khalil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Li Z, Wang X, Lin Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Xia K, Xu C, Ma H, Zheng J, Luo L, Zhu F, He S, Zhang X. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of pyrrolidine based CXCR4 antagonists with in vivo anti-tumor metastatic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112537. [PMID: 32768738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been proposed as a drug target based on its important functions in HIV infection, inflammation/autoimmune diseases and cancer metastasis. Herein we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel CXCR4 antagonists based on a pyrrolidine scaffold. The structural exploration/optimization identified numerous potent CXCR4 antagonists, represented by compound 46, which displayed potent binding affinity to CXCR4 receptor (IC50 = 79 nM competitively displacing fluorescent 12G5 antibody) and inhibited CXCL12 induced cytosolic calcium flux (IC50 = 0.25 nM). Moreover, in a transwell invasion assay, compound 46 significantly mitigated CXCL12/CXCR4 mediated cell migration. Compound 46 exhibited good physicochemical properties (MW 367, logD7.4 1.12, pKa 8.2) and excellent in vitro safety profiles (e.g., hERG patch clamp IC50 > 30 μM and minimal CYP isozyme inhibition). Importantly, 46 displayed much improved metabolic stability in human and rat liver microsomes. Lastly, 46 demonstrated marked efficacy in a cancer metastasis model in mice. These results strongly support 46 as a prototypical lead for the development of promising CXCR4 antagonists as clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yu Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Shuwei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Kaijiang Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Chen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Lusong Luo
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Fang Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China; Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sudan He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China; Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
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Lin Y, Li Z, Ma H, Wang Y, Wang X, Song S, Zhao L, Wu S, Tian S, Fu C, Luo L, Zhu F, He S, Zheng J, Zhang X. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel CXCR4 Antagonists Featuring Cyclic Amines. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1150-1162. [PMID: 32391652 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its natural ligand CXCL12 (also known as stromal cell-derived factor-1, or SDF-1) regulate a broad range of physiological functions. Dysregulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is involved in numerous pathological conditions such as HIV infection, inflammation and cancer. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of novel CXCR4 antagonists based on cyclic amine scaffolds. Compound 24 was identified as a potent CXCR4 receptor antagonist (competitive inhibition of 12G5 binding, IC50 =24 nM; functional inhibition of CXCL12-induced cytosolic calcium increase, IC50 =0.1 nM). In addition, compound 24 potently inhibited cell migration in CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated chemotaxis in a matrigel invasion assay. The absolute configuration of compound 24 was elucidated by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuwei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Fu
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Lusong Luo
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Sudan He
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Zhang C, Zhu R, Cao Q, Yang X, Huang Z, An J. Discoveries and developments of CXCR4-targeted HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:477-485. [PMID: 32019336 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220901498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into target cells and its expression correlates with more profound pathogenicity, rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and greater AIDS-related mortality. There is still no cure for AIDS and no method for preventing or eradicating HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 entry begins with the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the primary receptor CD4, and subsequently with the coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, on the host cells. Blocking the interaction of HIV-1 and its coreceptors is therefore a promising strategy for developing new HIV-1 entry inhibitors. This approach has a dual benefit, as it prevents HIV-1 infection and progression while also targeting the reservoirs of HIV-1 infected, coreceptor positive macrophages and memory T cells. To date, multiple classes of CXCR4-targeted anti-HIV-1 inhibitors have been discovered and are now at different preclinical and clinical stages. In this review, we highlight the studies of CXCR4-targeted small-molecule and peptide HIV-1 entry inhibitors discovered during the last two decades and provide a reference for further potential HIV-1 exploration in the future. Impact statement This minireview summarized the current progress in the identification of CXCR4-targeted HIV-1-entry inhibitors based on discovery/developmental approaches. It also provided a discussion of the inhibitor structural features, antiviral activities, and pharmacological properties. Unlike other reviews on anti-HIV-1 drug development, which have generally emphasized inhibitors that target intracellular viral replication and host genomic integration, this review focused on the drug discovery approaches taken to develop viral-entry inhibitors aimed at disturbing the initial step of viral interaction with uninfected host cells and preventing the subsequent viral replication/genomic integration. This review amalgamated recently published and important work on bivalent CXCR4-targeted anti-HIV-1-entry candidates/conjugates, discussed the research challenges faced in developing drugs to prevent and eradicate HIV-1 infection, and provided a perspective on strategies that can lead to future drug discoveries. The findings and strategies summarized in this review will be of interest to investigators throughout the microbiological, pharmaceutical, and translational research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozai Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ruohan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qizhi Cao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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10
