Thiazolidin-4-ones from 4-(methylthio)benzaldehyde and 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzaldehyde: Synthesis, antiglioma activity and cytotoxicity

Vetting of New 2,5-Bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) Phenyl-Linked 1,3-Thiazolidine-4-one Derivatives as AURKA and VEGFR-2 Inhibitor Antiglioma Agents Assisted with In Vitro and In Silico Studies

The bioactivity of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives with a 2,5-bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) phenyl moiety was computationally developed and evaluated. All of the synthesized thiazolidin-4-one derivatives have their chemical structures characterized using a variety of methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) radiation. A human glioblastoma cancer cell line (LN229) was used to investigate the purified derivatives' antiglioma cancer efficacy. By using the MTT, colony formation, and tunnel tests, respectively, the in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of these compounds were assessed. Thiazolidin-4-one derivatives 5b, 5c, and 5e were discovered to have the best efficacy against glioblastoma cells out of all of these compounds. The derivatives 5b, 5c, and 5e were determined to have respective IC50 values of 9.48, 12.16, and 6.43 g/mL. Computation results showed that the bioactivity evaluations of the compounds were quite significant. The bridging -NH group forms a hydrogen bond with Glu 260 of synthesized derivatives 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, and 5h. The vast majority of freshly developed compounds obeyed Lipinski's rule of five, which is in line with the results that the ADMET model predicted. Additionally, molecular docking evaluation and molecular dynamics simulation investigations against the proteins AURKA and VEGFR-2 were conducted for the synthesized compounds to incorporate both in silico and in vitro data. The findings revealed that almost all of the compounds had considerable binding to AURKA and VEGFR-2 residues, with binding affinities ranging from -9.8 to -7.9 kcal/mol. Consequently, the results of the biological investigations and the docking scores demonstrated that thiazolidinone molecule 5e containing 4-chlorophenyl substituent may be considered as a potential moiety for glioblastoma cancer treatments.

Thiazolidin-4-one prevents against memory deficits, increase in phosphorylated tau protein, oxidative damage and cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer disease model: Comparison with donepezil drug

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized mostly by memory decline. The current therapeutic arsenal for treating AD is limited, and the available drugs only produce symptomatic benefits, but do not stop disease progression. The search for effective therapeutic alternatives with multitarget actions is therefore imperative. One such a potential alternative is thiazolidin-4-one, a compound that exhibits anti-amnesic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant activities. The aim of this study was evaluated the effects of 2-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)- 3-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl) thiazolidin-4-one (DS12) on memory and neurochemical parameters in a model of AD induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Adult male rats were divided into five groups: I, control (saline); II, DS12 (10 mg/kg); III, STZ; IV, STZ + DS12 (10 mg/kg); V, STZ + donepezil (5 mg/kg). The rats were orally treated with DS12 and donepezil for a period of 20 days. Memory, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, phosphorylated tau protein levels and oxidative stress were analyzed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Biochemical and hematological parameters were evaluated in the blood and serum. Memory impairment and the increase in AChE activity and phosphorylated tau protein level induced by STZ were prevented by DS12 and donepezil treatment. Streptozotocin induces an increase in reactive oxygen species levels and a decrease in catalase activity in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. DS12 treatment conferred protection from oxidative alterations in all brain structures. No changes were observed in serum biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, uric acid, and urea) or hematological parameters, such as platelets, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total plasma protein. DS12 improved memory and neurochemical changes in an AD model and did not show toxic effects, suggesting the promising therapeutic potential of this compound.

