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Nagode A, Vanbeselaere J, Dutkiewicz Z, Kaltenbrunner S, Wilson IBH, Duchêne M. Molecular characterisation of Entamoeba histolytica UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, an enzyme able to provide building blocks for cyst wall formation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011574. [PMID: 37616327 PMCID: PMC10482301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human host, the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is adapted to a non-invasive lifestyle in the colon as well as to an invasive lifestyle in the mesenterial blood vessels and the liver. This means to cope with bacteria and human cells as well as various metabolic challenges. Galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) are sugars of great importance for the amoebae, they attach to the host mucus and enterocytes via their well-studied Gal/GalNAc specific lectin, they carry galactose residues in their surface glycans, and they cleave GalNAc from host mucins. The enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GalE) works as a bridge between the galactose and glucose worlds, it can help to generate glucose for glycolysis from phagocytosis products containing galactose as well as providing UDP-galactose necessary for the biosynthesis of galactose-containing surface components. E. histolytica contains a single galE gene. We recombinantly expressed the enzyme in Escherichia coli and used a spectrophotometric assay to determine its temperature and pH dependency (37°C, pH 8.5), its kinetics for UDP-glucose (Km = 31.82 μM, Vmax = 4.31 U/mg) and substrate spectrum. As observed via RP-HPLC, the enzyme acts on UDP-Glc/Gal as well as UDP-GlcNAc/GalNAc. Previously, Trypanosoma brucei GalE and the bloodstream form of the parasite were shown to be susceptible to the three compounds ebselen, a selenoorganic drug with antioxidant properties, diethylstilbestrol, a mimic of oestrogen with anti-inflammatory properties, and ethacrynic acid, a loop diuretic used to treat oedema. In this study, the three compounds had cytotoxic activity against E. histolytica, but only ebselen inhibited the recombinant GalE with an IC50 of 1.79 μM (UDP-Gal) and 1.2 μM (UDP-GalNAc), suggesting that the two other compounds are active against other targets in the parasite. The importance of the ability of GalE to interconvert UDP-GalNAc and UDP-GlcNAc may be that the trophozoites can generate precursors for their own cyst wall from the sugar subunits cleaved from host mucins. This finding advances our understanding of the biochemical interactions of E. histolytica in its colonic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nagode
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Samantha Kaltenbrunner
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Duchêne
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Jasni N, Saidin S, Arifin N, Azman DK, Shin LN, Othman N. A Review: Natural and Synthetic Compounds Targeting Entamoeba histolytica and Its Biological Membrane. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040396. [PMID: 35448367 PMCID: PMC9024486 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is the third most common parasitic cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in countries with poor hygienic settings in central and south America, Africa, and India. This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite, namely Entamoeba histolytica, which infects approximately 50 million people worldwide, resulting in 70,000 deaths every year. Since the 1960s, E. histolytica infection has been successfully treated with metronidazole. However, there are drawbacks to metronidazole therapy: the side effects, duration of treatment, and need for additional drugs to prevent transmission. Previous interdisciplinary studies, including biophysics, bioinformatics, chemistry, and, more recently, lipidomics studies, have increased biomembranes’ publicity. The biological membranes are comprised of a mixture of membrane and cytosolic proteins. They work hand in hand mainly at the membrane part. They act as dedicated platforms for a whole range of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and intracellular trafficking, thus are appealing targets for drug treatment. Therefore, this review aims to observe the updated trend of the research regarding the biological membranes of E. histolytica from 2015 to 2021, which may help further research regarding the drug targeting the biological membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhana Jasni
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (N.J.); (N.A.); (D.K.A.); (L.N.S.)
| | - Syazwan Saidin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim 35900, Malaysia;
| | - Norsyahida Arifin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (N.J.); (N.A.); (D.K.A.); (L.N.S.)
| | - Daruliza Kernain Azman
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (N.J.); (N.A.); (D.K.A.); (L.N.S.)
| | - Lai Ngit Shin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (N.J.); (N.A.); (D.K.A.); (L.N.S.)
