Amyloid-induced neurodegeneration: A comprehensive review through aggregomics perception of proteins in health and pathology

Amyloidosis of protein caused by fibrillation and aggregation are some of the most exciting new edges not only in protein sciences but also in molecular medicines. The present review discusses recent advancements in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic applications with ongoing clinical trials, featuring new areas of protein misfolding resulting in aggregation. The endogenous accretion of protein fibrils having fibrillar morphology symbolizes the beginning of neuro-disorders. Prognostic amyloidosis is prominent in numerous degenerative infections such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc. However, the molecular basis determining the intracellular or extracellular evidence of aggregates, playing a significant role as a causative factor in neurodegeneration is still unclear. Structural conversions and protein self-assembly resulting in the formation of amyloid oligomers and fibrils are important events in the pathophysiology of the disease. This comprehensive review sheds light on the evolving landscape of potential treatment modalities, highlighting the ongoing clinical trials and the potential socio-economic impact of novel therapeutic interventions in the realm of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, many drugs are undergoing different levels of clinical trials that would certainly help in treating these disorders and will surely improve the socio-impact of human life.

Exploring therapeutic potential of Rutin by investigating its cyclin-dependent kinase 6 inhibitory activity and binding affinity

Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) participates in numerous signalling pathways and regulates various physiological processes. Due to its unique structural features and promising therapeutic potential, CDK6 has emerged as a drug target for designing and developing small-molecule inhibitors for anti-cancer therapeutics and other CDK6-associated diseases. The current study evaluates binding affinity and the inhibitory potential of rutin for CDK6 to develop a proof of concept for rutin as a potent CDK6 inhibitor. Molecular docking and 200 ns all-atom simulations reveal that rutin binds to the active site pocket of CDK6, forming interactions with key residues of the binding pocket. In addition, the CDK6-rutin complex remains stable throughout the simulation trajectory. A high binding constant (Ka = 7.6 × 105M-1) indicates that rutin has a strong affinity for CDK6. Isothermal titration calorimetry has further validated a strong binding of rutin with CDK6 and its spontaneous nature. The kinase activity of CDK6 is significantly inhibited by rutin with an IC50 value of 3.10 μM. Our findings highlight the significant role of rutin in developing potential therapeutic molecules to manage cancer and CDK6-associated diseases via therapeutic targeting of CDK6.

Exploring MTH1 inhibitory potential of Thymoquinone and Baicalin for therapeutic targeting of breast cancer

Cancers frequently have increased ROS levels due to disrupted redox balance, leading to oxidative DNA and protein damage, mutations, and apoptosis. The MTH1 protein plays a crucial role by sanitizing the oxidized dNTP pools. Hence, cancer cells rely on MTH1 to prevent the integration of oxidized dNTPs into DNA, preventing DNA damage and allowing cancer cell proliferation. We have discovered Thymoquinone (TQ) and Baicalin (BC) as inhibitors of MTH1 using combined docking and MD simulation approaches complemented by experimental validations via assessing binding affinity and enzyme inhibition. Docking and MD simulations studies revealed an efficient binding of TQ and BC to the active site pocket of the MTH1, and the resultant complexes are appreciably stable. Fluorescence measurements estimated a strong binding affinity of TQ and BC with Ka 3.4 ×106 and 1.0 ×105, respectively. Treating breast cancer cells with TQ and BC significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation (IC50 values 28.3 µM and 34.8 µM) and induced apoptosis. TQ and BC increased the ROS production in MCF7 cells, imposing substantial oxidative stress on cancer cells and leading to cell death. Finally, TQ and BC are proven strong MTH1 inhibitors, offering promising prospects for anti-cancer therapy.

Nitric oxide as a double-edged sword in pulmonary viral infections: Mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic implications

In the face of the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), researchers are tirelessly exploring novel therapeutic approaches to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its associated complications. Nitric oxide (NO) has appeared as a multifaceted signaling mediator with diverse and often contrasting biological activities. Its intricate biochemistry renders it a crucial regulator of cardiovascular and pulmonary functions, immunity, and neurotransmission. Perturbations in NO production, whether excessive or insufficient, contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, encompassing cardiovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, diabetes, and cancer. Recent investigations have unveiled the potential of NO donors to impede SARS-CoV- 2 replication, while inhaled NO demonstrates promise as a therapeutic avenue for improving oxygenation in COVID-19-related hypoxic pulmonary conditions. Interestingly, NO's association with the inflammatory response in asthma suggests a potential protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, compelling evidence indicates the benefits of inhaled NO in optimizing ventilation-perfusion ratios and mitigating the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we delve into the molecular targets of NO, its utility as a diagnostic marker, the mechanisms underlying its action in COVID-19, and the potential of inhaled NO as a therapeutic intervention against viral infections. The topmost significant pathway, gene ontology (GO)-biological process (BP), GO-molecular function (MF) and GO-cellular compartment (CC) terms associated with Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)1, NOS2, NOS3 were arginine biosynthesis (p-value = 1.15 x 10-9) regulation of guanylate cyclase activity (p-value = 7.5 x 10-12), arginine binding (p-value = 2.62 x 10-11), vesicle membrane (p-value = 3.93 x 10-8). Transcriptomics analysis further validates the significant presence of NOS1, NOS2, NOS3 in independent COVID-19 and pulmonary hypertension cohorts with respect to controls. This review investigates NO's molecular targets, diagnostic potentials, and therapeutic role in COVID-19, employing bioinformatics to identify key pathways and NOS isoforms' significance.