Effect of Thiazolidin-4-one Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative Damage, and Alterations in Adenine Nucleotide Hydrolysis and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Cultured Astrocytes

Astrocytes play multiple important roles in brain physiology. However, depending on the stimuli, astrocytes may exacerbate inflammatory reactions, contributing to the development and progression of neurological diseases. Therefore, therapies targeting astrocytes represent a promising area for the development of new brain drugs. Thiazolidinones are heterocyclic compounds that have a sulfur and nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group in the ring and represent a class of compounds of great scientific interest due to their pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-(3-(diethylamino)propyl)-2-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)thiazolidin-4-one (DS27) on cell proliferation and morphology, oxidative stress parameters, activity of the enzymes ectonucleotidases and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in primary astrocyte cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to model neuroinflammation. The astrocyte culture was exposed to LPS (10 μg/ml) for 3 h and subsequently treated with compound DS27 for 24 and 48 h (concentrations ranging to 10-100 μM). LPS induced an increase in astrocyte proliferation, AChE activity, IL-6 levels, oxidative damage, ATP and ADP and a reduction in AMP hydrolysis in rat primary astrocyte cultures. DS27 treatment was effective in reversing these alterations induced by LPS. Our findings demonstrated that DS27 is able to modulate cholinergic and purinergic signaling, redox status, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced astrocyte damage. These glioprotective effects of DS27 may be very important for improving neuroinflammation, which is associated with many brain diseases.

Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivative exhibits antitumoral effect and reverts behavioral and metabolic changes in a model of glioblastoma

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-glioma activity of 3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (AV23) in a preclinical model of glioblastoma, as well as behavioral parameters and toxicological profile. The implantation of C6 cells in the left striatum of male Wistar rats was performed by stereotaxic surgery. After recovery, animals were treated with vehicle (canola oil) or AV23 (10 mg/kg/day) intragastrically for 15 days. It was found that AV23 reduced tumor volume by 90%. Serum biochemical parameters such as triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine and total proteins were not changed; however, there was a slight increase in alanine aminotransferase. The compound AV23 reverted the hypoglycemia and the reduction in body weight caused by glioblastoma. Additionally, AV23 was able to revert the reduction of locomotion caused by the tumor implantation. Therefore, the compound AV23 can be considered a promising candidate in the treatment of glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma: Current Status, Emerging Targets, and Recent Advances

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor characterized by a heterogeneous population of genetically unstable and highly infiltrative cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Although substantial efforts have been invested in the field of anti-GBM drug discovery in the past decade, success has primarily been confined to the preclinical level, and clinical studies have often been hampered due to efficacy-, selectivity-, or physicochemical property-related issues. Thus, expansion of the list of molecular targets coupled with a pragmatic design of new small-molecule inhibitors with central nervous system (CNS)-penetrating ability is required to steer the wheels of anti-GBM drug discovery endeavors. This Perspective presents various aspects of drug discovery (challenges in GBM drug discovery and delivery, therapeutic targets, and agents under clinical investigation). The comprehensively covered sections include the recent medicinal chemistry campaigns embarked upon to validate the potential of numerous enzymes/proteins/receptors as therapeutic targets in GBM.

One-Pot Synthesis of Novel 2-Imino-5-Arylidine-Thiazolidine Analogues and Evaluation of Their Anti-Proliferative Activity against MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

An efficient surface-mediated synthetic method to facilitate access to a novel class of thiazolidines is described. The rationale behind the design of the targeted thiazolidines was to prepare stable thiazolidine analogues and evaluate their anti-proliferative activity against a breast cancer cell line (MCF7). Most of the synthesized analogues exhibited increased potency ranging from 2–15-fold higher compared to the standard reference, cisplatin. The most active thiazolidines contain a halogenated or electron withdrawing group attached to the N-phenyl ring of exocyclic 2-imino group. However, combination of the two substituents did not enhance the activity. The anti-proliferative activity was measured in terms of IC₅₀ values using an MTT assay.

