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Huang Z, Zeng L, Cheng B, Li D. Overview of class I HDAC modulators: Inhibitors and degraders. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116696. [PMID: 39094429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) are closely associated with the development of a diverse array of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, HIV, and inflammatory diseases. Considering the essential roles in tumorigenesis, class I HDACs have emerged as highly desirable targets for therapeutic strategies, particularly in the field of anticancer drug development. However, the conventional class I HDAC inhibitors faced several challenges such as acquired resistance, inherent toxicities, and limited efficacy in inhibiting non-enzymatic functions of HDAC. To address these problems, novel strategies have emerged, including the development of class I HDAC dual-acting inhibitors, targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies such as PROTACs, molecular glues, and HyT degraders, as well as covalent inhibitors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of class I HDAC enzymes and inhibitors, by initially introducing their structure and biological roles. Subsequently, we focus on the recent advancements of class I HDAC modulators, including isoform-selective class I inhibitors, dual-target inhibitors, TPDs, and covalent inhibitors, from the perspectives of rational design principles, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical progress. Finally, we also provide the challenges and outlines future prospects in the realm of class I HDAC-targeted drug discovery for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Limei Zeng
- College of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 314000, China
| | - Binbin Cheng
- School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China.
| | - Deping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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2
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Ou Y, Wang M, Xu Q, Sun B, Jia Y. Small molecule agents for triple negative breast cancer: Current status and future prospects. Transl Oncol 2024; 41:101893. [PMID: 38290250 PMCID: PMC10840364 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis. The number of cases increased by 2.26 million in 2020, making it the most commonly diagnosed cancer type in the world. TNBCs lack hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), which limits treatment options. Currently, paclitaxel-based drugs combined with other chemotherapeutics remain the main treatment for TNBC. There is currently no consensus on the best therapeutic regimen for TNBC. However, there have been successful clinical trials exploring large-molecule monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule targeted drugs, and novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Although monoclonal antibodies have produced clinical success, their large molecular weight can limit therapeutic benefits. It is worth noting that in the past 30 years, the FDA has approved small molecule drugs for HER2-positive breast cancers. The lack of effective targets and the occurrence of drug resistance pose significant challenges in the treatment of TNBC. To improve the prognosis of TNBC, it is crucial to search for effective targets and to overcome drug resistance. This review examines the clinical efficacy, adverse effects, resistance mechanisms, and potential solutions of targeted small molecule drugs in both monotherapies and combination therapies. New therapeutic targets, including nuclear export protein 1 (XPO1) and hedgehog (Hh), are emerging as potential options for researchers and become integrated into clinical trials for TNBC. Additionally, there is growing interest in the potential of targeted protein degradation chimeras (PROTACs), degraders of rogue proteins, as a future therapy direction. This review provides potentially valuable insights with clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ou
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengchao Wang
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Xu
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Binxu Sun
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Jia
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Lanka G, Begum D, Banerjee S, Adhikari N, P Y, Ghosh B. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening, 3D QSAR, Docking, ADMET, and MD simulation studies: An in silico perspective for the identification of new potential HDAC3 inhibitors. Comput Biol Med 2023; 166:107481. [PMID: 37741229 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is an epigenetic regulator that involves gene expression, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression, and the overexpression of HDAC3 is accountable for several cancers, neurodegeneracy, and many other diseases. Therefore, HDAC3 emerged as a promising drug target for the novel drug design. Here, we carried out the pharmacophore modeling using 50 benzamide-based HDAC3 selective inhibitors and utilized it for PHASE ligand screening to retrieve the hits with similar pharmacophore features. The dataset inhibitors of best hypotheses used to build the 3D QSAR model and the generated 3D QSAR model resulted in good PLS statistics with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.89, predictive coefficient (Q2) of 0.88, and Pearson-R factor of 0.94 indicating its excellent predictive ability. The hits retrieved from pharmacophore-based virtual screening were subjected to docking against HDAC3 for the identification of potential inhibitors. A total of 10 hitsM1 to M10 were ranked using their scoring functions and further subject to lead optimization. The Prime MM/GBSA, AutoDock binding free energies, and ADMET studies were implemented for the selection of lead candidates. The four ligand molecules M1, M2, M3, and M4 were identified as potential leads against HDAC3 after lead optimization. The top two leads M1 and M2 were subjected to MD simulations for their stability evaluation with HDAC3. The newly designed leads M11 and M12 were identified as HDAC3 potential inhibitors from MD simulations studies. Therefore, the outcomes of the present study could provide insights into the discovery of new potential HDAC3 inhibitors with improved selectivity and activity against a variety of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goverdhan Lanka
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Darakhshan Begum
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Suvankar Banerjee
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Yogeeswari P
- Computer Aided Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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4
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Pulya S, Himaja A, Paul M, Adhikari N, Banerjee S, Routholla G, Biswas S, Jha T, Ghosh B. Selective HDAC3 Inhibitors with Potent In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12033-12058. [PMID: 37660352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
HDAC3 modulation shows promise for breast cancer, including triple-negative cases. Novel pyrazino-hydrazide-based HDAC3 inhibitors were designed and synthesized. Lead compound 4i exhibited potent HDAC3 inhibition (IC50 = 14 nM) with at least 121-fold selectivity. It demonstrated strong cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer cells (IC50: 0.55 μM for 4T1, 0.74 μM for MDA-MB-231) with least normal cell toxicity. Metabolically stable 4i displayed a superior pharmacokinetic profile. A dose-dependent therapeutic efficacy of 4i was observed in a tumor-bearing mouse model. The biomarker analysis with tumor tissues displayed enhanced acetylation on Ac-H3K9, Ac-H3K27, and Ac-H4K12 compared to Ac-tubulin and Ac-SMC3 indicating HDAC3 selectivity of 4i in vivo. The immunoblotting study with tumor tissue showed upregulation of apoptotic proteins caspase-3, caspase-7, and cytochrome c and the downregulation of proliferation markers Bcl-2, CD44, EGFR, and Ki-67. Compound 4i represents a promising candidate for targeted breast cancer therapy, particularly for cases with triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Pulya
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Ambati Himaja
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Milan Paul
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Suvankar Banerjee
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Ganesh Routholla
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
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5
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Abdallah DI, de Araujo ED, Patel NH, Hasan LS, Moriggl R, Krämer OH, Gunning PT. Medicinal chemistry advances in targeting class I histone deacetylases. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:757-779. [PMID: 37711592 PMCID: PMC10497394 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of zinc (Zn)-dependent metalloenzymes that are responsible for epigenetic modifications. HDACs are largely associated with histone proteins that regulate gene expression at the DNA level. This tight regulation is controlled by acetylation [via histone acetyl transferases (HATs)] and deacetylation (via HDACs) of histone and non-histone proteins that alter the coiling state of DNA, thus impacting gene expression as a downstream effect. For the last two decades, HDACs have been studied extensively and indicated in a range of diseases where HDAC dysregulation has been strongly correlated with disease emergence and progression-most prominently, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, HIV, and inflammatory diseases. The involvement of HDACs as regulators in these biochemical pathways established them as an attractive therapeutic target. This review summarizes the drug development efforts exerted to create HDAC inhibitors (HDACis), specifically class I HDACs, with a focus on the medicinal chemistry, structural design, and pharmacology aspects of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaaeldin I. Abdallah
