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Mandal AA, Upadhyay A, Mandal A, Nayak M, K MS, Mukherjee S, Banerjee S. Visible-Light-Responsive Novel Ru(II)-Metallo-Antibiotics with Potential Antibiofilm and Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28118-28133. [PMID: 38783713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Growing challenges with antibiotic resistance pose immense challenges in combating microbial infections and biofilm prevention on medical devices. Lately, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is now emerging as an alternative therapy to overcome this problem. Herein, we synthesized and characterized four Ru(II)-complexes, viz., [Ru(ph-tpy)(bpy)Cl]PF6 (Ru1), [Ru(ph-tpy)(dpq)Cl]PF6 (Ru2), [Ru(ph-tpy)(dppz)Cl]PF6 (Ru3), and [Ru(ph-tpy)(dppn)Cl]PF6 (Ru4) (where 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine = ph-tpy; 2,2'-bipyridine = bpy; dipyrido[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline = dpq; dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine = dppz; and Benzo[I]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine = dppn), among which Ru2-Ru4 are novel. Octahedral geometry of the complexes with a RuN5Cl core was evident from the crystal structure of Ru2. Ru1-Ru4 showed an MLCT absorption band in the 450-600 nm region, useful for aPDT performances. Further, optimum triplet excited state energy and excellent photostability of Ru1-Ru4 made them good photosensitizers for aPDT. Ru1-Ru4 demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity on visible-light exposure (400-700 nm, 10 J cm-2), confirmed using different antibacterial assays. Mechanistic studies revealed that inhibition of bacterial growth was due to the generation of oxidative stress (via NADH oxidation and ROS generation) upon treatment with Ru2-Ru4, resulting in destruction of the bacterial wall. Ru2 performed best killing performance against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) bacteria when exposed to light. Ru2-Ru4, when coated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) disk, showed long-term reusability and durable antibiofilm properties. Molecular docking confirmed the efficient interaction of Ru2-Ru4 with FabH (regulates fatty acid biosynthesis of E. coli) and PgaB (gives structural stability and helps biofilm formation of E. coli), resulting in probable downregulation. In vivo studies with healthy Wistar rats confirmed the biocompatibility of Ru2. This study shows that these lead complexes (Ru2-Ru4) can be used as potent alternative antimicrobial agents in low concentrations toward bacterial eradication with photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Anjali Upadhyay
- School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Malay Nayak
- School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Mohammad Sabeel K
- Department of Chemistry, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Sayala J, Srivastava E, Kumar P, Shukla N, Kumar A, Patra AK. Photocytotoxic kinetically stable ruthenium(II)- N, N-donor polypyridyl complexes of oxalate with anticancer activity against HepG2 liver cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4580-4597. [PMID: 38349214 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04058e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death that motivating scientists worldwide to synthesize novel chemotherapeutics. Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes are extensively studied for possible therapeutic and cellular applications due to their tunable coordination chemistry, structural diversity, ligand-exchange kinetics, accessible redox states, and rich photophysical or photochemical properties. Herein, we have synthesized a series of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes [RuII(N^N)2(ox)] (1-3), where ox is oxalate (C2O42-) and N^N is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (1), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq) (2), and dipyrido[3,2,-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) (3). Oxalate (ox2-) was opted as a bioactive dioxo ligand to prevent facile hydrolysis in aqueous media, thereby increasing the stability of the Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes in physiological media. We thoroughly characterized all the complexes using ESI-MS, FT-IR, UV-vis, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and other physicochemical methods. The complexes were stable under physiological conditions and under low-energy green LED light (λirr = 530 nm). However, the photoirradiation of complexes resulted in the efficient generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) as a major reactive oxygen species (ROS). The role of the extended aromatic conjugation of the N^N-donor ligands in the complexes was demonstrated by their binding propensities with CT-DNA and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Both DNA intercalation and groove binding