Facile synthesis, antimicrobial and antiviral evaluation of novel substituted phenyl 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one sulfonyl derivatives

A series of novel substituted phenyl 1, 3-thiazolidin-4-one sulfonyl derivatives 5 (a-t) were synthesized and screened for their in-vitro anti-microbial and anti-viral activity. The result of the anti-microbial assay demonstrated compounds 5d, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j showed prominent inhibitory activity against all the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, while compounds 5g, 5j, 5o, 5p, 5q showed significant activity against the entire set of fungal strains as compared to standard drug Ampicillin and Clotrimazole, respectively. The antimicrobial study revealed that compounds having electron-withdrawing groups showed significant antimicrobial potency. The most active antibacterial compound 5j showed potent inhibition of S. aureus DNA Gyrase enzyme as a possible mechanism of action for antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the antiviral testing of selected compounds showed considerable activity against Herpes simplex virus-1(KOS), Herpes simplex virus-2 (G), Herpes simplex virus-1(TK- KOS ACVr), Vaccinia virus, Human Coronavirus (229E), Reovirus-1, Sindbis virus, Coxsackie virus B4, Yellow Fever virus and Influenza A, B virus. Compounds 5h exhibited low anti-viral activity against HIV-1(strain IIIB) and HIV-2 (strain ROD). The study clearly outlined that synthesized compounds endowed with good antimicrobial property together with considerable antiviral activity.

2,4-Thiazolidinedione as Precursor to the Synthesis of Compounds with Anti-glioma Activities in C6 and GL261 Cells

BACKGROUND

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) represent an important class of heterocyclic compounds that have versatile biological activities, including anticancer activity. Glioma is one of the most common primary brain tumors, and it is responsible for most of the deaths caused by primary brain tumors. In the present work, 2,4-thiazolidinediones were synthesized via a multicomponent microwave one-pot procedure. The cytotoxicity of compounds was analyzed in vitro using rat (C6) and mouse (GL261) glioblastoma cell lines and primary cultures of astrocytes.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to synthesize and characterize 2,4-thiazolidinediones and evaluate their antitumor activity.

METHODS

TZDs were synthesized from three components: 2,4-thiazolidinedione, arene-aldehydes, and aryl chlorides. The reactions were carried out inside a microwave and monitored using thinlayer chromatography (TLC). Compounds were identified and characterized using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (CG-MS) and hydrogen (¹H-NMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C-NMR). The antitumor activity was analyzed using the 3-(4,5- dimethyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction test, in which cell viability was verified in the primary cultures of astrocytes and in rat and mouse glioblastoma cells exposed to the synthesized compounds. The cytotoxicity of all derivatives was analyzed at the 100 μM concentration, both in astrocytes and in the mouse and rat glioblastoma cell lines. The compounds that showed the best results, 4CI and 4DI, were also tested at concentrations 25, 50, 100, 175, and 250 μM to obtain the IC₅₀.

RESULTS

Seventeen TZD derivatives were easily obtained through one-pot reactions in 40 minutes with yields ranging from 12% to 49%. All compounds were cytotoxic to both glioblastoma cell lines without being toxic to the astrocyte primary cell line at 100 μM, thus demonstrating a selective activity. Compounds 4CI and 4DI showed the best results in the C6 cells: IC₅₀ of 28.51 μM and 54.26 μM, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The compounds were not cytotoxic in astrocyte culture, demonstrating selectivity for malignant cells. Changes in both rings are important for anti-glioma activity in the cell lines tested. TZD 4CI had the best anti-glioma activity.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2-imino-4-thiazolidinones as Potential Antitumor Agents for Glioblastoma

AIMS

The purpose of our study was to explore the molecular hybridization between 2-imino-4-thizolidione and piridinic scaffolds and its potential antitumor activity.

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive glioma tumor clinically diagnosed malignant and highly recurrent primary brain tumor type. The standard of treatment for a glioblastoma is surgery, followed by radiation and chemotherapy using temozolomide. However, the chemoresistance has become the main barrier to treatment success. 2-imino-4-thiazolidinones are an important class of heterocyclic compounds that feature anticancer activity; however the antiglioblastoma activity is yet to be explored.

OBJECTIVE

To synthesize and characterize a series of novel 2-imino-4-thiazolidinones and evaluate their antiglioblastoma activity.