| | - Nurulhasanah Othman
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (N.J.); (N.A.); (D.K.A.); (L.N.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Al-Otaibi JS, Mary Y, Mary Y. Exploring the Detailed Spectroscopic Characteristics, Chemical and Biological Activity of Three Pyrone Derivatives Using Experimental and Theoretical Tools. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamelah S. Al-Otaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Baboons ( Papio anubis) in the Shai Hill Reserve in Ghana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1083251. [PMID: 32258100 PMCID: PMC7086414 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1083251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several intestinal parasites of baboons are of zoonotic importance, especially where there is considerable interaction between the baboons and humans. The identification of gastrointestinal parasite infections of baboons (Papio anubis) was undertaken at the Shai Hills Reserve Resort, Ghana. A total of 51 faecal samples were collected randomly from individual baboons (51) and examined for cysts, eggs, and larvae of parasites of medical importance, using the direct saline smear and formol-ether concentration technique. The baboons were in 7 troops and were grouped into juveniles, subadults, and adults. The survey showed that 92% of the baboon samples examined were infected with at least one or more parasite(s) of medical importance. Hookworm had the highest prevalence of 38.39% followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (22.32%), whilst Diphyllobotrium latum recorded the lowest prevalence of 0.89%. Adults had the highest prevalence of A. lumbricoides (35.42%). Hookworm (47.92%) occurred most in the juveniles. This is the first report of intestinal parasitic infection in baboons within the Shai Hills Reserve. The results showed a high level of multiparasitism in the nonhuman primates, thus the need for possible interventions to maintain ecosystem health and control the infections as they may be a potential source of transmission to humans.
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Arjun HA, Anil Kumar GN, Elancheran R, Kabilan S. Crystal structure, DFT and Hirshfeld surface analysis of ( E)- N'-[(1-chloro-3,4-di-hydro-naph-thal-en-2-yl)methyl-idene]benzohydrazide monohydrate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:132-136. [PMID: 32071734 PMCID: PMC7001828 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019017183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C18H15ClN2O·H2O, a benzohydrazide derivative, the dihedral angle between the mean plane of the di-hydro-naphthalene ring system and the phenyl ring is 17.1 (2)°. In the crystal, O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the benzohydrazide and water mol-ecules, forming a layer parallel to the bc plane. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots indicate that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (45.7%) and H⋯C/C⋯H (20.2%) contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Arjun
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. N. Anil Kumar
- Department of Physics, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, India
| | - R. Elancheran
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Khan NS, Khan P, Inam A, Ahmad K, Yousuf M, Islam A, Ali S, Azam A, Husain M, Hassan MI. Discovery of 4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)benzohydrazide derivatives as prospective microtubule affinity regulating kinase 4 inhibitors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20129-20137. [PMID: 35520423 PMCID: PMC9054212 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule affinity regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) is a Ser/Thr kinase, considered as a potential drug target for cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to its significant role in the development and progression of cancer, different in-house libraries of synthesized small molecules were screened to identify potential MARK4 inhibitors. A small library of hydrazone compounds showed a considerable binding affinity to MARK4. The selected compounds were further scrutinized using an enzyme inhibition assay and finally two hydrazone derivatives (H4 and H19) were selected that show excellent inhibition (nM range). These compounds have a strong binding affinity for MARK4 and moderate binding with human serum albumin. Anticancer studies were performed on MCF-7 and A549 cells, suggesting H4 and H19 selectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells. The IC50 value of compound H4 and H19 was found to be 27.39 μM and 34.37 μM for MCF-7 cells, while for A549 cells it was 45.24 μM and 61.50 μM, respectively. These compounds inhibited the colonogenic potential of cancer cells and induced apoptosis. Overall findings reflect that hydrazones/hydrazone derivatives could be exploited as potential lead molecules for developing effective anticancer therapies via targeting MARK4. Inhibition studies of MARK4 with selected hydrazone derivatives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvez Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Afreen Inam
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Kamal Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohd. Yousuf
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Sher Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Department of Biotechnology