Understanding the Modulation of α-Synuclein Fibrillation by N-Acetyl Aspartate: A Brain Metabolite

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) fibrillation is a prominent contributor to neuronal deterioration and plays a significant role in the advancement of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Considering this, the exploration of novel compounds that can inhibit or modulate the aggregation of α-Syn is a topic of significant research. This study, for the first time, elucidated the effect of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a brain osmolyte, on α-Syn aggregation using spectroscopic and microscopic approaches. Thioflavin T (ThT) assay revealed that a lower concentration of NAA inhibits α-Syn aggregation, whereas higher concentrations of NAA accelerate the aggregation. Further, this paradoxical effect of NAA was complemented by ANS, RLS, and the turbidity assay. The secondary structure transition was more pronounced at higher concentrations of NAA by circular dichroism, corroborating the fluorescence spectroscopic observations. Confocal microscopy also confirmed the paradoxical effect of NAA on α-Syn aggregation. Interaction studies including fluorescence quenching and molecular docking were employed to determine the binding affinity and critical residues involved in the α-Syn-NAA interaction. The explanation for this paradoxical nature of NAA could be a solvophobic effect. The results offer a profound understanding of the modulatory mechanism of α-Syn aggregation by NAA, thereby suggesting the potential role of NAA at lower concentrations in therapeutics against α-Syn aggregation-related disorders.

Mitigation of the Deleterious Effect of Heavy Metals on the Conformational Stability of Ubiquitin through Osmoprotectants

The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) is important in protein homeostasis and is involved in many cell processes. UPS's wide range of regulatory activities is based on the unique and diverse signals transmitted through all-encompassing processes. Cells need a fully functional UPP to cope with oxidative stress, so cellular redox status modulates ubiquitin activity. However, these protein quality control systems are compromised under adverse conditions such as heavy metal stress, resulting in pathological conditions. Heavy metals disrupt the physiological action of sensitive proteins by forming complexes with side-chain functional groups or by dislocating critical metal ions in metalloproteins. In addition, perturbation in the structure of Ubiquitin may affect the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In this study, it has been investigated the effects of heavy metals likewise chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and mercury chloride (HgCl2) on the conformational stability of Ubiquitin as well as overcome their hazardous effect, the interaction of osmo-protectants such as Sesamol, gallic acid, Glycine, and ascorbic acid have also been explored in the study. The near and far UV-circular dichroism measurements deduced the secondary and tertiary structural changes. The size of the Ubiquitin before and after exposure to heavy metals was measured by DLS (dynamic light scattering). Docking research was also used to investigate the interaction of Ubiquitin with various heavy metals. Near and far UV-circular dichroism (CD) measurements revealed that mercury, chromium, and cadmium disrupt Ubiquitin's secondary and tertiary structure. The effect of chromium, even at low concentrations, was significantly deleterious compared to cadmium and mercury chloride. Ubiquitin's far-UV circular dichroism spectra subjected to heavy metals were recorded in several osmo-protectants, such as ascorbic acid, Glycine, gallic acid, and Sesamol, which offset the adverse effects of heavy metals. DLS studies revealed a noteworthy change in the hydrodynamic radius of Ubiquitin in the presence of heavy metals. Docking analysis revealed a significant binding affinity of mercury and cadmium ions with Ubiquitin. This study can infer the heavy metals' disruption of Ubiquitin's secondary and tertiary structure. Osmo-protectants produced by animal cells are more effective against heavy metals than plant antioxidants.

Harnessing memantine in Alzheimer's disease therapy through inhibition of microtubule affinity-regulating kinase: Mechanistic insights

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior, eventually leading to severe cognitive impairment. Therapeutic management of AD is urgently needed to improve the quality and lifestyle of patients. Tau phosphorylating kinases are considered attractive therapeutic targets. Microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) is directly linked with pathological phosphorylations of tau, highlighting its role in the therapeutic targeting of AD. The current manuscript shows the MARK4 inhibitory effect of Memantine (MEM), a drug used in treating AD. We have performed fluorescence based binding measurements, enzyme inhibition assay, docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the binding of of MARK4 and MEM and subsequent inhibition in the kinase activity. A 100 ns MD simulations provided a detailed analysis of MARK4-MEM complex and the role of potential critical residues in the binding. Finally, this study provides molecular insights into the therapeutic implication of MEM in AD therapeutics. We propose MEM effectively inhibits MARK4, it may be implicated in the development of targeted and efficient treatments for AD.

Amino acid pattern reveals multi-functionality of ORF3 protein from HEV

The smallest open reading frame (ORF) encoded protein ORF3 of hepatitis E virus (HEV), recently, has been demonstrated to perform multiple functions besides accessory roles. ORF3 could act as a target for vaccine against HEV infections. The IDR (intrinsically disordered region); IDP (ID protein)/IDPR (ID protein region), plays critical role in various regulatory functions of viruses. The dark proteome of HEV-ORF3 protein including its structure and function was systematically examined by computer predictors to explicate its role in viral pathogenesis and drug resistance beyond its functions as accessory viral protein. Amino acid distribution showed ORF3 enrichment with disorder-promoting residues (Ala, Pro, Ser, Gly) while deficiency in order-promoting residues (Asn, Ile, Phe, Tyr and Trp). Initial investigation revealed ORF3 as IDP (entirely disordered protein) or IDPR (proteins consisting of IDRs with structured globular domains). Structural examination revealed preponderance of disordered regions interpreting ORF3 as moderately/highly disordered protein. Further disorder predictors categorized ORF3 as highly disordered protein/IDP. Identified sites and associated-crucial molecular functions revealed ORF3 involvement in diverse biological processes, substantiating them as targets of regulation. As ORF3 functions are yet to completely explored, thus, data on its disorderness could help in elucidating its disorder related functions.