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Structural optimization of aminopyrimidine-based CXCR4 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Mousavi A. CXCL12/CXCR4 signal transduction in diseases and its molecular approaches in targeted-therapy. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:91-115. [PMID: 31747563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small molecules called "chemotactic cytokines" and regulate many processes like leukocyte trafficking, homing of immune cells, maturation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, physiology, migration during development, and host immune responses. These proteins bind to their corresponding 7-membrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptors are anti-inflammatory factors in autoimmune conditions, so consider as potential targets for neutralization in such diseases. They also express by cancer cells and function as angiogenic factors, and/or survival/growth factors that enhance tumor angiogenesis and development. Among chemokines, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has significantly been studied in numerous cancers and autoimmune diseases. CXCL12 is a homeostatic chemokine, which is acts as an anti-inflammatory chemokine during autoimmune inflammatory responses. In cancer cells, CXCL12 acts as an angiogenic, proliferative agent and regulates tumor cell apoptosis as well. CXCR4 has a role in leukocyte chemotaxis in inflammatory situations in numerous autoimmune diseases, as well as the high levels of CXCR4, observed in different types of human cancers. These findings suggest CXCL12/CXCR4 as a potential therapeutic target for therapy of autoimmune diseases and open a new approach to targeted-therapy of cancers by neutralizing CXCL12 and CXCR4. In this paper, we reviewed the current understanding of the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in disease pathology and cancer biology, and discuss its therapeutic implications in cancer and diseases.
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12
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Bruns D, Merk D, Santhana Kumar K, Baumgartner M, Schneider G. Synthetic Activators of Cell Migration Designed by Constructive Machine Learning. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1303-1308. [PMID: 31660283 PMCID: PMC6807213 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Constructive machine learning aims to create examples from its learned domain which are likely to exhibit similar properties. Here, a recurrent neural network was trained with the chemical structures of known cell-migration modulators. This machine learning model was used to generate new molecules that mimic the training compounds. Two top-scoring designs were synthesized, and tested for functional activity in a phenotypic spheroid cell migration assay. These computationally generated small molecules significantly increased the migration of medulloblastoma cells. The results further corroborate the applicability of constructive machine learning to the de novo design of druglike molecules with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bruns
- ETH Zurich, Department ofChemistry and Applied BiosciencesVladimir-Prelog-Weg 4CH-8093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Merk
- ETH Zurich, Department ofChemistry and Applied BiosciencesVladimir-Prelog-Weg 4CH-8093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Karthiga Santhana Kumar
- Pediatric Neuro-OncologyResearch Group, Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital ZurichLengghalde 5CH-8008ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martin Baumgartner
- Pediatric Neuro-OncologyResearch Group, Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital ZurichLengghalde 5CH-8008ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- ETH Zurich, Department ofChemistry and Applied BiosciencesVladimir-Prelog-Weg 4CH-8093ZurichSwitzerland
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13
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Tahir T, Ashfaq M, Asghar H, Shahzad MI, Tabassum R, Ashfaq A. Medicinal Importance of Azo and Hippuric Acid Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:708-719. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180727162018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, specific therapeutic and medicinal advantages including antiviral, antibacterial,
antifungal and antitumor, strategies for drug designing, structure-activity relationship, advances in
the syntheses of azo and hippuric acid derivatives of more than 50 compounds have been discussed
since 2009-2018. It is found that phenyl-diazenyl azo derivatives and pyridinyl substituted hippuric acid
derivatives showed promising antiretroviral potential. The incorporation of azo functionality to the
respective quinolones and coumarin moieties and the insertion of thiocarbazone to hippuric acid displayed
immense antibacterial activities. While, azo and hippuric acid derivatives of triazole and phenyl
species gave maximum fungicidal as well as cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehreem Tahir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Humna Asghar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mirza I. Shahzad
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Areeba Ashfaq
- Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
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14
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Sakyiamah MM, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H. Development of a NanoBRET-Based Sensitive Screening Method for CXCR4 Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1442-1450. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M. Sakyiamah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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15