were evidenced, while tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) binding site preferences were revealed from the synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS) of BSA. The cytotoxic profiling of the complexes performed on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) in the dark and in the presence of green light indicated their dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The [RuII(N^N)2(ox)] complexes exhibited enhanced photocytotoxicity mediated by efficient generation of cytotoxic 1O2 and effective interaction with DNA. All the complexes were internalized by the HepG2 liver cancer cells efficiently and localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. The complexes exhibited potent anti-proliferative, anti-clonogenic, and anti-migratory effects on the cancer cells, suggesting their potential for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Sayala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ekta Srivastava
- Department of Biological Science & Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyaranjan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Nitin Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Science & Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Center for Nanosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Peng X, Tang Q, Zhu H, Bai L, Zhao H, Chen Y. Study on antitumor activity of three ruthenium arene complexes in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112310. [PMID: 37441921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Three ruthenium arene complexes, namely {[(η6-p-cymene)Ru(Cl)]2(dpb)}(PF6)2 (1), [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(dpb)Cl](PF6) (2) and [(η6-p-cymene) Ru(dpb)py](PF6) (3) (dpb = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzo-quinoxaline, py = pyridine), were synthesized and their antitumor properties were introduced. Complexes 1-3 were characterized by 1H NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. As a binuclear ruthenium structure, the absorption of metal ligand electron transfer (MLCT) of 1 extended to 700 nm. Complex 1 was significantly hydrolyzed under dark conditions. The cytotoxicity in vitro study showed that complexes 1 and 2 are more toxic to human lung cancer cells (A549) and human cervial cancer cells (Hela) than cisplatin. Moreover, there was almost no cross-resistance between complex 1-2 and cisplatin. Under the irradiation at 478 nm, complexes 1-3 all produced singlet oxygen (1O2), and the 1O2 quantum yield of complex 1 in PBS is the highest among complexes 1-3. Complex 1 also produced 1O2 under 600 nm light irradiation. DNA gel electrophoresis showed that 1 caused the photocleavage of plasmid DNA. The hydrolysis rate of complex 1 was accelerated under light (λ > 600 nm). And the phototoxicity of complex 1 to Hela cells under light (λ > 600 nm) was much greater than its dark toxicity, which may be due to its generation of 1O2 and the promotion of its hydrolysis under long-wave light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Peng
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huiyun Zhu
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Ouyang R, Wang S, Feng K, Liu C, Silva DZ, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Liu B, Miao Y, Zhou S. Potent saccharinate-containing palladium(II) complexes for sensitization to cancer therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112205. [PMID: 37028114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Palladium(II) (PdII) complexes are among the most promising anticancer compounds. Both 2`-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (BpT) and saccharinate (Sac) are efficient metal chelators with potent anticancer activity. To explore a more effective new anticancer drug, we synthesized a series of Sac and BpT-containing PdII complexes coordinated with thiosemicarbazone (TSC)-derived ligands, and characterized them through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Each target complex was composed of PdII, BpT, and one or two Sac molecules. Both the in vitro and in vivo anti-growth effects of those ligands and the obtained PdII complexes were investigated in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines A549 and Spc-A1. The coordination of PdII with the TSC-derivatives and Sac resulted in clearly greater anticancer activity than single ligands. These compounds were demonstrated to be safe for 293 T normal human kidney epithelial cells. The introduction of Sac into the TSC-derived PdII complex significantly enhanced anti-growth effects, and induced apoptosis of human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the PdII complex containing two Sac molecules showed the most promising therapeutic effects, thereby confirming that Sac increases the cancer therapeutic efficacy of PdII complexes and providing a new strategy for exploring anticancer drugs for potential clinical treatment.