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E8, Canada
| | - Elvin D. de Araujo
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Naman H. Patel
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Lina S. Hasan
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver H. Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E8, Canada
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6
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Anestopoulos I, Kyriakou S, Tragkola V, Paraskevaidis I, Tzika E, Mitsiogianni M, Deligiorgi MV, Petrakis G, Trafalis DT, Botaitis S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Targeting the epigenome in malignant melanoma: Facts, challenges and therapeutic promises. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108301. [PMID: 36283453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with high rates of mortality. Although current treatment options provide a short-clinical benefit, acquired-drug resistance highlights the low 5-year survival rate among patients with advanced stage of the disease. In parallel, the involvement of an aberrant epigenetic landscape, (e.g., alterations in DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications marks and expression of non-coding RNAs), in addition to the genetic background, has been also associated with the onset and progression of melanoma. In this review article, we report on current therapeutic options in melanoma treatment with a focus on distinct epigenetic alterations and how their reversal, by specific drug compounds, can restore a normal phenotype. In particular, we concentrate on how single and/or combinatorial therapeutic approaches have utilized epigenetic drug compounds in being effective against malignant melanoma. Finally, the role of deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in promoting drug resistance to targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors is presented leading to the development of newly synthesized and/or improved drug compounds capable of targeting the epigenome of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anestopoulos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - V Tragkola
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Paraskevaidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Tzika
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - M V Deligiorgi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Petrakis
- Saint George Hospital, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - D T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Botaitis
- Department of Surgery, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - A Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Koukourakis
- Radiotherapy / Oncology, Radiobiology & Radiopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - R Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - A Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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7
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Pulya S, Patel T, Paul M, Adhikari N, Banerjee S, Routholla G, Biswas S, Jha T, Ghosh B. Selective inhibition of histone deacetylase 3 by novel hydrazide based small molecules as therapeutic intervention for the treatment of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Xu L, Zhang J, Sun J, Hou K, Yang C, Guo Y, Liu X, Kalvakolanu DV, Zhang L, Guo B. Epigenetic regulation of cancer stem cells: Shedding light on the refractory/relapsed cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115110. [PMID: 35640714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The resistance to drugs, ability to enter quiescence and generate heterogeneous cancer cells, and enhancement of aggressiveness, make cancer stem cells (CSCs) integral part of tumor progression, metastasis and recurrence after treatment. The epigenetic modification machinery is crucial for the viability of CSCs and evolution of aggressive forms of a tumor. These mechanisms can also be targeted by specific drugs, providing a promising approach for blocking CSCs. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in CSCs which contribute to drug resistance, quiescence and tumor heterogeneity. We also discuss the drugs that can potentially target these processes and data from experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jicheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Kunlin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chenxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Baofeng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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9
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Wu KC, Chu PC, Cheng YJ, Li CI, Tian J, Wu HY, Wu SH, Lai YC, Kao HH, Hsu AL, Lin HW, Lin CH. Development of a traditional Chinese medicine-based agent for the treatment of cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2073-2087. [PMID: 35718751 PMCID: PMC9397559 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia, prevention/treatment of this debilitating disease remains an unmet medical need. METHODS We developed an integrated, multi-tiered strategy involving both in vitro and in vivo muscle atrophy platforms to identify traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-based anti-cachectic agents. In the initial screening, we used inflammatory cytokine-induced atrophy of C2C12 myotubes as a phenotypic screening platform to assess the protective effects of TCMs. The selected TCMs were then evaluated for their abilities to protect Caenorhabditis elegans from age-related reduction of mobility and contractility, followed by the C-26 colon adenocarcinoma mouse model of cachexia to confirm the anti-muscle atrophy effects (body/skeletal muscle weights, fibre size distribution, grip strengths, and serum IL-6). Transcriptome analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting were performed to gain understanding of the potential mechanism(s) by which effective TCM protected against C26 tumour-induced muscle atrophy. RESULTS Of 29 widely used TCMs, Dioscorea radix (DR) and Mu Dan Pi (MDP) showed a complete protection (all P values, 0.0002) vis-à-vis C26 conditioned medium control in the myotube atrophy platform. MDP exhibited a unique ability to ameliorate age-associated decreases in worm mobility, accompanied by improved total body contractions, relative to control (P < 0.0001 and <0.01, respectively), which, however, was not noted with DR. This differential in vivo protective effect between MDP and DR was also confirmed in the C-26 mouse model. MDP at 1000 mg/kg (MDP-H) was effective in protecting body weight loss (P < 0.05) in C-26 tumour-bearing mice without changing food or water intake, accompanied by the restoration of the fibre size distribution of hindleg skeletal muscles (P < 0.0001) and the forelimb grip strength (P < 0.05). MDP-treated C-26-tumour-bearing mice were alert, showed normal posture and better body conditions, and exhibited lower serum IL-6 levels (P = 0.06) relative to vehicle control. This decreased serum IL-6 was associated with the in vitro suppressive effect of MDP (25 and 50 μg/mL) on IL-6 secretion into culture medium by C26 cells. RNA-seq analysis, followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and/or immunoblotting, shows that MDP's anti-cachectic effect was attributable to its ability to reverse the C-26 tumour-induced re-programming of muscle homoeostasis-associated gene expression, including that of two cachexia drivers (MuRF1 and Atrogin-1), in skeletal muscles. CONCLUSIONS All these findings suggest the translational potential of MDP to foster new strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of cachexia. The protective effect of MDP on other types of muscle atrophy such as sarcopenia might warrant investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Healthy Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Chu
- Department of Cosmeceutics and Graduate Institute of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ing Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jingkui Tian
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hsing-Yu Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsien Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lai
- Research Center for Healthy Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Han Kao
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ao-Lin Hsu