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CXCR4-targeting nanobodies differentially inhibit CXCR4 function and HIV entry. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:402-412. [PMID: 30342024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 contribute to a variety of human diseases, such as cancer. CXCR4 is also a major co-receptor facilitating HIV entry. Accordingly, CXCR4 is considered as an attractive therapeutic target. Drug side effects and poor pharmacokinetic properties have been major hurdles that have prevented the implementation of CXCR4-directed inhibitors in treatment regimes. We evaluated the activity of a new and promising class of biologics, namely CXCR4-targeting nanobodies, with the purpose of identifying nanobodies that would preferentially inhibit HIV infection, while minimally disturbing other CXCR4-related functions. All CXCR4-interacting nanobodies inhibited CXCL12 binding and receptor-mediated calcium mobilization with comparable relative potencies. Importantly, the anti-HIV-1 activity of the nanobodies did not always correlate with their ability to modulate CXCR4 signaling and function, indicating that the anti-HIV and anti-CXCR4 activity are not entirely overlapping and may be functionally separated. Three nanobodies with divergent activity profiles (VUN400, VUN401 and VUN402) were selected for in depth biological evaluation. While all three nanobodies demonstrated inhibitory activity against a wide range of HIV (X4) strains, VUN402 poorly blocked CXCL12-induced CXCR4 internalization, chemotaxis and changes in cell morphology. Each of these nanobodies recognized distinct, although partially overlapping epitopes on CXCR4, which might underlie their distinct activity profiles. Our results demonstrate the potential of CXCR4-targeting nanobody VUN402 as a novel lead and starting point for the development of a more potent and selective anti-HIV agent.
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Mostashari Rad T, Saghaie L, Fassihi A. HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors: A Review of Experimental and Computational Studies. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800159. [PMID: 30027572 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 life cycle consists of different events, such as cell entry and fusion, virus replication, assembly and release of the newly formed virions. The more logical way to inhibit HIV transmission among individuals is to inhibit its entry into the immune host cells rather than targeting the intracellular viral enzymes. Both viral and host cell surface receptors and co-receptors are regarded as potential targets in anti-HIV-1 drug design process. Because of the importance of this topic it was decided to summarize recent reports on small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors that have not been considered in the latest released reviews. All the computational studies reported in the literature regarding HIV-1 entry inhibitors since 2014 was also considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mostashari Rad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Fievez V, Szpakowska M, Mosbah A, Arumugam K, Mathu J, Counson M, Beaupain N, Seguin-Devaux C, Deroo S, Baudy-Floc'h M, Chevigné A. Development of Mimokines, chemokine N terminus-based CXCR4 inhibitors optimized by phage display and rational design. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:343-357. [PMID: 29570832 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0118-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184)) is implicated in various biological and pathological processes of the hematopoietic and immune systems. CXCR4 is also one of the major coreceptors for HIV-1 entry into target cells and is overexpressed in many cancers, supporting cell survival, proliferation, and migration. CXCR4 is thus an extremely relevant drug target. Among the different strategies to block CXCR4, chemokine-derived peptide inhibitors hold great therapeutic potential. In this study, we used the N-terminus of vCCL2/vMIPII, a viral CXCR4 antagonist chemokine, as a scaffold motif to engineer and select CXCR4 peptide inhibitors, called Mimokines, which imitate the chemokine-binding mode but display an enhanced receptor affinity, antiviral properties, and receptor selectivity. We first engineered a Mimokine phage displayed library based on the first 21 residues of vCCL2, in which cysteine 11 and 12 were fully randomized and screened it against purified CXCR4 stabilized in liposomes. We identified Mimokines displaying up to 4-fold higher affinity for CXCR4 when compared to the reference peptide and fully protected MT-4 cells against HIV-1 infection. These selected Mimokines were then subjected to dimerization, D-amino acid, and aza-β3-amino acid substitution to further enhance their potency and selectivity. Optimized Mimokines exhibited up to 120-fold enhanced CXCR4 binding (range of 20 nM) and more than 200-fold improved antiviral properties (≤ 1 μM) compared to the parental Mimokines. Interestingly, these optimized Mimokines also showed up to 25-fold weaker affinity for ACKR3/CXCR7 and may therefore serve as lead compounds for further development of more selective CXCR4 peptide inhibitors and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Fievez
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Amor Mosbah
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Karthik Arumugam
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Julie Mathu
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Counson
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nadia Beaupain
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sabrina Deroo
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), House of BioHealth, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Abstract
The CXCR4/CXCL12 chemokine axis can chemotactically accumulate inflammatory cells to local tissues and regulate the release of inflammatory factors. Developing novel CXCR4 modulators may provide a desirable strategy to control the development of inflammation. A series of novel hybrids were designed by integrating the key pharmacophores of three CXCR4 modulators. The majority of compounds displayed potent CXCR4 binding affinity. Compound 7a exhibited 1000-fold greater affinity than AMD3100 and significantly inhibited invasion of CXCR4-positive tumor cells. Additionally, compound 7a blocked mice ear inflammation by 67% and suppressed the accumulation of inflammatory cells in an in vivo mouse ear edema evaluation. Western blot analyses revealed that 7a inhibited the CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated phosphorylation of Akt and p44 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, compound 7a had no observable cytotoxicity and displayed a favorable plasma stability in our preliminary pharmacokinetic study. These results confirmed that this is a feasible method to develop CXCR4 modulators for the regulation and reduction of inflammation.