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Kumar P, Singh P, Saren S, Sayala J, Sivakumar S, Patra AK. Quaternary Ru(II) complexes of terpyridines, saccharin and 1,2-azoles: effect of substituents on molecular structure, speciation, photoactivity, and photocytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18416-18437. [PMID: 36416455 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Six photoactive ruthenium quaternary complexes (a four-component system consisting of three different N-donor ligands and Ru(II)): trans-[Ru(R-tpy)(pyz/ind)(sac)2] (1-6) containing substituted terpyridine (R-tpy), saccharin (sac), and monodentate N-donor heterocycles were designed. Here, R-tpy = 4'-(2-furyl (1, 2); thienyl (3, 4); pyridyl (5, 6))-2,2':6',2'' terpyridines, pyz = 1H-pyrazole for 1, 3 and 5 and ind = 1H-indazole for 2, 4 and 6. The azoles are present in a large number of FDA-approved clinical drugs and bioactive molecules. The saccharin acting as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CA-IX) could potentially target aggressive hypoxic tumors that overexpress CA-IX. Such multi-functional ligands bound to a Ru(II)-photocage provide ample scope to tune the electronic structures, photochemistry, and synergistic effect of the photolabile ligands in photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). The complexes were characterized using various spectroscopic studies, and the molecular structures were determined from X-ray crystallography. They exhibit a distorted octahedral {RuN6} geometry with equatorial sites coordinated to the tridentate N3-donor R-tpy and N-donor pyz/ind, while two transoidal axial sites bound to the N-donor saccharinate (sac) ligands. The solvolysis kinetics showed these complexes undergo facile ligand-exchange reactions in equilibrium with varying rates reflecting the possible electronic effect of the R-groups in R-tpy. The photoreactivity of the complexes in green (λex = 530 nm) LED light indicates that the complexes undergo photodissociation of the monodentate N-donors (i.e., sac/pyz/ind) and showed an efficient generation of singlet oxygen (Φ1O2 = 0.29-0.47), signifying the potential of these complexes in PACT and/or PDT. All the complexes show good binding affinity with CT-DNA with possible intercalation from extended planar polypyridyl ligands with duplex DNA and BSA. The synchronous fluorescence study with BSA suggested preferential interaction at the tryptophan residue in the protein microenvironment. The confocal microscopy studies showed adequate permeability and localization in the cytosol and nucleus of cervical cancer (HeLa) and breast cancer (MCF7) cells. The dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the complexes for both HeLa and MCF7 cells increases upon low-energy (365 nm) photoirradiation. The mechanistic studies revealed that the complexes induce apoptosis and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon green light (λex = 530 nm) irradiation. Overall, these quaternary Ru(II) complexes equipped with three different types of ligands with distinct roles could pave the way for designing multi-targeted chemotherapeutic metallodrugs with synergistic roles for each bioactive ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyaranjan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prerana Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sanjoy Saren
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Juhi Sayala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Pete S, Roy N, Kar B, Paira P. Construction of homo and heteronuclear Ru(II), Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes for target specific cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chen Y, Bai L, Zhang P, Zhao H, Zhou Q. The Development of Ru(II)-Based Photoactivated Chemotherapy Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:5679. [PMID: 34577150 PMCID: PMC8465985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a novel cancer treatment method that has drawn increasing attention due to its high selectivity and low side effects by spatio-temporal control of irradiation. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), oxygen-independent PACT is more suitable for treating hypoxic tumors. By finely tuning ligand structures and coordination configurations, many Ru(II) complexes can undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation, and the resulting Ru(II) aqua species and/or free ligands may have anticancer activity, showing their potential as PACT agents. In this mini-review, we summarized the progress in Ru(II)-based PACT agents, as well as challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Pu Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhao
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Kumar P, Mondal I, Kulshreshtha R, Patra AK. Development of novel ruthenium(II)-arene complexes displaying potent anticancer effects in glioblastoma cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:13294-13310. [PMID: 32936191 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBs) are highly aggressive and malignant brain tumors, which are highly resistant to conventional multimodal treatments, leading to their abysmal prognosis. Herein, we designed two organometallic half-sandwich Ru(ii)-η6-p-cymene complexes containing Schiff bases derived from 3-aminoquinoline and 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (L1) and 2-hydroxy-naphthaldehyde (L2), namely [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L1)Cl] (1) and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L2)Cl] (2), respectively, and studied their activity on GB cells. Both complexes were structurally characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which exhibited their half-sandwich three-legged piano-stool geometry. Furthermore, we studied their physicochemical behavior, solution speciation, aquation kinetics, and photo-substitution reactions using various spectroscopic methods. The complexes exhibited a moderate binding affinity with calf-thymus (CT)-DNA (Kb ∼ 105 M-1). The complexes effectively interacted with human serum albumin (HSA) (K ∼ 