- Research Center for Healthy Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,PhD Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hsiang-Wen Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy System, Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chih-Hsueh Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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Rahbari R, Rahimi K, Rasmi Y, Khadem-Ansari MH, Abdi M. miR-589-5p Inhibits Cell Proliferation by Targeting Histone Deacetylase 3 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:483-491. [PMID: 35840467 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is a potential oncogene that is significantly up-regulated in patients with breast cancer. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a group of small non-coding and regulatory RNAs which have recently been proposed as promising molecules for breast cancer target therapy. In the current study, we investigated the impact of miR-589-5p/ HDAC3 axis on cancer cell development in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. METHODS In-silico analysis determined that miR-589-5p potentially targets HDAC3. We evaluated the HDAC3 and mir-589-5p expression levels in clinical samples and breast cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7 and MCF-10A. HDAC3 was knocked out to investigate its role on cancer cell progression. Anti-cancerous role of the miR-589-5p was assessed using an expression vector. We evaluated possible alteration in the cell cycle progression, cell viability and cell proliferation, after transient transfection. RESULTS HDAC3 was over-expressed in TNBC clinical samples and breast cancer cell lines compared to non-cancerous controls while miR-589-5p was down regulated in cancer cells. Suppression of HDAC3 decreased the cell viability, cell proliferation and colony formation. Similar results were observed after over-expression of the miR-589-5p. Dual-Luciferase reporter assay confirmed the direct targeting of HDAC3 by miR-589-5p. CONCLUSION Our results showed that miR-589-5p mediates its anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer cells via targeting HDAC3. These findings suggest that the miR-589-5p/ HDAC3 axis could be considered as a possible therapeutic strategy in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezgar Rahbari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Karim Rahimi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Gene Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Abdi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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11
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Rahbari R, Rasmi Y, Khadem-Ansari MH, Abdi M. The role of histone deacetylase 3 in breast cancer. Med Oncol 2022; 39:84. [PMID: 35578147 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently revealed that Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) 3, a unique member of the HDACs family, can trigger and progress cancers by alternation in genes expression and proteins activity. Epigenetic modifications by HDACs have been studied well in various cancer cells. Recent studies have focused on the HDAC enzymes as a possible target in cancer therapy. There are significant documents on upregulation of HDAC3 in breast cancer (BC) cells which suggest an oncogenic role for this enzyme. Interestingly, some studies showed that HDAC3 inhibition could be considered as a promising target in breast cancer therapy, and thus far, several inhibitors from different nature have been introduced. In this review, we discussed the function and highlight the existing inhibitors of HDAC3 in BC pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezgar Rahbari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Abdi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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12
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Zhao W, Jiang X, Weisenthal K, Ma J, Botticelli EM, Zhou Y, Hedley-Whyte ET, Wang B, Swearingen B, Soberman RJ, Klibanski A, Zhang X. High Histone Deacetylase 2/3 Expression in Non-Functioning Pituitary Tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:875122. [PMID: 35646715 PMCID: PMC9136140 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification of chromatin is involved in non-malignant pituitary neoplasia by causing abnormal expression of tumor suppressors and oncogenes. These changes are potentially reversible, suggesting the possibility of targeting tumor cells by restoring the expression of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressors. The role of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family in pituitary tumorigenesis is not known. We report that HDAC2 and 3, Class I HDAC members, are highly expressed in clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) compared to normal pituitary (NP) samples as determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining (IHC). Treatment of a human NFPA derived folliculostellate cell line, PDFS, with the HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966 for 96 hours resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation by 70%. Furthermore, the combination of RGFP966 with a methyltransferase/DNMT inhibitor, 5’-aza-2’-deoxycytidine, led to the restoration of the expression of several tumor suppressor genes, including STAT1, P16, PTEN, and the large non-coding RNA tumor suppressor MEG3, in PDFS cells. Our data support the hypothesis that both histone modification and DNA methylation are involved in the pathogenesis of human NFPAs and suggest that targeting HDACs and DNA methylation can be incorporated into future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhao
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaobin Jiang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Karrin Weisenthal
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jun Ma
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erin M. Botticelli
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yunli Zhou
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - E. Tessa Hedley-Whyte
- Neuropathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Baiyao Wang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brooke Swearingen
- Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roy J. Soberman
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xun Zhang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Xun Zhang,
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13
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Kumbhar N, Nimal S, Barale S, Kamble S, Bavi R, Sonawane K, Gacche R. Identification of novel leads as potent inhibitors of HDAC3 using ligand-based pharmacophore modeling and MD simulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1712. [PMID: 35110603 PMCID: PMC8810932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the landscape of epigenetic regulation, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has emerged as a prominent therapeutic target for the design and development of candidate drugs against various types of cancers and other human disorders. Herein, we have performed ligand-based pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, molecular docking, and MD simulations to design potent and selective inhibitors against HDAC3. The predicted best pharmacophore model 'Hypo 1' showed excellent correlation (R2 = 0.994), lowest RMSD (0.373), lowest total cost value (102.519), and highest cost difference (124.08). Hypo 1 consists of four salient pharmacophore features viz. one hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), one ring aromatic (RA), and two hydrophobic (HYP). Hypo 1 was validated by Fischer's randomization with a 95% of confidence level and the external test set of 60 compounds with a good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.970). The virtual screening of chemical databases, drug-like properties calculations followed by molecular docking resulted in identifying 22 representative hit compounds. Performed 50 ns of MD simulations on top three hits were retained the salient π-stacking, Zn2+ coordination, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions with catalytic residues from the active site pocket of HDAC3. Total binding energy calculated by MM-PBSA showed that the Hit 1 and Hit 2 formed stable complexes with HDAC3 as compared to reference TSA. Further, the PLIP analysis showed a close resemblance between the salient pharmacophore features of Hypo 1 and the presence of molecular interactions in co-crystallized FDA-approved drugs. We conclude that the screened hit compounds may act as potent inhibitors of HDAC3 and further preclinical and clinical studies may pave the way for developing them as effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of different cancers and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navanath Kumbhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, Pune, Maharashtra (MS), 411007, India
| | - Snehal Nimal
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, Pune, Maharashtra (MS), 411007, India
| | - Sagar Barale
- Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra (MS), 416004, India
| | - Subodh Kamble
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra (MS), 416004, India
| | - Rohit Bavi
- School of Chemical Science, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur, Maharashtra (MS), 413255, India
| | - Kailas Sonawane
- Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra (MS), 416004, India
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra (MS), 416004, India
| | - Rajesh Gacche
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, Pune, Maharashtra (MS), 411007, India.