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19
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Claes S, D'huys T, Van Hout A, Schols D, Van Loy T. A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553532 DOI: 10.3791/56780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include well-validated targets for therapeutic intervention. Discovery of lead compounds, including small synthetic molecules, that specifically inhibit the receptor's function, is an important initial step in drug development and relies on sensitive, specific, and robust cell-based assays. Here, we describe a kinetic cellular assay with a fluorescent readout primarily designed to identify receptor-specific antagonists that inhibit the intracellular Ca2+ release evoked upon the activation of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) by its endogenous ligand, the CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). A key advantage of this method is that it also enables screening of compounds endowed with intrinsic agonistic properties (i.e., compounds eliciting an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the absence of CXCL12) or compounds modulating the receptor's function via interaction with allosteric binding sites (i.e., positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively)). On the down side, autofluorescent compounds might interfere with the assay's readout, thereby hampering reliable data interpretation. Most likely this assay can be implemented, with minimal adaptations, as a generic drug discovery assay for many other GPCRs of which the activation leads to a release of intracellular Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Claes
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
| | - Thomas D'huys
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
| | - Anneleen Van Hout
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
| | - Tom Van Loy
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven;
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Li Z, Wang Y, Fu C, Wang X, Wang JJ, Zhang Y, Zhou D, Zhao Y, Luo L, Ma H, Lu W, Zheng J, Zhang X. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity-relationship of a novel series of CXCR4 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:30-44. [PMID: 29494843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The important roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in numerous pathogenic pathways involving HIV infection and cancer metastasis make the CXCR4 receptor an attractive target for the development of therapeutic agents. Through scaffold hybridization of a few known CXCR4 antagonists, a series of novel aminopyrimidine derivatives was developed. Compound 3 from this new scaffold demonstrates excellent binding affinity with CXCR4 receptor (IC50 = 54 nM) and inhibits CXCL12 induced cytosolic calcium increase (IC50 = 2.3 nM). Furthermore, compound 3 possesses good physicochemical properties (MW 353, clogP 2.0, PSA 48, pKa 6.7) and exhibits minimal hERG and CYP isozyme (e.g. 3A4, 2D6) inhibition. Collectively, these results strongly support further optimization of this novel scaffold to develop better CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Chunyan Fu
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jun Jun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Dongping Zhou
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Lusong Luo
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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Zuo X, Huo Z, Kang D, Wu G, Zhou Z, Liu X, Zhan P. Current insights into anti-HIV drug discovery and development: a review of recent patent literature (2014-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:299-316. [PMID: 29411697 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1438410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To deal with the rapid emergence of drug resistance challenges, together with the difficulty to eradicate the virus, off-target effects and significant cumulative drug toxicities, it is still imperative to develop next-generation anti-HIV agents with novel chemical classes or new mechanisms of action. AREAS COVERED We primarily focused on current strategies to discover novel anti-HIV agents. Moreover, examples of anti-HIV lead compounds were mainly selected from recently patented publications (reported between 2014 and 2017). In particular, 'privileged structure'-focused substituents decorating approach, scaffold hopping, natural-product diversification and prodrug are focused on. Furthermore, exploitation of new compounds with unexplored mechanisms of action and medicinal chemistry strategies to deplete the HIV reservoir were also described. Perspectives that could inspire future anti-HIV drug discovery are delineated. EXPERT OPINION Even if a large number of patents have been disclosed recently, additional HIV inhibitors are still required, especially novel chemical skeletons displaying a unexploited mechanism of action. Current medicinal chemistry strategies are inadequate, and appropriate and new methodologies and technologies should be exploited to identify novel anti-HIV drug candidates in a time- and cost- effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zuo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhipeng Huo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Gaochan Wu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