105 M-1) with preferential tryptophan binding, as determined via synchronous fluorescence studies. The in vitro studies showed their significant antiproliferative activity against an aggressive human GB cell line, LN-229 (IC50 = 22.8 μM), with moderate selectivity relative to normal mouse fibroblast L929 cells. Notably, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L1)Cl] (1) exhibited a higher selectivity index (S.I.) than [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L2)Cl] (2) and cisplatin. We evaluated the clonogenic potential of the GB cells using a colony formation assay in the presence of complex 1. Excitingly, it showed ∼75% inhibition of the clonogenic potential of GB cells at the IC50 concentration. Complex 1 also effectively lowered the migratory potential of the GB cells, as assessed by the wound healing assay. The studied compound led to the apoptosis of GB cells, as evidenced by nuclear condensation, blebbing, and enhanced caspase 3/7 activity, and thus has anticipated utility in the treatment of GBs using photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyaranjan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Khanvilkar P, Dash SR, Banerjee D, Vohra A, Devkar R, Chakraborty D. Organoruthenium (II) complexes featuring pyrazole‐linked thiosemicarbazone ligands: Synthesis, DNA/BSA interactions, molecular docking, and cytotoxicity studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Khanvilkar
- Department of Chemistry The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara India
| | - Soumya R. Dash
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division CSIR‐NCL Pune Pune India
| | - Devjani Banerjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara India
| | - Aliasgar Vohra
- Department of Zoology The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara India
| | - Ranjitsinh Devkar
- Department of Zoology The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara India
| | - Debjani Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara India
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Kumar P, Singh P, Saren S, Pakira S, Sivakumar S, Patra AK. Kinetically labile ruthenium(II) complexes of terpyridines and saccharin: effect of substituents on photoactivity, solvation kinetics, and photocytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8196-8217. [PMID: 34031678 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00246e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we designed six kinetically labile ruthenium(ii) complexes containing saccharin (sac) and 4'-substituted-2,2':6',2''-terpyridines (R-tpy), viz. trans-[Ru(sac)2(H2O)3(dmso-S)] (1) and [RuII(R-tpy)(sac)2(X)] [X = solvent molecule] (2-6). We intentionally kept the labile hydrolysable Ru-X bonds that were potentially activated via solvent-exchange reactions. This strategy generates a coordinative vacancy that allows further binding with potential biological targets. To gain insight into the electronic effects of ancillary ligands on Ru-X ligand-exchange kinetics or photoreactions, we have used a series of substituted terpyridines (R-tpy) and studied their solvation kinetics. The ternary complexes were also studied for their potential utility in Ru-assisted photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) synergized with release of saccharin as a highly selective carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) inhibitor, over-expressed in hypoxic tumors. The ternary complexes exhibit distorted octahedral geometry around Ru(ii) from two monodentate transoidal saccharin in the axial position, and tridentate terpyridines and labile solvent molecules at the basal plane (2-6). We studied their speciation, solvation kinetics, and photoreactivity in the presence of green LED light (λirr = 530 nm). All the complexes are relatively labile and undergo solvation in coordinating solvents (e.g. DMSO/DMF). The complexes undergo the ligand-substitution reaction, and their speciation and kinetics were studied by UV-Vis, ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, and structural analysis. We also attempted to assess the effect of various substituents on the ancillary terpyridine ligand (R-tpy) in photo-reactivity and ligand-exchange reactions. The photo-induced absorption and emission measurements suggested dissociation of the saccharin from the Ru-center supporting PACT pathways. The complexes display a significant binding affinity with CT-DNA (Kb ∼ 104-105 M-1) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (KBSA ∼ 105 M-1). Cytotoxicity was studied in the dark and the presence of low energy UV-A light (365 nm) in cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and breast cancer cells (MCF7). Photoirradiation of the complexes induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) assessed using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) and intracellular DCFDA assays. The complexes are sufficiently internalized in cancer cells throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus and induce apoptosis as studied by staining with dual dyes using confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyaranjan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prerana Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India and Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sanjoy Saren
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sandip Pakira