METHOD

The 2-imino-4-thiazolidinone (5a-p) was synthesized according to the literature with modifications. Compounds were identified and characterized using spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction. The antitumor activity was analyzed by 3-(4,5- dimethyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay both in primary astrocyte and glioma (C6). Apoptosis and cell cycle phase were determined by flow cytometry analysis. The expression of caspase-3/7 was measured by luminescence assay. Oxidative stress parameters as: determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and total sulfhydryl content quantification were analyzed by colorimetric assays according to literature.

RESULTS

Among sixteen synthesized compounds, three displayed potent antitumor activities against tested glioblastoma cell line showed IC50 values well below the standard drug temozolomide. Therefore, compounds 5a, 5l and 5p were evaluated using cell cycle and death analysis, due to potent toxicity (2.17±1.17, 6.24±0.59, 2.93±1.12µM, respectively) in C6 cell line. The mechanism of action studies demonstrated that 5a and 5l induced apoptosis significantly increase the percentage of cells in Sub-G1 phase in the absence of necrosis. Consistent with these results, caspase-3/7 assay revealed that 5l presents pro-apoptotic activity due to the significant stimulation of caspases-3/7. Moreover, 5a, 5l and 5p increased antioxidant defense and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

CONCLUSION

The compounds were synthesized with good yield and three of these presented (5a, 5l and 5p) good cytotoxicity against C6 cell line. Both affected cell cycle distribution via arresting more C6 cell line at Sub-G1 phase promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, 5a, 5l and 5p modulated redox status. These findings suggest that these compounds can be considered as promising lead molecules for further development of potential antitumor agents.

Multitarget Effect of 2-(4-(Methylthio)phenyl)-3-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)thiazolidin-4-one in a Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Rat Model

Cholinergic system dysfunction, oxidative damage, and alterations in ion pump activity have been associated with memory loss and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones have emerged as a class of compounds with potential therapeutic effects due to their potent anticholinesterase activity. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of the 2-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-3-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)thiazolidin-4-one (DS12) compound on memory, cholinergic and oxidative stress parameters, ion pump activity, and serum biochemical markers in a scopolamine-induced memory deficit model. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: I-Control; II-Scopolamine; III-DS12 (5 mg/kg) + scopolamine; and IV-DS12 (10 mg/kg) + scopolamine. The animals from groups III and IV received DS12 diluted in canola oil and administered for 7 days by gavage. On the last day of treatment, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min after training in an inhibitory avoidance apparatus. Twenty-four hours after scopolamine administration, the animals were subjected to an inhibitory avoidance test and were thereafter euthanized. Scopolamine induced memory deficits, increased acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative damage, and decreased Na+/K+-ATPase activity in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Pretreatment with DS12 prevented these brain alterations. Scopolamine also induced an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity in lymphocytes and whereas butyrylcholinesterase in serum and treatment with DS12 prevented these changes. In animals treated with DS12, no changes were observed in renal and hepatic parameters when compared to the control group. In conclusion, DS12 emerged as an important multitarget compound capable of preventing neurochemical changes associated with memory deficits.

Saturated Five-Membered Thiazolidines and Their Derivatives: From Synthesis to Biological Applications

In past decades, interdisciplinary research has been of great interest for scholars. Thiazolidine motifs behave as a bridge between organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry and compel researchers to explore new drug candidates. Thiazolidine motifs are very intriguing heterocyclic five-membered moieties present in diverse natural and bioactive compounds having sulfur at the first position and nitrogen at the third position. The presence of sulfur enhances their pharmacological properties, and, therefore, they are used as vehicles in the synthesis of valuable organic combinations. They show varied biological properties viz. anticancer, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant activity and so on. This diversity in the biological response makes it a highly prized moiety. Based on literature studies, various synthetic approaches like multicomponent reaction, click reaction, nano-catalysis and green chemistry have been employed to improve their selectivity, purity, product yield and pharmacokinetic activity. In this review article, we have summarized systematic approaches for the synthesis of thiazolidine and its derivatives, along with their pharmacological activity, including advantages of green synthesis, atom economy, cleaner reaction profile and catalyst recovery which will help scientists to probe and stimulate the study of these scaffolds.