Probing Baicalin as potential inhibitor of Aurora kinase B: A step towards lung cancer therapy

Cell cycle regulators play pivotal roles as their dysregulation, leads to atypical proliferation and intrinsic genomic instability in cancer cells. Abnormal expression and functioning of Aurora kinase B (AURKB) are associated with cancer pathogenesis and thus exploited as a potential therapeutic target for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics. To identify effective AURKB inhibitors, a series of polyphenols was investigated to check their potential to inhibit recombinant AURKB. Their binding affinities were experimentally validated through fluorescence binding studies. Enzyme inhibition assay revealed that Mangiferin and Baicalin significantly inhibited AURKB activity with an IC50 values of 20.0 μM and 31.1 μM, respectively. To get atomistic insights into the binding mechanism, molecular docking and MD simulations of 100 ns were performed. Both compounds formed many non-covalent interactions with the residues of the active site pocket of AURKB. In addition, minimal conformational changes in the structure and formation of stable AURKB-ligand complex were observed during MD simulation analysis. Finally, cell-based studies suggested that Baicalin exhibited in-vitro cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative effects on lung cancer cell lines. Conclusively, Baicalin may be considered a promising therapeutic molecule against AURKB, adding an additional novel lead to the anti-cancer repertoire.

Assessment of Primary Hemostasis by Platelet Function Analyzer-100 and its Relation with TSH and FT₄ Levels in Newly Diagnosed Overt and Subclinical Hypothyroid Patients

Various abnormalities of coagulation such as primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis and fibrinolysis have been reported in patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. Platelets are major elements of primary hemostasis and endothelial repair. Platelet size, shape and number are the determinant of platelet function. The objective of this study was to assess primary hemostasis by PFA-100 (Platelet Function Analyzer-100) and its relation with TSH and FT₄ levels in newly diagnosed overt and subclinical hypothyroid patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2016 to December 2016. Twenty overt and 20 subclinical hypothyroid patients with age ranging from 18 to 55 years were selected as study group and twenty age and sex matched healthy subjects were considered as control group. Patients were selected from Outpatients Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka on the basis of exclusion and inclusion criteria. For assessment of primary hemostasis, PFA-100 was analyzed by SIEMENS-INNOVANCE-PFA-200. For statistical analysis Unpaired Student's 't' test, Chi square test and Pearson's correlation co-efficient (r) test were performed. PFA-100 was significantly higher (p<0.001) in overt and subclinical hypothyroid patients as compared to healthy adult subjects. In overt and subclinical hypothyroidism using PFA-100, we found that the existence of a hypocoagulable state is due to a defect in primary hemostasis. Moreover, PFA-100 may replace the in-vivo bleeding time as a screening test for primary hemostasis in routine clinical practice.

Comprehensive Perspective Towards the Management of Proteinopathies by Elucidating Protein Misfolding and Aggregation

Protein misfolding and aggregation is the phenomenon of the generic propensity of proteins, considered as a dark side of the protein world, and its exact mechanism is still not deciphered. Understanding the complexity of protein aggregation is currently the primary apprehension and challenge in biology and medicine due to their association with various debilitating human proteinopathies and neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanism of protein aggregation, associated diseases, and the development of efficient therapeutic strategies against these diseases are very challenging. These diseases are caused by different proteins, each protein with different mechanisms and consisting of various microscopic phases or events. These microscopic steps are functioning on different timescales during aggregation. Here, we highlighted the different features and current trends in protein aggregation. The study thoroughly recapitulates the various factors influencing, possible causes, types of aggregates and aggregation, their different proposed mechanisms, and the methods used to study the aggregation. Additionally, the formation and elimination of misfolded or aggregated proteins in the cell, the role of the ruggedness of the protein folding landscape in protein aggregation, proteinopathies, and the challenges for their prevention are comprehensively elucidated. A holistic understanding of different aspects of aggregation, molecular steps governing the various features of protein quality control, and crucial queries about the modulation of these processes and their interactions with other systems in cellular protein quality control can be considered conducive to comprehending the mechanism, designing effective approaches towards prevention of protein aggregation, rationalizing the etiology and development of novel strategies against therapy and management of the proteinopathies.

Sugar osmolyte inhibits and attenuates the fibrillogenesis in RNase A: An in vitro and in silico characterizations

Mechanisms of protein aggregation are of immense interest in therapeutic biology and neurodegenerative medicine. Biochemical processes within the living cell occur in a highly crowded environment. The phenomenon of macromolecular crowding affects the diffusional and conformational dynamics of proteins and modulates their folding. Macromolecular crowding is reported to cause protein aggregation in some cases, so it is a cause of concern as it leads to a plethora of neurodegenerative disorders and systemic amyloidosis. To divulge the mechanism of aggregation, it is imperative to study aggregation in well-characterized model proteins in the presence of macromolecular crowder. One such protein is ribonuclease A (RNase A), which deciphers neurotoxic function in humans; therefore we decided to explore the amyloid fibrillogenesis of this thermodynamically stable protein. To elucidate the impact of crowder, dextran-70 and its monomer glucose on the aggregation profile of RNase-A various techniques such as Absorbance, Fluorescence, Fourier Transforms Infrared, Dynamic Light Scattering and circular Dichroism spectroscopies along with imaging techniques like Atomic Force Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy were employed. Thermal aggregation and fibrillation were further promoted by dextran-70 while glucose counteracted the effect of the crowding agent in a concentration-dependent manner. This study shows that glucose provides stability to the protein and prevents fibrillation. Intending to combat aggregation, which is the hallmark of numerous late-onset neurological disorders and systemic amyloidosis, this investigation unveils that naturally occurring osmolytes or other co-solutes can be further exploited in novel drug design strategies.