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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Arjun HA, Elancheran R, Manikandan N, Lakshmithendral K, Ramanathan M, Bhattacharjee A, Lokanath NK, Kabilan S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of (E)-N'-((1-Chloro-3,4-Dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)Methylene)Benzohydrazide Derivatives as Anti-prostate Cancer Agents. Front Chem 2019; 7:474. [PMID: 31355179 PMCID: PMC6636335 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men in their late '50s. PCa growth is mainly due to the activation of the androgen receptor by androgens. The treatment for PCa may involve surgery, hormonal therapy, and oral chemotherapeutic drugs. A structural based molecular docking approach revealed the findings of (E)-N'-((1-chloro-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide derivatives, where the possible binding modes of the compounds with protein (PDB ID: 3V49) are shown. The compounds (6a-k) were synthesized and characterized by using conventional methods. The compounds, 6g, 6j, and 6k were reconfirmed through single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Further, the compounds (6a-k) and standard drug were evaluated against human prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3 and the non-cancerous cell line, 3T3. Among these compounds, 6g and 6j showed higher cytotoxicity, and 6g exhibited dose-dependent activity and reduced cell viability. The mechanism of action was observed through the induced apoptosis and was further confirmed by western blot and ELISA. Molecular dynamics simulation studies were carried out to calculate the interaction and the stability of the protein-ligand complex in motion. ADME properties were predicted for all the tested compounds. These findings may give vital information for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Arjun
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
| | | | - N. Manikandan
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, India
| | - K. Lakshmithendral
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
| | | | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - N. K. Lokanath
- Department of Physics, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
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Alifu Z, Nizhamu M, Ablajan K. Efficient synthesis of N′-benzylidene-2-hydroxymethylbenzohydrazides from the one-pot reaction of phthalide, hydrazine and aldehydes. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lal G, Rajala MS. Combination of Oncolytic Measles Virus Armed With BNiP3, a Pro-apoptotic Gene and Paclitaxel Induces Breast Cancer Cell Death. Front Oncol 2019; 8:676. [PMID: 30697531 PMCID: PMC6340943 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer related mortality in women worldwide. Limitations of conventional anti-cancer therapies such as severe systemic side effects, narrow therapeutic index, non-specificity, and non-availability of drugs for all types of cancers has resulted in the development of various novel and targeted approaches. The use of viruses as oncolytic agents has gained momentum for the development of an efficient therapeutic platform. In this study, we have developed recombinant measles virus armed with BNiP3, a pro-apoptotic gene of human origin, as an oncolytic agent, and have demonstrated its ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vitro. Studies have demonstrated the potential of using oncolytic viruses in combination with conventional therapies as an efficient anti-cancer regimen. We also have explored the synergistic potential of this virus in combination with paclitaxel, and a hydrazone derivative, H2 compound as an anti-cancer agent. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, human breast cancer cell lines were used for in vitro studies to evaluate toxic effects of armed virus, rMV-BNiP3 both as a standalone therapy and in combination with paclitaxel or H2 compound, a hydrazone derivative. Generation of armed virus was confirmed by detecting the viral transcript and protein expression, while its oncolytic potential by cell viability assays. Induction of apoptosis was demonstrated by fluorescence based caspase 3 activity and flow cytometry based Annexin V/PI staining. In the current study we have demonstrated the successful generation of an oncolytic measles virus armed with BNiP3 (rMV-BNiP3) and the induction of toxic effects in rMV-BNiP3 infected cells with a curious bias toward MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to MCF-7. Infection of breast cancer cells with rMV-BNiP3 caused induction of cell death, but the combination of rMV-BNiP3 with sub-lethal doses of both paclitaxel and H2 lowered the overall viability of cancer cells. As triple negative breast tumors are highly aggressive and resistant subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis, comparative sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells toward this virus may potentially be used to develop a targeted therapy against triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Lal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Maitreyi S Rajala
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Entamoeba histolytica infection in humans, chimpanzees and baboons in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania. Parasitology 2018; 146:1116-1122. [PMID: 30157971 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric parasite that infects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Although E. histolytica is a zoonotic parasite that has the potential to infect nonhuman primates, such transmission is poorly understood. Consequently, this study examined whether E. histolytica is present among humans, chimpanzees and baboons living in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem (GGE), Tanzania. The primary aims were to determine patterns of E. histolytica infection in a system with human-nonhuman primate overlap and to test associations between infection status and potential risk factors of disease. Entamoeba spp. occurred in 60.3% of human, 65.6% of chimpanzee and 88.6% of baboon samples. Entamoeba histolytica occurred in 12.1% of human, 34.1% of chimpanzee and 10.9% of baboon samples. Human E. histolytica infection was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. This was the first study to confirm the presence of E. histolytica in the GGE. The high sample prevalence of E. histolytica in three sympatric primates suggests that zoonotic transmission is possible and stresses the need for further phylogenetic studies. Interventions targeting better sanitation and hygiene practices for humans living in the GGE can help prevent E. histolytica infection in humans, while also protecting the endangered chimpanzees and other primates in this region.
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