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14
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Routholla G, Pulya S, Patel T, Adhikari N, Abdul Amin S, Paul M, Bhagavatula S, Biswas S, Jha T, Ghosh B. Design, synthesis and binding mode of interaction of novel small molecule o-hydroxy benzamides as HDAC3-selective inhibitors with promising antitumor effects in 4T1-Luc breast cancer xenograft model. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105446. [PMID: 34717237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is one of the most promising targets to develop anticancer therapeutics. In continuation of our quest for selective HDAC3 inhibitors, a series of small molecules having o-hydroxy benzamide as the novel zinc binding group (ZBG) has been introduced for the first time that can be able to produce good HDAC3-selectivity over other HDACs. The most promising HDAC3 inhibitors, 11a and 12b, displayed promising in vitro anticancer activities with less toxicity to normal kidney cells. These compounds significantly upregulate histone acetylation and induce apoptosis with a G2/M phase arrest in B16F10 cells. Compound 11a exhibited potent antitumor efficacy in 4T1-Luc breast cancer xenograft mouse model in female Balb/c mice. It also showed significant tumor growth suppression with no general toxicity and extended survival rates post-tumor resection. It significantly induced higher ROS generation, leading to apoptosis. No considerable toxicity was noticed in major organs isolated from the compound 11a-treated mice. Compound 11a also induced the upregulation of acH3K9, acH4K12, caspase-3 and caspase-7 as analyzed by immunoblotting with treated tumor tissue. Overall, HDAC3 selective inhibitor 11a might be a potential lead for the clinical translation as an emerging drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Routholla
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sravani Pulya
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Tarun Patel
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Milan Paul
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Srividya Bhagavatula
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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15
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Lu Q, Lou J, Cai R, Han W, Pan H. Emerging roles of a pivotal lncRNA SBF2-AS1 in cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:417. [PMID: 34372871 PMCID: PMC8351094 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs refer to transcripts over 200 nt in length that lack the ability to encode proteins, which occupy the majority of the genome and play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of human diseases, especially cancers. SBF2-AS1, a newly identified long non-coding RNA, has been verified to be highly expressed in diversiform cancers, and is involved in processes promoting tumorigenesis, tumor progression and tumor metastasis. Moreover, upregulation of SBF2-AS1 expression was significantly related to disadvantageous clinicopathologic characteristics and indicated poor prognosis. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the up-to-date knowledge of the detailed mechanisms and underlying functions of SBF2-AS1 in diverse cancer types, highlighting the potential of SBF2-AS1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and even a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Wu HJ, Chu PY. Epigenetic Regulation of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Contributing to Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158113. [PMID: 34360879 PMCID: PMC8348144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer has remained the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women. Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous and phenotypically diverse group of diseases, which require different selection of treatments. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), a small subset of cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, play essential roles in breast cancer progression, recurrence, metastasis, chemoresistance and treatments. Epigenetics is defined as inheritable changes in gene expression without alteration in DNA sequence. Epigenetic regulation includes DNA methylation and demethylation, as well as histone modifications. Aberrant epigenetic regulation results in carcinogenesis. In this review, the mechanism of epigenetic regulation involved in carcinogenesis, therapeutic resistance and metastasis of BCSCs will be discussed, and finally, the therapies targeting these biomarkers will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ju Wu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang Town, Changhua 505, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-975611855; Fax: +886-47227116
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17
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Fan Q, Li L, Wang TL, Emerson RE, Xu Y. A Novel ZIP4-HDAC4-VEGFA Axis in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153821. [PMID: 34359722 PMCID: PMC8345154 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite tremendous research efforts, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains one of the most difficult cancers to detect early and treat successfully for >5-year survival. We have recently shown that ZIP4, a zinc transporter, is a novel cancer stem cell (CSC) marker and a therapeutic target for EOC. The current work focuses on developing new strategies to target ZIP4 and inhibit its CSC activities in EOC. We found that cells expressing high levels of ZIP4 were supersensitive to a group of inhibitors called HDACis. One of the major targets of these inhibitors is a protein called HDAC4. We revealed the new molecular bases for the ZIP4-HDAC4 axis and tested the efficacies of targeting this axis in the lab and in mouse models. Our study provides a new mechanistic-based targeting strategy for EOC. Abstract We have recently identified ZIP4 as a novel cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). While it converts drug-resistance to cisplatin (CDDP), we unexpectedly found that ZIP4 induced sensitization of HGSOC cells to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Mechanistically, ZIP4 selectively upregulated HDAC IIa HDACs, with little or no effect on HDACs in other classes. HDAC4 knockdown (KD) and LMK-235 inhibited spheroid formation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo, with hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α) and endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) as functional downstream mediators of HDAC4. Moreover, we found that ZIP4, HDAC4, and HIF1α were involved in regulating secreted VEGFA in HGSOC cells. Furthermore, we tested our hypothesis that co-targeting CSC via the ZIP4-HDAC4 axis and non-CSC using CDDP is necessary and highly effective by comparing the effects of ZIP4-knockout/KD, HDAC4-KD, and HDACis, in the presence or absence of CDDP on tumorigenesis in mouse models. Our results showed that the co-targeting strategy was highly effective. Finally, data from human HGSOC tissues showed that ZIP4 and HDAC4 were upregulated in a subset of recurrent tumors, justifying the clinical relevance of the study. In summary, our study provides a new mechanistic-based targeting strategy for HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qipeng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut St. R2-E380, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Oncology, and Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
| | - Robert E. Emerson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health Pathology Laboratory, 350 W. 11th Street, Room 4010, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut St. R2-E380, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(317)-274-3972
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18
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Adhikari N, Jha T, Ghosh B. Dissecting Histone Deacetylase 3 in Multiple Disease Conditions: Selective Inhibition as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8827-8869. [PMID: 34161101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins has been implicated in several disease states. Modulation of such epigenetic modifications has therefore made histone deacetylases (HDACs) important drug targets. HDAC3, among various class I HDACs, has been signified as a potentially validated target in multiple diseases, namely, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, parasitic infections, and HIV. However, only a handful of HDAC3-selective inhibitors have been reported in spite of continuous efforts in design and development of HDAC3-selective inhibitors. In this Perspective, the roles of HDAC3 in various diseases as well as numerous potent and HDAC3-selective inhibitors have been discussed in detail. It will surely open up a new vista in the discovery of newer, more effective, and more selective HDAC3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
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Routholla G, Pulya S, Patel T, Abdul Amin S, Adhikari N, Biswas S, Jha T, Ghosh B. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking analysis of novel linker-less benzamide based potent and selective HDAC3 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105050. [PMID: 34120025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel linker-less benzamides with different aryl and heteroaryl cap groups have been designed, synthesized, and screened as potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors with promising anticancer activity. Two lead compounds 5e and 5f were found as potent and highly selective HDAC3 inhibitors over other Class-I HDACs and HDAC6. Compound 5e bearing a 6-quinolinyl moiety as the cap group was found to be a highly potent HDAC3 inhibitor (IC50 = 560 nM) and displayed 46-fold selectivity for HDAC3 over HDAC2, and 33-fold selectivity for HDAC3 over HDAC1. The synthesized compounds possess antiproliferative activities against different cancer cell lines and significantly less cytotoxic to normal cells. Molecular Docking studies of compounds 5e and 5f reveal a similar binding mode of interactions as CI994 at the HDAC3 active site. These observations agreed with the in vitro HDAC3 inhibitory activities. Significant enhancement of the endogenous acetylation level on H3K9 and H4K12 was found when B16F10 cells were treated with compounds 5e and 5f in a dose-dependent manner. The compounds induced apoptotic cell death in Annexin-V/FITC-PI assay and caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase of cell cycle in B16F10 cells. These compounds may serve as potential HDAC3 inhibitory anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Routholla
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sravani Pulya
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Tarun Patel
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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20