The Molecular Blueprint for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A New Paradigm for Diagnosis and Therapeutics

The global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has increased over the last decade and has emerged as the third leading cause of death worldwide. It is characterized by emphysema with prolonged airflow limitation. COPD patients are more susceptible to COVID-19 and increase the disease severity about four times. The most used drugs to treat it show numerous side effects, including immune suppression and infection. This review discusses a narrative opinion and critical review of COPD. We present different aspects of the disease, from cellular and inflammatory responses to cigarette smoking in COPD and signaling pathways. In addition, we highlighted various risk factors for developing COPD apart from smoking, like occupational exposure, pollutants, genetic factors, gender, etc. After the recent elucidation of the underlying inflammatory signaling pathways in COPD, new molecular targeted drug candidates for COPD are signal-transmitting substances. We further summarize recent developments in biomarker discovery for COPD and its implications for disease diagnosis. In addition, we discuss novel drug targets for COPD that could be explored for drug development and subsequent clinical management of cardiovascular disease and COVID-19, commonly associated with COPD. Our extensive analysis of COPD cause, etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic will provide a better understanding of the disease and the development of effective therapeutic options. In-depth knowledge of the underlying mechanism will offer deeper insights into identifying novel molecular targets for developing potent therapeutics and biomarkers of disease diagnosis.

Antibiotic adjuvants: synergistic tool to combat multi-drug resistant pathogens

The rise of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens poses a significant challenge to the field of infectious disease treatment. To overcome this problem, novel strategies are being explored to enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics. Antibiotic adjuvants have emerged as a promising approach to combat MDR pathogens by acting synergistically with antibiotics. This review focuses on the role of antibiotic adjuvants as a synergistic tool in the fight against MDR pathogens. Adjuvants refer to compounds or agents that enhance the activity of antibiotics, either by potentiating their effects or by targeting the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The utilization of antibiotic adjuvants offers several advantages. Firstly, they can restore the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against resistant strains. Adjuvants can inhibit the mechanisms that confer resistance, making the pathogens susceptible to the action of antibiotics. Secondly, adjuvants can enhance the activity of antibiotics by improving their penetration into bacterial cells, increasing their stability, or inhibiting efflux pumps that expel antibiotics from bacterial cells. Various types of antibiotic adjuvants have been investigated, including efflux pump inhibitors, resistance-modifying agents, and compounds that disrupt bacterial biofilms. These adjuvants can act synergistically with antibiotics, resulting in increased antibacterial activity and overcoming resistance mechanisms. In conclusion, antibiotic adjuvants have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of MDR pathogens. By enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics, adjuvants offer a promising strategy to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Further research and development in this field are crucial to harness the full potential of antibiotic adjuvants and bring them closer to clinical application.

Integrated spectroscopic and MD simulation approach to decipher the effect of pH on the structure function of Staphylococcus aureus thymidine kinase

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a variety of clinical infections, becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. To address this challenge, there is a need to identify new cellular targets and innovative approaches to expand treatment options. One such target is thymidine kinase (TK), a crucial enzyme in the pyrimidine salvage pathway, which plays a key role in the phosphorylation of thymidine, an essential component in DNA synthesis and repair. In this study, we have successfully cloned, expressed, and purified the TK protein. A comprehensive investigation into how different pH levels affect the structure and functional activity of TK, using a combination of spectroscopy, classical molecular dynamics simulations, and enzyme activity assays was conducted. Our study revealed that variation in pH disrupts secondary and tertiary structures of TK with noticeable aggregate formation at pH 5.0. Enzyme activity studies demonstrated that TK exhibited its maximum kinase activity within the physiological pH range. These findings strongly suggest a connection between structural changes and enzymatic activity, which was further supported by the agreement between the spectroscopic features we measured and the results of our MD simulations. Our study provides a deeper insight into the structural features of TK, which could potentially be harnessed for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at combatting infectious diseases. Conformational dynamics plays an essential role in the design and development of effective inhibitors. Considering the effects of pH on the conformational dynamics of TK, our findings may be implicated in the development of potent and selective inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Recent advancement in therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease: Insights from clinical trials

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, characterized by the presence of plaques of amyloid beta and Tau proteins. There is currently no permanent cure for AD; the only medications approved by the FDA for mild to moderate AD are cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and immunotherapies against core pathophysiology, that provide temporary relief only. Researchers worldwide have made significant attempts to find new targets and develop innovative therapeutic molecules to treat AD. The FDA-approved drugs are palliative and couldn't restore the damaged neuron cells of AD. Stem cells have self-differentiation properties, making them prospective therapeutics to treat AD. The promising results in pre-clinical studies of stem cell therapy for AD seek attention worldwide. Various stem cells, mainly mesenchymal stem cells, are currently in different phases of clinical trials and need more advancements to take this therapy to the translational level. Here, we review research from the past decade that has identified several hypotheses related to AD pathology. Moreover, this article also focuses on the recent advancement in therapeutic strategies for AD treatment including immunotherapy and stem cell therapy detailing the clinical trials that are currently undergoing development.

Investigation of the interactions of HSA and SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease against eugenol for novel COVID-19 drug discovery: spectroscopic and insilico study

Coronavirus family consist of a member known as SARS-CoV-2, spread drastically in 2019 (Covid-19), affecting millions of people worldwide. Till date there is no clear-clinical therapy or drug, targeted to cure this serious disease. Researches are going on to prevent this corona virus. Here, we tried to explore a novel SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease as a potential inhibitor. Finally, eugenol was docked with this protease to find prime SARS-inhibitors. In silico studies revealed that eugenol binds to the active site of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease with appropriate binding. Moreover, the MD simulation for 100 ns and MMPBSA calculation reveals that eugenol possess potential phytotherapeutic properties against COVID-19. The interaction of eugenol with human serum albumin has been examined by using fluorescence, UV-vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism as well as computational techniques such as molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and MMPBSA calculation. Overall investigation shows eugenol having good affinity for HSA Ka 6.80 × 106 M-1.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Comprehensive Insights into Biological Roles of Rosmarinic Acid: Implications in Diabetes, Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Phytochemicals are abundantly occurring natural compounds extracted from plant sources. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an abundant phytochemical of Lamiaceae species with various therapeutic implications for human health. In recent years, natural compounds have gained significant attention as adjuvant and complementary therapies to existing medications for various diseases. RA has gained popularity due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and its roles in various life-threatening conditions, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, etc. The present review aims to offer a comprehensive insight into the multifaceted therapeutic properties of RA, including its potential as an anticancer agent, neuroprotective effects, and antidiabetic potential. Based on the available evidences, RA could be considered a potential dietary component for treating various diseases, including cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