Synthesis of thiazolidin-4-ones and thiazinan-4-ones from 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidine as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

The present study describes the synthesis of a novel series of thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one using 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidine as amine precursor. All compounds were synthesised by one-pot three component cyclocondensation reaction from the amine, a substituted benzaldehyde and a mercaptocarboxylic acid. The compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields and were identified and characterised by ¹H, ¹³C, 2 D NMR and GC/MS techniques. The compounds also were screened for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in hippocampus and cerebral cortex on Wistar rats. The six most potent compounds have been investigated for their cytotoxicity by cell viability assay of astrocyte primary culture, an important cell of central nervous system. We highlighted two compounds (6a and 6k) that had the lowest IC₅₀ in hippocampus (5.20 and 4.46 µM) and cerebral cortex (7.40 and 6.83 µM). These preliminary and important results could be considered a starting point for the development of new AChE inhibitory agents.

In Vitro Effects of 2-{4-[Methylthio(methylsulfonyl)]phenyl}-3-substitutedthiazolidin-4-ones on the Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Rat Brain and Lymphocytes: Isoform Selectivity, Kinetic Analysis, and Molecular Docking

This work evaluated the in vitro effect of thiazolidin-4-ones on the activity of AChE (total and isoforms) isolated from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and lymphocytes. Kinetic parameters were evaluated and molecular docking was performed. Our results showed that thiazolidinones derived from 4-(methylthio)benzaldehyde (1) and from 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzaldehyde (2) were capable of inhibiting the AChE activity in vitro. Three compounds, two with a propylpiperidine (1b and 2b) moiety and one with a 3-(diethylamino)propyl (1c) moiety showed IC₅₀ values of 13.81 μM, and 3.13 μM (1b), 55.36 μM and 44.33 μM (1c) for cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and 3.11 μM for both (2b). Enzyme kinetics revealed that the type of AChE inhibition was mixed. Compound 1b inhibited the G1 and G4 AChE isoforms, while compounds 1c and 2b selectively inhibited the G4 isoform. Molecular docking showed a possible three-dimensional fit into the enzyme. Our findings showed that these thiazolidin-4-ones, especially those containing the propylpiperidine core, have a potential cholinesterase inhibitory activity and can be considered good candidates for future Alzheimer's therapy.

Synthesis, in-Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Evaluations of Some Novel Thiazole Based Heterocycles

Condensation of rhodanine (1) with pyrazol-3(2H)-one derivatives (2a-f) gave 5-substituted-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives (3a-f). Reaction of compound (1) with 2-arylmethylidene-malononitrile (4a-d) yielded the unexpected derivatives (5a-d). The latter compounds were subjected to cyclization reactions with malononitrile under different basic conditions, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and/or thiourea to furnish the fused thiazole derivatives (6a-d) and (8-10a-d). Coupling of (1) with diazotized aromatic amines (11a-c) in pyridine afforded the arylhydrazones (12a-c). Fusion of latter compounds with malononitrile afforded the thiazolopyridazine derivatives (13a-c). The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated via spectral data and elemental analyses. The in-vitro cytotoxic activity of compounds (3a-f) against the cell line MCF-7 was evaluated. Also, the synthesized products were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against six standard organisms including the G⁺ bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, G^- bacteria, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris in addition to fungi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus.

Uses of 2-(Thiophene-2-carbonylcarbamothioylthio)acetic Acid as a Good Synthon for Construction of Some New Thiazole and Annulated Thiazole Derivatives

The reaction of thiophene-2-carbonyl isothiocyanate 2 with thioglycolic acid gave 2-(thiophene-2-carbonylcarbamothioylthio)acetic acid 3. Compound 3 was subjected to some selected reactions with sulphuric acid as well as benzaldehyde, piperonal and isatin under different reaction conditions. The products obtained were new derivatives of thiazole and annulated thiazole derivatives bearing thiophene moiety in some cases. The structures of the new synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their microanalytical and spectral properties. Some compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against six selected microorganisms using the standard antibacterial Gentamycin and antifungal Ketoconazole as references.