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Chen Z, Pei L, Zhang D, Xu F, Zhou E, Chen X. HDAC3 increases HMGB3 expression to facilitate the immune escape of breast cancer cells via down-regulating microRNA-130a-3p. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 135:105967. [PMID: 33727043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has been reported to repress the expression of various genes by eliminating acetyl group from histone. The objective of this study was to discuss the effect of HDAC3/microRNA-130a-3p (miR-130a-3p)/high-mobility group box 3 (HMGB3) on immune escape of breast cancer. METHODS HDAC3, miR-130a-3p and HMGB3 expression in breast cancer tissues and cells were tested, and the correlation between HDAC3, miR-130a-3p and HMGB3 was analyzed. CD8, CD69 and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression was detected. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with relative plasmid of HDAC3 or miR-130a-3p to test cell viability, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. The cytotoxicity of CD8+/CD69+/PD-1+T cells in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested, and CD8+/CD69+/PD-1+T cell proliferation and apoptosis before and after co-culture with MDA-MB-231 cells were detected. RESULTS HDAC3 and HMGB3 expression were raised and miR-130a-3p expression was diminished in breast cancer tissues and cells. HDAC3 was negatively correlated with miR-130a-3p while miR-130a-3p was negatively correlated with HMGB3. Down-regulating HDAC3 or up-regulating miR-130a-3p restrained cell viability, migration, EMT and anti-CD8+/CD69+/PD-1+T cytotoxicity and facilitated apoptosis of breast cancer cells. HDAC3 regulated HMGB3 by mediating miR-130a-3p expression. Down-regulating miR-130a-3p reversed the role of HDAC3 reduction on breast cancer cells. HDAC3 regulated CD8+/CD69+/PD-1+T cell proliferation and apoptosis by mediating miR-130a-3p. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that HDAC3 increases HMGB3 expression to promote the immune escape of breast cancer cells via down-regulating miR-130a-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Enxiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xianyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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21
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Su W, Zeng L, Chen W. Moscatilin Suppresses the Breast Cancer Both In Vitro and In Vivo by Inhibiting HDAC3. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211001251. [PMID: 33795998 PMCID: PMC7968028 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Moscatilin, a natural compound isolated from the orchid Dendrobium moscatum, has multiple pharmacological actions. The present study investigated the anti-tumor role of moscatilin in breast cancer and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis of moscatilin treated MDA-MB-231 cells were determined by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) expression levels and global acetylated status of breast cancer cells were detected by Western blot and qPCR. Mouse xenograft model was established to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of moscatilin. Moscatilin treatment dose dependently suppressed proliferation and increased apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Moreover, moscatilin administration dramatically repressed tumor growth and extended survival time of mouse model. Mechanistically, moscatilin down-regulated HDAC3 expression, and then enhanced the global acetylated status of histone H3 (H3K9Ac) and H4 (H4K16Ac). Our findings indicate that moscatilin can inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, which suggests that moscatilin can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Su
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Quanzhou Guangqian Hospital, Meishan Town, Nan'an City, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lianfu Zeng
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Quanzhou Guangqian Hospital, Meishan Town, Nan'an City, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weida Chen
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Quanzhou Guangqian Hospital, Meishan Town, Nan'an City, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Gediya P, Vyas VK, Carafa V, Sitwala N, Della Torre L, Poziello A, Kurohara T, Suzuki T, Sanna V, Raguraman V, Suthindhiran K, Ghosh D, Bhatia D, Altucci L, Ghate MD. Discovery of novel tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitriles as histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104801. [PMID: 33756235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of isoform-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is a challenging task because of the sequence homology among HDAC enzymes. In the present work, novel tetrahydro benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile based benzamides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as HDAC inhibitors. Pharmacophore modeling was our main design strategy, and two novel series of tetrahydro benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile derivatives with piperidine linker (series 1) and piperazine linker (series 2) were identified as HDAC inhibitors. Among all the synthesised compounds, 9h with 4-(aminomethyl) piperidine linker and 14n with piperazine linker demonstrated good activity against human HDAC1 and HDAC6, respectively. Both the compounds also exhibited good antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines. Both these compounds (9h and 14n) also induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in U937 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Overall, for the first time, this research discovered potent isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors using cyclic linker instead of the aliphatic chain and aromatic ring system, which were reported in known HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Gediya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Vincenzo Carafa
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Nikum Sitwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Laura Della Torre
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Angelita Poziello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Takashi Kurohara
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibarakishi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibarakishi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Vinod Sanna
- Piramal Pharma Solution, Plot-18 Pharmaceutical Special Economic Zone, Sarkhej-Bawla, NH-8A, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382213, India
| | - Varalakshmi Raguraman
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Suthindhiran
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Debarpan Ghosh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Manjunath D Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
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23
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Melesina J, Simoben CV, Praetorius L, Bülbül EF, Robaa D, Sippl W. Strategies To Design Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1336-1359. [PMID: 33428327 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review classifies drug-design strategies successfully implemented in the development of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which have many applications including cancer treatment. Our focus is on especially demanded selective HDAC inhibitors and their structure-activity relationships in relation to corresponding protein structures. The main part of the paper is divided into six subsections each narrating how optimization of one of six structural features can influence inhibitor selectivity. It starts with the impact of the zinc binding group on selectivity, continues with the optimization of the linker placed in the substrate binding tunnel as well as the adjustment of the cap group interacting with the surface of the protein, and ends with the addition of groups targeting class-specific sub-pockets: the side-pocket-, lower-pocket- and foot-pocket-targeting groups. The review is rounded off with a conclusion and an outlook on the future of HDAC inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Melesina
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Conrad V Simoben
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lucas Praetorius
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Emre F Bülbül
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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24
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Islam R, Lam KW. Recent progress in small molecule agents for the targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Luo Y, Li H. Structure-Based Inhibitor Discovery of Class I Histone Deacetylases (HDACs). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8828. [PMID: 33266366 PMCID: PMC7700698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) are promising targets for epigenetic therapies for a range of diseases such as cancers, inflammations, infections and neurological diseases. Although six HDAC inhibitors are now licensed for clinical treatments, they are all pan-inhibitors with little or no HDAC isoform selectivity, exhibiting undesirable side effects. A major issue with the currently available HDAC inhibitors is that they have limited specificity and target multiple deacetylases. Except for HDAC8, Class I HDACs (1, 2 and 3) are recruited to large multiprotein complexes to function. Therefore, there are rising needs to develop new, hopefully, therapeutically efficacious HDAC inhibitors with isoform or complex selectivity. Here, upon the introduction of the structures of Class I HDACs and their complexes, we provide an up-to-date overview of the structure-based discovery of Class I HDAC inhibitors, including pan-, isoform-selective and complex-specific inhibitors, aiming to provide an insight into the discovery of additional HDAC inhibitors with greater selectivity, specificity and therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Wai Huan Dong lu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China;
| | - Huilin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Wai Huan Dong lu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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26
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Induced protein degradation of histone deacetylases 3 (HDAC3) by proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112800. [PMID: 32971411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play important roles in inflammatory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Unravelling of and interfering with the functions of specific isoenzymes contributing to inflammation provides opportunities for drug development. Here we synthesize proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for degradation of class I HDACs in which o-aminoanilide-based class I HDAC inhibitors are tethered to the cereblon ligand pomalidomide. One of these PROTACs, denoted HD-TAC7, showed promising degradation effects for HDAC3 with a DC50 value of 0.32 μM. In contrast to biochemical evidence using siRNA, HD-TAC7 showed a minimal effect on gene expression in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The lack of effect can be attributed to downregulation of the NF-κB subunit p65, which is a known side effect of pomalidomide treatment. Altogether, we describe a novel PROTAC that enables selective downregulation of HDAC3 levels, however we note that concomitant downregulation of the NF-κB subunit p65 can confound the biological outcome.