Different RT-PCR Protocol used in SARS-Cov2 PCR Laboratory of Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh

The novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) was first detected on Wuhan, China. After that it spread worldwide and has caused many deaths till now. This virus is also known as novel corona virus because of being newly discovered. Scientifically it is named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has positive-single stranded RNA and several proteins such as spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and the other helper proteins. On the basis of phylogenic evidence, it is the new member of beta corona viruses and this group of viruses causes respiratory illness in human. This virus is detected in laboratory by using RT-PCR, by which different target gene such as E gene, S gene, N gene and RdRP (ORF1a-ORF1b) etc. are detected. This study was carried out at Mymensingh Medical College from April 2020 to December 2020. Around 65000 samples (nasopharyngeal swab) were tested during this period by three PCR protocols. By Sansure PCR kit N and ORF1a target genes were detected, Basphore's target genes were E and ORF and by Neoplex PCR kit N and RdRp genes were detected. Most of samples were tested by Sansure kit (62500), 2000 samples were screened by Bosphore kit and 500 samples by Neoplex. Among them, 6876(11.0%) samples were positive by Sansure, 120(6.0%) by Bosphore and 66(13.2%) by Neoplex. Among the positive samples, N gene 6188(90.0%) was mostly found by Sansure kit, whereas ORF was 120(100.0%) mostly found by Bosphore.

Therapeutic targeting of microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases

Microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family, phosphorylates the microtubule-connected proteins and plays a vital role in causing cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. This kinase modulates multiple signaling pathways, including mammalian target of rapamycin, nuclear factor-κB, and Hippo-signaling, presumably responsible for cancer and Alzheimer's. MARK4 acts as a negative controller of the Hippo-kinase cassette for promoting YAP/TAZ action, and the loss of MARK4 detains the tumorigenic properties of cancer cells. MARK4 is involved in tau hyperphosphorylation that consequently affects neurodegeneration. MARK4 is a promising drug target for cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's. Developing the potent and selective inhibitors of MAKR4 are promising in the therapeutic management of associated diseases. Despite its great significance, a few reviews are available to discuss its structure, function and clinical significance. In the current review, we aimed to provide detailed information on the structural features of MARK4 targeted in drug development and its role in various signaling pathways related to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We further described the therapeutic potential of MARK4 inhibitors in preventing numerous diseases. Finally, the updated information on MARK4 will be helpful in the further development of effective therapeutic molecules.

Pharmacological features, health benefits and clinical implications of honokiol

Honokiol (HNK) is a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from the bark and leaves of Magnolia grandiflora. It has been traditionally used as a medicinal compound to treat inflammatory diseases. HNK possesses numerous health benefits with a minimal level of toxicity. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid, thus having significant bioavailability in the neurological tissues. HNK is a promising bioactive compound possesses neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-tumorigenic, anti-spasmodic, antidepressant, analgesic, and antithrombotic features . HNK can prevent the growth of several cancer types and haematological malignancies. Recent studies suggested its role in COVID-19 therapy. It binds effectively with several molecular targets, including apoptotic factors, chemokines, transcription factors, cell surface adhesion molecules, and kinases. HNK has excellent pharmacological features and a wide range of chemotherapeutic effects, and thus, researchers have increased interest in improving the therapeutic implications of HNK to the clinic as a novel agent. This review focused on the therapeutic implications of HNK, highlighting clinical and pharmacological features and the underlying mechanism of action.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Laccase Engineering: Redox Potential Is Not the Only Activity-Determining Feature in the Metalloproteins

Laccase, one of the metalloproteins, belongs to the multicopper oxidase family. It oxidizes a wide range of substrates and generates water as a sole by-product. The engineering of laccase is important to broaden their industrial and environmental applications. The general assumption is that the low redox potential of laccases is the principal obstacle, as evidenced by their low activity towards certain substrates. Therefore, the primary goal of engineering laccases is to improve their oxidation capability, thereby increasing their redox potential. Even though some of the determinants of laccase are known, it is still not entirely clear how to enhance its redox potential. However, the laccase active site has additional characteristics that regulate the enzymes' activity and specificity. These include the electrostatic and hydrophobic environment of the substrate binding pocket, the steric effect at the substrate binding site, and the orientation of the binding substrate with respect to the T1 site of the laccase. In this review, these features of the substrate binding site will be discussed to highlight their importance as a target for future laccase engineering.

Inhibitory potential of N-acetylaspartate against protein glycation, AGEs formation and aggregation: Implication of brain osmolyte in glycation-related complications

Protein glycation and aggregation have a pivotal role in many diseases including diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), an osmolyte derived from L-aspartic acid, is one of the most abundant metabolites in the mammalian brain. Although NAA is supposed to be a substitute for a neuronal marker, its function is not fully elucidated. Herein, we have investigated the effect of NAA on glycation, AGEs formation and aggregation of irisin. AGE-specific fluorescence showed the strong inhibition of AGEs formation in the presence of NAA, demonstrating its anti-glycating property. The aggregates present in MG-modified irisin were also reduced by NAA, which was confirmed by Thioflavin T fluorescence and fluorescence microscopy. Further, for the explanation of the strong anti-glycating potential of NAA, the interaction between irisin and NAA was also examined. Interaction studies involving steady-state fluorescence and molecular docking demonstrated that hydrogen bonding and salt bridges by NAA stabilize the irisin. It was found that glycation-prone residues i.e., lysine and arginine are specifically involved in the interaction which might prevent them from getting modified during the process of glycation. This study for the first time reported the antiglycating potential of NAA which can be implicated in the therapeutic management of various glycation-related complications.