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Luminescent ruthenium(II)-para-cymene complexes of aryl substituted imidazo-1,10-phenanthroline as anticancer agents and the effect of remote substituents on cytotoxic activities. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Sudhindra P, Ajay Sharma S, Roy N, Moharana P, Paira P. Recent advances in cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and mechanism of action of ruthenium metallodrugs: A review. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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da Silva CFN, Chrispim PBH, Possato B, Portapilla GB, Rohrabaugh TN, Ramos LCB, Santana da Silva R, de Albuquerque S, Turro C, Nikolaou S. Anticancer and antitrypanosomal activities of trinuclear ruthenium compounds with orthometalated phenazine ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16440-16452. [PMID: 32776028 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear ruthenium complexes with orthometalated phenazines of general formula [Ru3(μ3-O)(μ2-OAc)5(L)(py)2]PF6 (L = dppn, benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 1; dppz, dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 2; CH3-dppz, 7-methyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 3; Cl-dppz, 7-chlorodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 4) were investigated for their cytotoxic activity toward the B16F10 murine melanoma and the L929 non-cancer cell lines and against Trypanosoma cruzi (2-4). This study also reports a multi-technique investigation into how complexes 1-4 interact with DNA and human serum albumin, HSA. At concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 μM, all the complexes reduced B16F10 murine melanoma cell viability by over 50%. Complex 4 had the highest cytotoxic effect in the series, diminishing B16F10 cell viability to 38% at 2 μM, with an overall order for anticancer activity of 4 > 2 > 3 > 1. Complexes 2-4 showed remarkable activity in inhibiting epimastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Complex 2 showed better antitrypanosomal activity than the reference drug (IC50 = 1.19 μM and IC50 = 0.25 μM for epimastigote and amastigotes forms, respectivily). Ethidium bromide (EB) displacement assays showed that DNA intercalation progressively increases with the extension of the π-conjugation of the cyclometalating ligand and the presence of substituents in the phenazinic portion (1 > 4-3 > 2), showing that complex 1 is a stronger intercalator than EB itself (Kapp > 107 M-1). Viscosity measurements followed the same trend. Cytotoxicity against cancer cells and antitrypanosomal activity follow the same order, which is different to the tendency of DNA intercalation, suggesting DNA is not the main target of these complexes. Compound 1-4 showed very high affinity with HSA (Kb ∼109 M-1). Circular dichroism results also showed that the complexes alter significantly the secondary structure of the HSA, lowering the α-helix % from 86.2 (pure protein) to less than 5% for compounds 1, 2 and 4 at 2.8 μM. These findings demonstrated the important role of phenazines for the biological activity of triruthenium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fontes Neves da Silva
- LABIQSC2 (Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Khalaj M, Olyaei A, Sadeghpour M, Lalegani A, Lipkowski J, Lough AJ. Platinum(II) complex with 4-nitro-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)aniline: synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and antioxidant activity. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 76:1005-1009. [PMID: 33148876 DOI: 10.1107/s205322962001308x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel complex has been prepared using the (E)-4-nitro-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)aniline bidentate Schiff base ligand and PtCl2, namely, dichlorido[(E)-4-nitro-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)aniline-κ2N,N']platinum(II) acetonitrile hemisolvate, [PtCl2(C12H9N3O2)]·0.5CH3CN, 1. According to the X-ray measurements of the crystal structure, the PtII ion adopts a PtCl2N2 square-planar coordination. The coordination of the Schiff base ligand to the PtII ion occurs in a cyclic bidentate fashion, as a result of which a five-membered metallacycle is formed. Furthermore, in the structure of 1, the neutral molecules form a one-dimensional chain structure through C-H...Cl and C-H...O hydrogen bonds. The characterization of the complex was performed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and the antioxidant activity of the complex was evaluated using spectrophotometry by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khalaj
- Department of Chemistry, Buinzahra Branch, Islamic Azad University, Buinzahra, 3451686799, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Olyaei
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), PO Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Sadeghpour
- Department of Chemistry, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran
| | - Arash Lalegani
- Department of Chemistry, Buinzahra Branch, Islamic Azad University, Buinzahra, 3451686799, Iran
| | - Janusz Lipkowski
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-238 Warsaw, 1/3, 01-238, Poland
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gao EJ, Hui Y, Wang N, Jia ZL, Zhao HW, Wu SY, Zhu MC. Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Interaction with DNA, Cytotoxicity, and Apoptosis Studies of Co(II), Cd(II) Complexes Bearing Pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic Acid. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328420080035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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De S, Ashok Kumar S. Development of highly potent Arene-Ru (II)-ninhydrin complexes for inhibition of cancer cell growth. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Kumar P, Butcher RJ, Patra AK. Ternary Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes containing dipyridophenazine and saccharin: Structures, reactivity, binding interactions with biomolecules and DNA damage activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Ye R, Tan C, Chen B, Li R, Mao Z. Zinc-Containing Metalloenzymes: Inhibition by Metal-Based Anticancer Agents. Front Chem 2020; 8:402. [PMID: 32509730 PMCID: PMC7248183 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA is considered to be the primary target of platinum-based anticancer drugs which have gained great success in clinics, but DNA-targeted anticancer drugs cause serious side-effects and easily acquired drug resistance. This has stimulated the search for novel therapeutic targets. In the past few years, substantial research has demonstrated that zinc-containing metalloenzymes play a vital role in the occurrence and