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27
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Kavianpour P, Gemmell MCM, Kahlert JU, Rendina LM. Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) Inhibitors Containing Boron. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2786-2791. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poya Kavianpour
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney The University of Sydney F11, Eastern Avenue Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Madeleine C. M. Gemmell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney The University of Sydney F11, Eastern Avenue Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jan U. Kahlert
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney The University of Sydney F11, Eastern Avenue Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Louis M. Rendina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney The University of Sydney F11, Eastern Avenue Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute Camperdown NSW 2050 Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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28
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Histone Deacetylases (HDACs): Evolution, Specificity, Role in Transcriptional Complexes, and Pharmacological Actionability. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050556. [PMID: 32429325 PMCID: PMC7288346 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are evolutionary conserved enzymes which operate by removing acetyl groups from histones and other protein regulatory factors, with functional consequences on chromatin remodeling and gene expression profiles. We provide here a review on the recent knowledge accrued on the zinc-dependent HDAC protein family across different species, tissues, and human pathologies, specifically focusing on the role of HDAC inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. We will investigate the chemical specificity of different HDACs and discuss their role in the human interactome as members of chromatin-binding and regulatory complexes.
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29
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Zhan W, Liao X, Liu J, Tian T, Yu L, Li R. USP38 regulates the stemness and chemoresistance of human colorectal cancer via regulation of HDAC3. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:48. [PMID: 32404892 PMCID: PMC7220910 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modification represents a crucial level of gene expression regulation and is actively involved in the carcinogenesis of human colorectal cancer. Histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases modulate the landscape of histone acetylation, which controls key genes of colorectal cancer pathology. However, the fine tune of histone deacetylases, especially the modification of histone deacetylases that facilitate colorectal cancer, remains elusive. Here, we identified that an ubiquitin-specific protease (USP), USP38, was downregulated in clinical colorectal cancer samples and colorectal cancer cell lines. Importantly, our results showed that USP38 was a specific deubiquitinase of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), which cleaved the lysine 63 ubiquitin chain. Ubiquitination of HDAC3 resulted in a decreased level of histone acetylation and finally led to upregulation of cancer stem cell-related genes. In addition, our results demonstrated a tumor suppressor role of USP38 in colorectal cancer via inhibiting cancer stem cell populations. Most importantly, the ubiquitination level of HDAC3 was responsible for USP38 mediated regulation of cancer stem cell-related transcripts. Our data provided functional insights of USP38 and HDAC3 in colorectal cancer and revealed novel mechanisms of ubiquitination mediated epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550004, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550004, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology in Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, 550004, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550004, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology in Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, 550004, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Pathology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, 550002, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, 550002, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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30
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Akt-targeted therapy as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance in breast cancer - A comprehensive review from chemotherapy to immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104806. [PMID: 32294525 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in women. Chemotherapy in combination with immunotherapy has been used to treat breast cancer. Atezolizumab targeting the protein programmed cell death-ligand (PD-L1) in combination with paclitaxel was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), the most incurable type of breast cancer. However, the use of such drugs is restricted by genotype and is effective only for those TNBC patients expressing PD-L1. In addition, resistance to chemotherapy with drugs such as lapatinib, geftinib, and tamoxifen can develop. In this review, we address chemoresistance in breast cancer and discuss Akt as the master regulator of drug resistance and several oncogenic mechanisms in breast cancer. Akt not only directly interacts with the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway to affect PD-L1 expression, but also has crosstalk with Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways involved in cell migration and breast cancer stem cell integrity. In this review, we discuss the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on Akt activation as well as the mechanism of Akt signaling in drug resistance. Akt also has a crucial role in mitochondrial metabolism and migrates into mitochondria to remodel breast cancer cell metabolism while also functioning in responses to hypoxic conditions. The Akt inhibitors ipatasertib, capivasertib, uprosertib, and MK-2206 not only suppress cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, but may also inhibit cytokine regulation and PD-L1 expression. Ipatasertib and uprosertib are undergoing clinical investigation to treat TNBC. Inhibition of Akt and its regulators can be used to control breast cancer progression and also immunosuppression, while discovery of additional compounds that target Akt and its modulators could provide solutions to resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Ali M, Shahin SM, Sabri NA, Al-Hendy A, Yang Q. Activation of β-Catenin Signaling and its Crosstalk With Estrogen and Histone Deacetylases in Human Uterine Fibroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5639769. [PMID: 31761932 PMCID: PMC7064306 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Uterine fibroids (UF) are the most common benign tumor of the myometrium (MM) in women of reproductive age. However, the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of UF is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore the link between nuclear β-catenin and UF phenotype and β-catenin crosstalk with estrogen and histone deacetylases (HDACs). DESIGN Protein/RNA levels of β-catenin (CTNNB1 gene), its responsive markers cyclin D1 and c-Myc, androgen receptor (AR), p27, and class-I HDACs were measured in matched UF/MM tissues or cell populations. The effects of chemical inhibition/activation and genetic knockdown of CTNNB1 on UF phenotype were measured. The anti-UF effect of 2 HDAC inhibitors was evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE β-catenin nuclear translocation in response to β-catenin inhibition/activation, estrogen, and HDAC inhibitors in UF cells. RESULTS UF tissues/cells showed significantly higher expression of nuclear β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-Myc, and HDACs 1, 2, 3, and 8 than MM. Estradiol induced β-catenin nuclear translocation and consequently its responsive genes in both MM and UF cells, while an estrogen receptor antagonist reversed this induction effect. Treatment with β-catenin or HDAC inhibitors led to dose-dependent growth inhibition, while Wnt3a treatment increased proliferation compared with control. Chemical inhibition of β-catenin decreased cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression levels, while β-catenin activation increased expression of the same markers. Genetic knockdown of CTNNB1 resulted in a marked decrease in β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-Myc, and AR expression. Treatment of UF cells with HDAC inhibitors decreased nuclear β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc expression. Moreover, HDAC inhibitors induced apoptosis of UF cells and cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSION β-catenin nuclear translocation contributes to UF phenotype, and β-catenin signaling is modulated by estradiol and HDAC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, ASU, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nagwa Ali Sabri
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, ASU, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Correspondence: Dr Qiwei Yang, 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. E-mail:
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32
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Sarkar R, Banerjee S, Amin SA, Adhikari N, Jha T. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibitors as anticancer agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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33
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Soumyanarayanan U, Ramanujulu PM, Mustafa N, Haider S, Fang Nee AH, Tong JX, Tan KS, Chng WJ, Dymock BW. Discovery of a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) 3/6 selective dual inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 184:111755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Jabbarzadeh Kaboli P, Afzalipour Khoshkbejari M, Mohammadi M, Abiri A, Mokhtarian R, Vazifemand R, Amanollahi S, Yazdi Sani S, Li M, Zhao Y, Wu X, Shen J, Cho CH, Xiao Z. Targets and mechanisms of sulforaphane derivatives obtained from cruciferous plants with special focus on breast cancer - contradictory effects and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109635. [PMID: 31739165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Therefore, discovery of new and effective drugs with fewer side effects is necessary to treat it. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an organosulfur compound obtained from cruciferous plants, such as broccoli and mustard, and it has the potential to treat breast cancer. Hence, it is vital to find out how SFN targets certain genes and cellular pathways in treating breast cancer. In this review, molecular targets and cellular pathways of SFN are described. Studies have shown SFN inhibits cell proliferation, causes apoptosis, stops cell cycle and has anti-oxidant activities. Increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) produces oxidative stress, activates inflammatory transcription factors, and these result in inflammation leading to cancer. Increasing anti-oxidant potential of cells and discovering new targets to reduce ROS creation reduces oxidative stress and it eventually reduces cancer risks. In short, SFN effectively affects histone deacetylases involved in chromatin remodeling, gene expression, and Nrf2 anti-oxidant signaling. This review points to the potential of SFN to treat breast cancer as well as the importance of other new cruciferous compounds, derived from and isolated from mustard, to target Keap1 and Akt, two key regulators of cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; Drug Discovery Research Group, Parham Academy of Biomedical Sciences, The Heritage B-16-10, Selangor, 43300, Malaysia.