Investigating MARK4 inhibitory potential of Bacopaside II: Targeting Alzheimer's disease

Microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK4) is known to hyperphosphorylate tau protein, which subsequently causes Alzheimer's disease (AD). MARK4 is a well-validated drug target for AD; thus, we employed its structural features to discover potential inhibitors. On the other hand, complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) have been used for the treatment of numerous diseases with little side effects. In this regard, Bacopa monnieri extracts have been extensively used to treat neurological disorders because of their neuroprotective roles. The plant extract is used as a memory enhancer and a brain tonic. Bacopaside II is a major component of Bacopa monnieri; thus, we studied its inhibitory effects and binding affinity towards the MARK4. Bacopaside II show a considerable binding affinity for MARK4 (K = 10⁷ M^-1) and inhibited kinase activity with an IC₅₀ value of 5.4 μM. To get atomistic insights into the binding mechanism, we performed Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies for 100 ns. Bacopaside II binds strongly to the active site pocket residues of MARK4 and a number of hydrogen bonds remain stable throughout the MD trajectory. Our findings provide the basis for the therapeutic implication of Bacopaside and its derivatives in MARK4-related neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD and neuroinflammation.

Biochemical features and therapeutic potential of α-Mangostin: Mechanism of action, medicinal values, and health benefits

α-Mangostin (α-MG) is a natural xanthone obtained from the pericarps of mangosteen. It exhibits excellent potential, including anti-cancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and induces apoptosis. α-MG controls cell proliferation by modulating signaling molecules, thus implicated in cancer therapy. It possesses incredible pharmacological features and modulates crucial cellular and molecular factors. Due to its lesser water solubility and pitiable target selectivity, α-MG has limited clinical application. As a known antioxidant, α-MG has gained significant attention from the scientific community, increasing interest in extensive technical and biomedical applications. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems were designed to improve the pharmacological features and efficiency of α-MG. This review is focused on recent developments on the therapeutic potential of α-MG in managing cancer and neurological diseases, with a special focus on its mechanism of action. In addition, we highlighted biochemical and pharmacological features, metabolism, functions, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and pre-clinical applications of α-MG.

Osmolytes: Wonder molecules to combat protein misfolding against stress conditions

The proper functioning of any protein depends on its three dimensional conformation which is achieved by the accurate folding mechanism. Keeping away from the exposed stress conditions leads to cooperative unfolding and sometimes partial folding, forming the structures like protofibrils, fibrils, aggregates, oligomers, etc. leading to several neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, Cystic fibrosis, Huntington, Marfan syndrome, and also cancers in some cases, too. Hydration of proteins is necessary, which may be achieved by the presence of organic solutes called osmolytes within the cell. Osmolytes belong to different classes in different organisms and play their role by preferential exclusion of osmolytes and preferential hydration of water molecules and achieves the osmotic balance in the cell otherwise it may cause problems like cellular infection, cell shrinkage leading to apoptosis and cell swelling which is also the major injury to the cell. Osmolyte interacts with protein, nucleic acids, intrinsically disordered proteins by non-covalent forces. Stabilizing osmolytes increases the Gibbs free energy of the unfolded protein and decreases that of folded protein and vice versa with denaturants (urea and guanidinium hydrochloride). The efficacy of each osmolyte with the protein is determined by the calculation of m value which reflects its efficiency with protein. Hence osmolytes can be therapeutically considered and used in drugs.

Potential antiviral activities of chrysin against hepatitis B virus

BACKGROUND

Interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues are current therapeutic treatments for chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with the limitations of a functional cure. Chrysin (5, 7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid, known for its antiviral and hepatoprotective activities. However, its anti-HBV activity is unexplored.

METHODS

In the present study, the anti-hepatitis B activity of chrysin was investigated using the in vitro experimental cell culture model, HepG2 cells. In silico studies were performed where chrysin and lamivudine (used here as a positive control) were docked with high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). For the in vitro studies, wild type HBV genome construct (pHBV 1.3X) was transiently transfected in HepG2. In culture supernatant samples, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Secreted HBV DNA and intracellular covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were measured by SYBR green real-time PCR. The 3D crystal structure of HMGB1 (1AAB) protein was developed and docked with the chrysin and lamivudine. In silico drug-likeness, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) properties of finest ligands were performed by using SwissADME and admetSAR web servers.

RESULTS

Data showed that chrysin significantly decreases HBeAg, HBsAg secretion, supernatant HBV DNA and cccDNA, in a dose dependent manner. The docking studies demonstrated HMGB1 as an important target for chrysin as compared to lamivudine. Chrysin revealed high binding affinity and formed a firm kissing complex with HMGB1 (∆G = - 5.7 kcal/mol), as compared to lamivudine (∆G = - 4.3 kcal/mol), which might be responsible for its antiviral activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The outcome of our study establishes chrysin as a new antiviral against HBV infection. However, using chrysin to treat chronic HBV disease needs further endorsement and optimization by in vivo studies in animal models.