development of cancer, and they have been identified as alternative targets for metal-based anticancer agents. Metal complexes themselves have also exhibited a lot of appealing features for enzyme inhibition, such as: (i) the facile construction of 3D structures that can increase the enzyme-binding selectivity and affinity; (ii) the intriguing photophysical and photochemical properties, and redox activities of metal complexes can offer possibilities to design enzyme inhibitors with multiple modes of action. In this review, we discuss recent examples of zinc-containing metalloenzyme inhibition of metal-based anticancer agents, especially three zinc-containing metalloenzymes overexpressed in tumors, including histone deacetylases (HDACs), carbonic anhydrases (CAs), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bichun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Rongtao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zongwan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abbas Z, Singh P, Dasari S, Sivakumar S, Patra AK. Luminescent EuIIIand TbIIIbimetallic complexes of N,N′-heterocyclic bases and tolfenamic acid: structures, photophysical aspects and biological activity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The isostructural bimetallic luminescent EuIIIand TbIIIdimers containing N,N′-heterocyclic bases and tolfenamic acid as a bridging ligands were evaluated for their structures, cellular imaging capability and photocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Abbas
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Prerana Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering
| | - Srikanth Dasari
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Ashis K. Patra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
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Li Y, Wu Q, Yu G, Li L, Zhao X, Huang X, Mei W. Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) complex-induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation activates DNA damage-mediated apoptosis to inhibit liver cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:282-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Near-infrared excited cooperative upconversion in luminescent Ytterbium(ΙΙΙ) bioprobes as light-responsive theranostic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:546-559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kenny RG, Marmion CJ. Toward Multi-Targeted Platinum and Ruthenium Drugs-A New Paradigm in Cancer Drug Treatment Regimens? Chem Rev 2019; 119:1058-1137. [PMID: 30640441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While medicinal inorganic chemistry has been practised for over 5000 years, it was not until the late 1800s when Alfred Werner published his ground-breaking research on coordination chemistry that we began to truly understand the nature of the coordination bond and the structures and stereochemistries of metal complexes. We can now readily manipulate and fine-tune their properties. This had led to a multitude of complexes with wide-ranging biomedical applications. This review will focus on the use and potential of metal complexes as important therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. With major advances in technologies and a deeper understanding of the human genome, we are now in a strong position to more fully understand carcinogenesis at a molecular level. We can now also rationally design and develop drug molecules that can either selectively enhance or disrupt key biological processes and, in doing so, optimize their therapeutic potential. This has heralded a new era in drug design in which we are moving from a single- toward a multitargeted approach. This approach lies at the very heart of medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this review, we have endeavored to showcase how a "multitargeted" approach to drug design has led to new families of metallodrugs which may not only reduce systemic toxicities associated with modern day chemotherapeutics but also address resistance issues that are plaguing many chemotherapeutic regimens. We have focused our attention on metallodrugs incorporating platinum and ruthenium ions given that complexes containing these metal ions are already in clinical use or have advanced to clinical trials as anticancer agents. The "multitargeted" complexes described herein not only target DNA but also contain either vectors to enable them to target cancer cells selectively and/or moieties that target enzymes, peptides, and intracellular proteins. Multitargeted complexes which have been designed to target the mitochondria or complexes inspired by natural product activity are also described. A summary of advances in this field over the past decade or so will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece G Kenny
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Celine J Marmion
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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24
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Zahirović A, Žilić D, Pavelić SK, Hukić M, Muratović S, Harej A, Kahrović E. Type of complex–BSA binding forces affected by different coordination modes of alliin in novel water-soluble ruthenium complexes. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00826h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, characterization and interaction with BSA and apo-transferrin of novel water-soluble ruthenium complexes having differently coordinated alliin (S-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Zahirović
- Laboratory for Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Sarajevo
- Sarajevo
| | | | - Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- Department of Biotechnology
- Centre for High-Throughput Technologies
- University of Rijeka
- Rijeka
- Croatia
| | - Mirsada Hukić
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Diagnostics Nalaz
- Sarajevo
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Anja Harej
- Department of Biotechnology
- Centre for High-Throughput Technologies
- University of Rijeka
- Rijeka
- Croatia