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22
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Amor-Coarasa A, Kelly J, Ponnala S, Vedvyas Y, Nikolopoulou A, Williams C, Jin MM, David Warren J, Babich JW. [ 18F]RPS-544: A PET tracer for imaging the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 60:37-44. [PMID: 29544122 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CXCR4 specific [18F]-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents are needed which would enable general distribution of the radiotracer for clinical investigation. We sought to synthesize, radiolabel and evaluate [18F]RPS-544, a novel non-peptide CXCR4 antagonist as a CXCR4 specific probe. We compared [18F]RPS-544 with the previously published [18F]-3 ([18F]RPS-510 in this paper) in a bi-lateral tumor model of differential CXCR4 expression for its ability to selectively target CXCR4 expression. METHODS Radiolabeling of [18F]RPS-544 and [18F]RPS-510 was performed by aromatic substitution on a 6-nitropyridyl group using no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride under basic conditions. 18F incorporation was determined by radioHPLC. Semi-preparative HPLC was used to purify the final product prior to reformulation. Imaging and biodistribution was performed in nude mice with bilateral PC3 (CXCR4+ and WT) xenograft tumors at 1, 2 and 4 h post injection. RESULTS RPS-544 bound CXCR4 with an IC50 of 4.9 ± 0.3 nM. [18F]RPS-544 showed preferential uptake in CXCR4+ tumors, with a CXCR4/WT ratio of 3.3 ± 1.3 at 1 h p.i. and 2.3 ± 0.5 at 2 h p.i. Maximum uptake in the CXCR4+ tumors was 3.4 ± 1.2%ID/g at 1 h p.i., significantly greater (p = 0.003) than the uptake in the WT tumor. Tumor/blood ratios were 2.5 ± 0.4 and 3.6 ± 0.3 at 1 and 2 h p.i. Tumor/muscle ratios were >4 at all time-points. Tumor/lung ratios were >2 at 1 h and 2 h p.i. Substantial uptake was observed in the liver (15-25%ID/g), kidneys (25-35%ID/g), the small intestine (1-7%ID/g) and the large intestine (1-12%ID/g). Blood concentrations varied over time (0.5-2%ID/g). All other organs showed uptake of <1%ID/g at all time points studied with clearance profiles similar to blood clearance. CONCLUSIONS Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first high affinity [18F]-labeled tracer, suitable for in vivo PET imaging of CXCR4. [18F]RPS-544 displayed high affinity for CXCR4 and good tumor uptake with a maximum uptake at 1 h p.i.. CXCR4 dependent uptake was demonstrated using bilateral tumors with differential CXCR4 expression as well as pharmacological blockade using the known CXCR4 antagonist, AMD-3100. Tissue contrast as judged by tumor to normal tissue ratios was positive in several key tissues. The structural and pharmacological similarities between [18F]RPS-544 and the approved drug AMD-3465, combined with the ease of synthesis and high molar activity (>185 GBq/μmol) achieved during radiosynthesis could lead to accelerated translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Amor-Coarasa
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Kelly
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shashikanth Ponnala
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yogindra Vedvyas
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anastasia Nikolopoulou
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clarence Williams
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moonsoo M Jin
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J David Warren
- Milstein Chemistry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John W Babich
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Wang Z, Shang H, Jiang Y. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Accomplices for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Latency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1274. [PMID: 29085362 PMCID: PMC5650658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines that are involved in the regulation of immune cell migration. Multiple functional properties of chemokines, such as pro-inflammation, immune regulation, and promotion of cell growth, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, have been identified in many pathological and physiological contexts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by persistent inflammation and immune activation during both acute and chronic phases, and the "cytokine storm" is one of the hallmarks of HIV infection. Along with immune activation after HIV infection, an extensive range of chemokines and other cytokines are elevated, thereby generating the so-called "cytokine storm." In this review, the effects of the upregulated chemokines and chemokine receptors on the processes of HIV infection are discussed. The objective of this review was to focus on the main chemokines and chemokine receptors that have been found to be associated with HIV infection and latency. Elevated chemokines and chemokine receptors have been shown to play important roles in the HIV life cycle, disease progression, and HIV reservoir establishment. Thus, targeting these chemokines and receptors and the other proteins of related signaling pathways might provide novel therapeutic strategies, and the evidence indicates a promising future regarding the development of a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Grande F, Giancotti G, Ioele G, Occhiuzzi MA, Garofalo A. An update on small molecules targeting CXCR4 as starting points