Investigating regulated signaling pathways in therapeutic targeting of non-small cell lung carcinoma

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy worldwide. The signaling cascades are stimulated via genetic modifications in upstream signaling molecules, which affect apoptotic, proliferative, and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these signaling cascades causes cancer-initiating cell proliferation, cancer development, and drug resistance. Numerous efforts in the treatment of NSCLC have been undertaken in the past few decades, enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms of cancer development and moving forward to develop effective therapeutic approaches. Modifications of transcription factors and connected pathways are utilized to develop new treatment options for NSCLC. Developing designed inhibitors targeting specific cellular signaling pathways in tumor progression has been recommended for the therapeutic management of NSCLC. This comprehensive review provided deeper mechanistic insights into the molecular mechanism of action of various signaling molecules and their targeting in the clinical management of NSCLC.

Nature's Toolbox Against Tau Aggregation: An Updated Review of Current Research

Tau aggregation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Hyperphosphorylated tau is believed to contribute to the degeneration of neurons and the development of these complex diseases. Therefore, one potential treatment for these illnesses is to prevent or counteract tau aggregation. In recent years, interest has been increasing in developing nature-derived tau aggregation inhibitors as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. Researchers have become increasingly interested in natural compounds with multifunctional features, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, resveratrol, and curcumin, since these molecules can interact simultaneously with the various targets of AD. Recent studies have demonstrated that several natural compounds can inhibit tau aggregation and promote the disassembly of pre-formed tau aggregates. Nature-derived tau aggregation inhibitors hold promise as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which these compounds exert their effects and their safety and efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. Nature-derived inhibitors of tau aggregation are a promising new direction in the research of neurodegenerative complexities. This review focuses on the natural products that have proven to be a rich supply for inhibitors in tau aggregation and their uses in neurodegenerative complexities, including AD.

Designing of new tetrahydro-β-carboline-based ABCG2 inhibitors using 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and DFT tools

Human ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) protein is a member of the ABC transporter family, which is responsible for multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancerous cells. MDR reduces the effectiveness of chemotherapy in breast cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death in women globally. MDR in cancer cells is one of the immediate signs of progression of resistance; thus, various anticancer drugs can be designed. To reduce MDR, we utilized the tetrahydro-β-carboline (THβC) compound library. We accomplished a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), scaffold hopping to design a new library of compounds of THβC, and further molecular docking, induced-fit docking (IFD), molecular mechanics energies combined with generalized born and surface area continuum solvation (MM-GBSA), drug-like features, ADMET properties, and density functional theory (DFT) studies were performed. From these studies, the best 3D-QSAR model (r2 = 0.99, q2 = 0.92) was found, and the necessity of electrostatic, steric, and hydrophobic field effects were determined that could modulate bioactivity. Moreover, based on electrostatic, steric, and hydrophobic field notations, new THβC derivatives (3409) were designed. These findings might provide new insight for researchers to perform in vitro and in vivo studies for better antagonists against MDR in treating breast cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Network pharmacology and bioinformatics approach reveals the therapeutic mechanism of action of curcumin in Alzheimer disease

Curcumin is a natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant substance which plays a major role in reducing the amyloid plaques formation, which is the major cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consequently, a methodical approach was used to select the potential protein targets of curcumin in AD through network pharmacology. In this study, through integrative methods, AD targets of curcumin through SwissTargetPrediction database, STITCH database, BindingDB, PharmMapper, Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database were predicted followed by gene enrichment analysis, network construction, network topology, and docking studies. Gene ontology analysis facilitated identification of a list of possible AD targets of curcumin (74 targets genes). The correlation of the obtained targets with AD was analysed by using gene ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analyses and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). We have incorporated the applied network pharmacological approach to identify key genes. Furthermore, we have performed molecular docking for analysing the mechanism of curcumin. In order to validate the temporospatial expression of key genes in human central nervous system (CNS), we searched the Human Brain Transcriptome (HBT) dataset. We identified top five key genes namely, PPARγ, MAPK1, STAT3, KDR and APP. Further validated the expression profiling of these key genes in publicly available brain data expression profile databases. In context to a valuable addition in the treatment of AD, this study is concluded with novel insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of curcumin, will ease the treatment of AD with the clinical application of curcumin.

Characterization of advanced glycation end products and aggregates of irisin: Multispectroscopic and microscopic approaches

Glycation of proteins leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has been demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases. Irisin is a clinically significant protein, putatively involved in obesity, diabetes, and neurological disorders. This study aimed to monitor the methyl-glyoxal (MG) induced AGEs and aggregate formation of irisin, as a function of time, employing multispectroscopic and microscopic approaches. ANS fluorescence suggested a molten globule-like state on Day 6, followed by the formation of irisin AGEs adducts, as confirmed by AGE-specific fluorescence. Glycation of irisin led to aggregate formation, which was characterized by Thioflavin T fluorescence, CD spectroscopy, and microscopic studies. These aggregates were confirmed by exploiting fluorescence microscopy, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy. Molecular docking was performed to determine the crucial residues of irisin involved in irisin-MG interaction. Usually, MG is present in trace amounts as a metabolic by-product in the body, which is found to be elevated in diseased conditions viz. diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. This study characterized the AGEs and aggregates of clinically important protein, irisin; and since MG level has been found to be increased in various pathological conditions, this study provides a clinical perspective. There is a possibility that elevated MG concentrations might glycate irisin resulting in reduced irisin levels as reported in pathological conditions. However, further investigations are required to prove it.