| | - Emira Kahrović
- Laboratory for Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Sarajevo
- Sarajevo
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25
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Ruthenium coordination compounds of biological and biomedical significance. DNA binding agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Yadav S, Singh JD. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation for the anticancer activity of organochalcogen (S/se) tethered chrysin-based organometallic Ru II(η 6-p-cymene) complexes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3337-3353. [PMID: 30124119 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1513867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organochalcogen (S/Se) functionalized chrysin derivatives were synthesized and coordinated with RuII(η6-p-cymene) to efficiently form ruthenium-based chemotherapeutic drug entities [C31H35O4SRuCl]; [C31H35O4SeRuCl]; [C33H31O4SRuCl]; and [C33H31O4SeRuCl]. The complexes were thoroughly characterized by analytical and various spectroscopic techniques which include elemental analysis, UV-vis, IR, NMR (1H, 13C, and 77Se NMR), and HR-MS. The interaction studies of these Ru(II) complexes were carried out with CT DNA/HSA by employing UV-vis, fluorescence and circular dichroic techniques in view to examine their chemotherapeutic potential. The complexes demonstrated predominant binding toward CTDNA via electrostatic interaction while, the extent of binding was quantified by calculating intrinsic binding constant (Kb) and binding constant (K) values which revealed higher binding affinity of selenium-based chrysin complexes as compared to their thio-analogs, following the order [C31H35O4SeRuCl] > [C33H31O4SeRuCl] > [C31H35O4SRuCl] > [C33H31O4SRuCl]. Moreover, interaction of these complexes with human serum albumin (HSA) was also investigated which suggested spontaneous interactions of complexes with the protein by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. To visualize the preferential binding sites and affinity of complexes with DNA and HSA molecular docking studies were performed. Additionally, in vitro anticancer activity of the complexes were evaluated by SRB assay on selected cancer cell lines viz., HeLa (cervical), MIA-PA-CA-2 (pancreatic), MCF-7 (breast), Hep-G2 (Hepatoma), and SK-OV-3 (ovarian) which exhibited the superior cytotoxicity of complex [C31H35O4SeRuCl] as compared to other analogs on selective cancer phenotypes. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Yadav
- a Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) , New Delhi , India
| | - Jai Deo Singh
- a Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) , New Delhi , India
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De S, Sarkar B, Jadhav GR, Ramasamy SK, Banerjee S, Moorthy A, Paira P, K AKS. Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Biomolecular Interaction of Novel Acenaphtho Quinoxaline and Dipyridophenazine Analogues. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav De
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Bidisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gajanan Raosaheb Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Selva Kumar Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Gupta College of Technological Sciences; Asansol- 713301, West Bengal. India
| | - Anbalagan Moorthy
- School of Bioscience & Technology; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ashok Kumar S K
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
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Beltrán-Leiva MJ, Páez-Hernández D, Arratia-Pérez R. Theoretical Determination of Energy Transfer Processes and Influence of Symmetry in Lanthanide(III) Complexes: Methodological Considerations. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5120-5132. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Beltrán-Leiva
- Relativistic Molecular Physics (ReMoPh) Group, Ph.D. Program in Molecular Physical Chemistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Dayán Páez-Hernández
- Relativistic Molecular Physics (ReMoPh) Group, Ph.D. Program in Molecular Physical Chemistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Ramiro Arratia-Pérez
- Relativistic Molecular Physics (ReMoPh) Group, Ph.D. Program in Molecular Physical Chemistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
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Structure and biological properties of five Pt(II) complexes as potential anticancer agents. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 185:10-16. [PMID: 29730232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized and validated five Schiff base Pt(II) complexes derived from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone and its derivatives, which are modified at the benzohydrazide structures (L1-L5). The complexes were [Pt(L1)(DMSO)Cl] (C1), [Pt(L2)(DMSO)Cl] (C2), [Pt(L3)(DMSO)Cl] (C3), [Pt(L4)(DMSO)Cl] (C4), and [Pt(L5)(DMSO)Cl] (C5). Crystal structures showed that the Pt centers of all complexes were tetra-coordinated with other atoms. The structure-activity relationships and anticancer mechanisms of the complexes were explored. These five Pt(II) complexes were toxic at micromolar doses and exhibited cytotoxicity similar to or somewhat higher than that of cisplatin, with IC50 values ranging from 4.38 μM to 25.16 μM. The complexes exerted chemotherapeutic effects via inhibition of telomerase by targeting the c-myc promoter and down-regulating the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, consequently triggering cell apoptosis. In addition, Pt(II) complexes also caused cell cycle arrest at S-phase, leading to the down-regulation of cdc25 A, cyclin A2, and CDK2 and up-regulation of p53, p27, and p21 proteins. Other complex-associated events were reactive oxygen species production, transformation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), release of cytochrome c, regulation of Bcl-2 family protein expression, facilitated release of apoptotic active substances, and activation of caspases to induce apoptosis.