for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:519-530. [PMID: 28826086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 (C-X-C Chemokine Receptor type 4) and its natural ligand SDF-1α (Stromal-Derived-Factor-1α) are involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes including cancer spread and progression. Over the past few years, numerous CXCR4 antagonists have been identified and currently are in different development stages as potential agents for the treatment of several diseases involving the CXCR4/SDF-1α axis. Herein, we focus on small molecules reported in literature between 2013 and 2017, claimed as CXCR4 antagonists and potentially useful in the treatment of cancer and other diseases where this receptor is involved. Most of the compounds resulted from a chemical optimization of previously identified molecules and some of them could represent suitable candidates for the development of advanced anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Gilda Giancotti
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria A Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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Bai R, Liang Z, Yoon Y, Salgado E, Feng A, Gurbani S, Shim H. Novel anti-inflammatory agents targeting CXCR4: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and preliminary pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:360-371. [PMID: 28521261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays a crucial role in the inflammatory disease process, providing an attractive means for drug targeting. A series of novel amide-sulfamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and comprehensively evaluated. This new scaffold exhibited much more potent CXCR4 inhibitory activity, with more than 70% of the compounds showed notably better binding affinity than the reference drug AMD3100 in the binding assay. Additionally, in the Matrigel invasion assay, most of our compounds significantly blocked the tumor cell invasion, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to AMD3100. Furthermore, compound IIj blocked mice ear inflammation by 75% and attenuated ear edema and damage substantially in an in vivo model of inflammation. Western blot analyses revealed that CXCR4 modulator IIj significantly blocked CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, compound IIj had no observable cytotoxicity and displayed a favourable plasma stability in our preliminary pharmacokinetic study. The preliminary structure-activity relationships were also summarized. In short, this novel amide-sulfamide scaffold exhibited potent CXCR4 inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. These results also confirmed that developing modulators targeting CXCR4 provides an exciting avenue for treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renren Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric Salgado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saumya Gurbani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Van Hout A, D'huys T, Oeyen M, Schols D, Van Loy T. Comparison of cell-based assays for the identification and evaluation of competitive CXCR4 inhibitors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176057. [PMID: 28410420 PMCID: PMC5391968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is activated by its unique chemokine ligand CXCL12 and regulates many physiological and developmental processes such as hematopoietic cell trafficking. CXCR4 is also one of the main co-receptors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry. Dysfunction of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis contributes to several human pathologies, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. Consequently, inhibition of CXCR4 activation is recognized as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In this regard, numerous agents modifying CXCR4 activity have been evaluated in in vitro experimental studies and pre-clinical models. Here, we evaluated a CXCL12 competition binding assay for its potential as a valuable initial screen for functional and competitive CXCR4 inhibitors. In total, 11 structurally diverse compounds were included in a side-by-side comparison of in vitro CXCR4 cell-based assays, such as CXCL12 competition binding, CXCL12-induced calcium signaling, CXCR4 internalization, CXCL12-guided cell migration and CXCR4-specific HIV-1 replication experiments. Our data indicated that agents that inhibit CXCL12 binding, i.e. the anti-CXCR4 peptide analogs T22, T140 and TC14012 and the small molecule antagonists AMD3100, AMD3465, AMD11070 and IT1t showed inhibitory activity with consistent relative potencies in all further applied CXCR4-related assays. Accordingly, agents exerting no or very weak receptor binding (i.e., CTCE-9908, WZ811, Me6TREN and gambogic acid) showed no or very poor anti-CXCR4 inhibitory activity. Thus, CXCL12 competition binding studies were proven to be highly valuable as an initial screening assay and indicative for the pharmacological and functional profile of competitive CXCR4 antagonists, which will help the design of new potent CXCR4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Van Hout
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas D'huys
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Merel Oeyen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Loy
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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