PEG mediated destabilization of holo α-lactalbumin probed by in silico and in vitro studies: deviation from excluded volume effect

Crowded and confined macromolecular milieus surround proteins, and both are stabilizing if the nature of the interaction between crowder and proteins are considered hard-core repulsive interactions. However, non-specific chemical interactions between a protein and its surroundings also play a significant role and the sum effect of both hard-core repulsion and soft interaction balances the overall effect of crowding/confinement. Previous studies showing the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on protein and nucleic acid may be interpreted as either primarily excluded volume effect or, in some cases, chemical effect by changing solvent properties. In case of destabilizing interactions, charge-charge and hydrophobic contact have to gain more attention. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies using protein as crowding agent revealed the destabilization of proteins induced by charge-charge interactions. To investigate the effect of PEG 10 kDa on holo α-lactalbumin (holo α-LA), structure and thermal stability of the protein were measured at different pH values using several techniques. Structural characterization by Trp-fluorescence, near-UV CD and far-UV measurements at different pH values clearly shows perturbation of tertiary and secondary structure of holo α-LA by PEG 10 kDa. Furthermore, the dynamic light scattering measurement shows that the protein is homogeneous under all experimental conditions. Analysis of the heat-induced denaturation profile in the presence of the crowder shows destabilization of the protein in terms of T_m (midpoint of denaturation) and ΔG_D⁰ (Gibbs free energy change at 25 °C). To evaluate the interaction of PEG 10 kDa with holo α-LA and stability of PEG-α-LA complex, docking and molecular dynamic simulation were carried out for 100 ns.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Identification of Thermostable Xylose Reductase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus: A Biochemical Characterization Approach to Meet Biofuel Challenges

The constant rise in energy demands, costs, and concerns about global warming has created a demand for new renewable alternative fuels that can be produced sustainably. Lignocellulose biomass can act as an excellent energy source and various value-added compounds like xylitol. In this research study, we have explored the xylose reductase that was obtained from the genome of a thermophilic fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus while searching for an enzyme to convert xylose to xylitol at higher temperatures. The recombinant thermostable TtXR histidine-tagged fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and successfully purified for the first time. Further, it was characterized for its function and novel structure at varying temperatures and pH. The enzyme showed maximal activity at 7.0 pH and favored  d-xylose over other pentoses and hexoses. Biophysical approaches such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible), fluorescence spectrometry, and far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural integrity of pure TtXR. This research highlights the potential application of uncharacterized xylose reductase as an alternate source for the effective utilization of lignocellulose in fermentation industries at elevated temperatures. Moreover, this research would give environment-friendly and long-term value-added products, like xylitol, from lignocellulosic feedstock for both scientific and commercial purposes.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Delivery Approaches

Mitochondria are implicated in a wide range of functions apart from ATP generation, and, therefore, constitute one of the most important organelles of cell. Since healthy mitochondria are essential for proper cellular functioning and survival, mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to various pathologies. Mitochondria are considered a novel and promising therapeutic target for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various human diseases including metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. For mitochondria-targeted therapy, there is a need to develop an effective drug delivery approach, owing to the mitochondrial special bilayer structure through which therapeutic molecules undergo multiple difficulties in reaching the core. In recent years, various nanoformulations have been designed such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles conjugate with mitochondriotropic moieties such as mitochondria-penetrating peptides (MPPs), triphenylphosphonium (TPP), dequalinium (DQA), and mitochondrial protein import machinery for overcoming barriers involved in targeting mitochondria. The current approaches used for mitochondria-targeted drug delivery have provided promising ways to overcome the challenges associated with targeted-drug delivery. Herein, we review the research from past years to the current scenario that has identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a major contributor to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advancements in mitochondria-targeted drug delivery strategies for the pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Measuring Structural Changes in Cytochrome c under Crowded Conditions Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

It is known from in vitro studies that macromolecular crowding in the cell effects protein structure, stability and function; but predictive studies are relatively unexplored. There are few reports where the effect of various crowder mixtures has been exploited to discern their combined effect on the structural stability of proteins. These studies are more significant because their effect can mimicked with in vivo conditions, where the environment is heterogeneous. Effects of two crowders, polyethylene glycol (PEG 400 Da), and its monomer ethylene glycol (EG) alone and in mixture on the structural stability of cytochrome c (cyt c) were determined using various spectroscopic and bioinformatics tools. The main conclusions of our study are (i) the monomer EG has a kosmotropic effect on the protein (stabilizes the protein), and has no significant effect on the tertiary structure; (ii) PEG 400 destabilizes the structure as well as the stability of the protein; and (iii) EG counteracts the destabilizing effect of PEG 400. From this investigation, it seems evident that proteins may fold or unfold in the crowded environment of the cell where various interactions assist them to maintain their structure for their functions. Bioinformatics approaches were also used to support all of the in vitro observations. Cyt c is functional protein; if the structure of the protein is modulated due to change in the environment its nature of function will also change. Our research addresses the question by modulating the environment around the protein, and the macromolecule (protein) conformation dynamics and interaction study via in vitro and in silico approaches which indirectly compares with that of the environment in-cellular milieu, which is highly crowded.

Distribution and Pattern of Anti-Tubercular Drug Resistance in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Mymensingh Region of Bangladesh

Globally, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an increasing problem that adversely affects patient care and public health. This cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College from January 2010 to December 2010 to isolate M. tuberculosis from smear-positive sputum samples by Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) media and investigate the drug resistance pattern. Among 101 smear-positive cases 80(79.20%) yielded growth of Mycobacteria, 5(4.95%) were contaminated and 16(15.84%) showed no growth. Among 80 isolates 76(95.0%) were M. tuberculosis and the remaining 4(5.0%) were Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM). Out of 76 M. tuberculosis 27(35.52%) were resistant to at least one drug, 4(5.26%) to Isoniazid (INH), 1(1.32%) to Rifampicin (RMP), 8(10.53%) to Streptomycin (SM) and 0(0.0%) to Ethambutol (EMB) and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was 9(11.84%). The present study creates the impression that fairly high rate of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among the tuberculosis cases and also high MDR-TB (Resistant to both Rifampicin and Isoniazide). The emergence of MDR-TB poses significant trouble to TB control activities throughout the world. The complexity of MDR-TB operation makes it essential to produce new skills to design, plan, application and monitor interventions for the management of MDR-TB. More surveillance and immediate remedial interventions should be performed to combat the trouble of MDR-TB to the general population.