| | | | - Mahsa Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardavan Abiri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roya Mokhtarian
- Drug Discovery Research Group, Parham Academy of Biomedical Sciences, The Heritage B-16-10, Selangor, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Reza Vazifemand
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Shima Amanollahi
- Drug Discovery Research Group, Parham Academy of Biomedical Sciences, The Heritage B-16-10, Selangor, 43300, Malaysia; School of Mathematical, Physical, and Natural Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Shaghayegh Yazdi Sani
- Drug Discovery Research Group, Parham Academy of Biomedical Sciences, The Heritage B-16-10, Selangor, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China.
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35
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HDAC3 Activity is Essential for Human Leukemic Cell Growth and the Expression of β-catenin, MYC, and WT1. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101436. [PMID: 31561534 PMCID: PMC6826998 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is unsatisfactory. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are active against leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo. Clinical data suggest further testing of such epigenetic drugs and to identify mechanisms and markers for their efficacy. Primary and permanent AML cells were screened for viability, replication stress/DNA damage, and regrowth capacities after single exposures to the clinically used pan-HDACi panobinostat (LBH589), the class I HDACi entinostat/romidepsin (MS-275/FK228), the HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966, the HDAC6 inhibitor marbostat-100, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin, and the replication stress inducer hydroxyurea (HU). Immunoblotting was used to test if HDACi modulate the leukemia-associated transcription factors β-catenin, Wilms tumor (WT1), and myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC). RNAi was used to delineate how these factors interact. We show that LBH589, MS-275, FK228, RGFP966, and HU induce apoptosis, replication stress/DNA damage, and apoptotic fragmentation of β-catenin. Indomethacin destabilizes β-catenin and potentiates anti-proliferative effects of HDACi. HDACi attenuate WT1 and MYC caspase-dependently and -independently. Genetic experiments reveal a cross-regulation between MYC and WT1 and a regulation of β-catenin by WT1. In conclusion, reduced levels of β-catenin, MYC, and WT1 are molecular markers for the efficacy of HDACi. HDAC3 inhibition induces apoptosis and disrupts tumor-associated protein expression.
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Zwinderman MRH, de Weerd S, Dekker FJ. Targeting HDAC Complexes in Asthma and COPD. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:19. [PMID: 34968229 PMCID: PMC8594684 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Around three million patients die due to airway inflammatory diseases each year. The most notable of these diseases are asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, new therapies are urgently needed. Promising targets are histone deacetylases (HDACs), since they regulate posttranslational protein acetylation. Over a thousand proteins are reversibly acetylated, and acetylation critically influences aberrant intracellular signaling pathways in asthma and COPD. The diverse set of selective and non-selective HDAC inhibitors used in pre-clinical models of airway inflammation show promising results, but several challenges still need to be overcome. One such challenge is the design of HDAC inhibitors with unique selectivity profiles, such as selectivity towards specific HDAC complexes. Novel strategies to disrupt HDAC complexes should be developed to validate HDACs further as targets for new anti-inflammatory pulmonary treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank J. Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands (M.R.H.Z.) (S.d.W.)
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Shen S, Hadley M, Ustinova K, Pavlicek J, Knox T, Noonepalle S, Tavares MT, Zimprich CA, Zhang G, Robers MB, Bařinka C, Kozikowski AP, Villagra A. Discovery of a New Isoxazole-3-hydroxamate-Based Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitor SS-208 with Antitumor Activity in Syngeneic Melanoma Mouse Models. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8557-8577. [PMID: 31414801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoxazole is a five-membered heterocycle that is widely used in drug discovery endeavors. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and structural and biological characterization of SS-208, a novel HDAC6-selective inhibitor containing the isoxazole-3-hydroxamate moiety as a zinc-binding group as well as a hydrophobic linker. A crystal structure of the Danio rerio HDAC6/SS-208 complex reveals a bidentate coordination of the active-site zinc ion that differs from the preferred monodentate coordination observed for HDAC6 complexes with phenylhydroxamate-based inhibitors. While SS-208 has minimal effects on the viability of murine SM1 melanoma cells in vitro, it significantly reduced in vivo tumor growth in a murine SM1 syngeneic melanoma mouse model. These findings suggest that the antitumor activity of SS-208 is mainly mediated by immune-related antitumor activity as evidenced by the increased infiltration of CD8+ and NK+ T cells and the enhanced ratio of M1 and M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Melissa Hadley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia 20052 , United States
| | - Kseniya Ustinova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology , Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science , Charles University , Albertov 6 , 128 43 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pavlicek
- Laboratory of Structural Biology , Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Tessa Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia 20052 , United States
| | - Satish Noonepalle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia 20052 , United States
| | - Mauricio T Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Chad A Zimprich
- Promega Corporation , Madison , Wisconsin 53711 , United States
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Bontac Bio-Engineering (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518102 , China
| | | | - Cyril Bařinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology , Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Alan P Kozikowski
- StarWise Therapeutics LLC, University Research Park, Inc. , Madison , Wisconsin 53719 , United States
| | - Alejandro Villagra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia 20052 , United States
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EGFR-c-Src-Mediated HDAC3 Phosphorylation Exacerbates Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080930. [PMID: 31430896 PMCID: PMC6721651 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (c-Src) are critical components of the signaling pathways that are associated with breast cancer. However, the regulatory mechanism of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in these pathways remains unclear. Using the Net Phos 3.1 program for the analysis of kinase consensus motifs, we found two c-Src-mediated putative phosphorylation sites, tyrosine (Tyr, Y)-328 and Y331 on HDAC3, and generated a phospho-specific HDAC3 antibody against these sites. c-Src-mediated phosphorylation was observed in the cells expressing wild-type HDAC3 (HDAC3WT), but not in cells overexpressing phosphorylation-defective HDAC3 (HDAC3Y328/331A). Phosphorylated HDAC3 showed relatively higher deacetylase activity, and PP2, which is a c-Src inhibitor, blocked HDAC3 phosphorylation and reduced its enzymatic activity. EGF treatment resulted in HDAC3 phosphorylation in both MDA-MB-231 and EGFR-overexpressing MCF7 (MCF7-EGFR) cells, but not in MCF7 cells. Total internal reflection fluorescence analysis showed that HDAC3 was recruited to the plasma membrane following EGF stimulation. HDAC3 inhibition with either c-Src knockdown or PP2 treatment significantly ameliorated the invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Altogether, our findings reveal an EGF signaling cascade involving EGFR, c-Src, and HDAC3 in breast cancer cells.