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Chen WH, Gao XJ, Gao X. Methanol-Assisted Phthalimide Ring Opening: Concerted or Stepwise Mechanism? J Phys Chem A 2018. [PMID: 29513535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The opening of the five-membered ring is the essential step for phthalimide and its derivatives to be used as the reactants in many chemical synthetic routes. Reportedly, such ring opening follows the concerted mechanism in methanol solvent, which, however, has an unreasonably high energy barrier (36.3 kcal mol-1 at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory). By density functional theory calculations, we report that this ring opening prefers the alternatively stepwise mechanism. The stepwise mechanism has a much lower energy barrier (21.0 kcal mol-1 at the same level of theory) and thus is much more completive than the concerted one. The stepwise mechanism should be considered as the dominant mechanism responsible for the phthalimide ring opening when studying the kinetics of the relevant synthetic reactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330022 , China
| | - Xuejiao J Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330022 , China
| | - Xingfa Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330022 , China
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Thota S, Rodrigues DA, Crans DC, Barreiro EJ. Ru(II) Compounds: Next-Generation Anticancer Metallotherapeutics? J Med Chem 2018; 61:5805-5821. [PMID: 29446940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal based therapeutics are a precious class of drugs in oncology research that include examples of theranostic drugs, which are active in both diagnostic, specifically imaging, and therapeutics applications. Ruthenium compounds have shown selective bioactivity and the ability to overcome the resistance that platinum-based therapeutics face, making them effective oncotherapeutic competitors in rational drug invention approaches. The development of antineoplastic ruthenium therapeutics is of particular interest because ruthenium containing complexes NAMI-A, KP1019, and KP1339 entered clinical trials and DW1/2 is in preclinical levels. The very robust, conformationally rigid organometallic Ru(II) compound DW1/2 is a protein kinase inhibitor and presents new Ru(II) compound designs as anticancer agents. Over the recent years, numerous strategies have been used to encapsulate Ru(II) derived compounds in a nanomaterial system, improving their targeting and delivery into neoplastic cells. A new photodynamic therapy based Ru(II) therapeutic, TLD-1433, has also entered clinical trials. Ru(II)-based compounds can also be photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, which has proven to be an effective new, alternative, and noninvasive oncotherapy modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Thota
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Av. Brazil 4036, Prédio da Expansão, 8° Andar, Sala 814, Manguinhos , 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil.,Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , P.O. Box 68023, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Daniel A Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , P.O. Box 68023, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Debbie C Crans
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , P.O. Box 68023, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
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Synthesis, characterization, cellular uptake and apoptosis-inducing properties of two highly cytotoxic cyclometalated ruthenium(II) β-carboline complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:104-117. [PMID: 28923379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes of the general formula [Ru(N-N)2(1-Ph-βC)](PF6), where N-N = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb, Ru1), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, Ru2), and 1-Ph-βC (1-phenyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) is a β-carboline alkaloids derivatives, have been synthesized and characterized. The in vitro cytotoxicities, cellular uptake and localization, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of these complexes have been extensively explored by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), flow cytometry, comet assay, inverted fluorescence microscope as well as western blotting experimental techniques. Notably, Ru1 and Ru2 exhibit potent antiproliferative activities against selected human cancer cell lines with IC50 values lower than those of cisplatin and other non-cyclometalated Ru(II) β-carboline complexes. The cellular uptake and localization exhibit that these complexes can accumulate in the cell nuclei. Further antitumor mechanism studies show that Ru1 and Ru2 can cause cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase by regulating cell cycle relative proteins and induce apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and ROS-mediated DNA damage.
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