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Zhang L, Shan X, Chen Q, Xu D, Fan X, Yu M, Yan Q, Liu J. Downregulation of HDAC3 by ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma through c-Jun acetylation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22207-22219. [PMID: 31192452 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The metastatic rate of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) has increased in recent years. Despite the current advances in therapies, effective treatments remain lacking. Ginsenoside 20(R)-Rg3 is an effective antitumor monomer extracted from ginseng, but the role of Rg3 in CSCC remains unknown. It has been reported that aberrantly elevated histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is involved in tumor malignancy in multiple malignant tumors. However, the effects of HDAC3 on the regulation of c-Jun acetylation in tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration have not been clearly illuminated. In our research, the immunohistochemistry staining results of skin tissue microarrays showed that HDAC3 staining was increased in CSCC compared with the normal dermal tissue. Then, we found that Rg3 treatment (25 and 50 μg/ml) inhibited CSCC cell (A431 and SCC12 cells) EMT through increasing E-cadherin and decreasing N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail expression. Wound-healing and transwell assays showed that Rg3 could inhibit migration. Meanwhile, Rg3 significantly downregulated the expression of HDAC3 in CSCC cells as detected by real-time quantitative PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Importantly, c-Jun acetylation was increased by the downregulation of HDAC3 with HDAC3 shRNA, and the downregulation was associated with CSCC cell EMT inhibition. Collectively, our results showed that downregulation of HDAC3 by Rg3 or shHDAC3 treatment resulted in c-Jun acetylation, which in turn inhibited CSCC cell EMT. These results indicate that HDAC3 could potentially serve as a therapeutic target therapeutic target for CSCC. Rg3 is an attractive and efficient agent that has oncotherapeutic effects and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiu Shan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dayu Xu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinling Fan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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40
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Histone deacetylase 3 inhibitors in learning and memory processes with special emphasis on benzamides. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:369-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Luparello C, Asaro DML, Cruciata I, Hassell-Hart S, Sansook S, Spencer J, Caradonna F. Cytotoxic Activity of the Histone Deacetylase 3-Selective Inhibitor Pojamide on MDA-MB-231 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040804. [PMID: 30781804 PMCID: PMC6412298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of the ferrocene-based histone deacetylase-3 inhibitor Pojamide (N1-(2-aminophenyl)-N8-ferrocenyloctanediamide) and its two derivatives N1-(2-aminophenyl)-N6-ferrocenyladipamide and N1-(2-aminophenyl)-N8-ferroceniumoctanediamide tetrafluoroborate on triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Viability/growth assays indicated that only the first two compounds at 70 μM concentration caused an approximate halving of cell number after 24 h of exposure, whereas the tetrafluoroborate derivative exerted no effect on cell survival nor proliferation. Flow cytometric and protein blot analyses were performed on cells exposed to both Pojamide and the ferrocenyladipamide derivative to evaluate cell cycle distribution, apoptosis/autophagy modulation, and mitochondrial metabolic state in order to assess the cellular basis of the cytotoxic effect. The data obtained show that the cytotoxic effect of the two deacetylase inhibitors may be ascribed to the onset of non-apoptotic cell death conceivably linked to a down-regulation of autophagic processes and an impairment of mitochondrial function with an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. Our work expands the list of autophagy-regulating drugs and also provides a further example of the role played by the inhibition of autophagy in breast cancer cell death. Moreover, the compounds studied may represent attractive and promising targets for subsequent molecular modeling for anti-neoplastic agents in malignant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Cruciata
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Storm Hassell-Hart
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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42
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Yang F, Zhao N, Ge D, Chen Y. Next-generation of selective histone deacetylase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19571-19583. [PMID: 35519364 PMCID: PMC9065321 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02985k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are clinically validated epigenetic drug targets for cancer treatment. HDACs inhibitors (HDACis) have been successfully applied against a series of cancers. First-generation inhibitors are mainly pan-HDACis that target multiple isoforms which might lead to serious side effects. At present, the next-generation HDACis are mainly focused on being class- or isoform-selective which can provide improved risk–benefit profiles compared to non-selective inhibitors. Because of the rapid development in next-generation HDACis, it is necessary to have an updated and state-of-the-art overview. Here, we summarize the strategies and achievements of the selective HDACis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are clinically validated epigenetic drug targets for cancer treatment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Di Ge
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
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43
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Amin SA, Adhikari N, Jha T, Ghosh B. Designing potential HDAC3 inhibitors to improve memory and learning. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2133-2142. [PMID: 30044204 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1477625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sk. Abdul Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Natural Science Laboratory, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Natural Science Laboratory, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Natural Science Laboratory, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, India
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44
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Zhang L, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Song W, Zhang L. Therapeutic potential of selective histone deacetylase 3 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:534-542. [PMID: 30472601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases, such as tumor, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibition of HDACs by developing HDAC inhibitors has achieved significant progress in the treatment of diseases caused by epigenetic abnormalities, and especially in the cancer therapy. Isoform selective HDAC inhibitors are emphasized to be disease specific and have less off-target effects and better safety performances. HDAC3 has been illustrated to play specific role in the development of several diseases, and the discovery of HDAC3 selective inhibitors has exhibited potential in the targeted disease treatment. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge about the prospects of selective inhibition of HDAC3 for the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
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45
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Design, synthesis and biological screening of 2-aminobenzamides as selective HDAC3 inhibitors with promising anticancer effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:165-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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46
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Prasanna T, Wu F, Khanna KK, Yip D, Malik L, Dahlstrom JE, Rao S. Optimizing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition through combined epigenetic and immunotherapy. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3383-3392. [PMID: 30230653 PMCID: PMC6215877 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with poor survival outcomes. Currently, there are no targeted therapies available for TNBCs despite remarkable progress in targeted and immune‐directed therapies for other solid organ malignancies. Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are effective anticancer drugs that produce good initial clinical responses, especially in homologous recombination DNA repair‐deficient cancers. However, resistance is the rule rather than the exception, and recurrent tumors tend to have an aggressive phenotype associated with poor survival. Many efforts have been made to overcome PARPi resistance, mostly by targeting genes and effector proteins participating in homologous recombination that are overexpressed during PARPi therapy. Due to many known and unknown compensatory pathways, genes, and effector proteins, overlap and shared resistance are common. Overexpression of programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and cancer stem cell (CSC) sparing are novel PARPi resistance hypotheses. Although adding programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1)/PD‐L1 inhibitors to PARPi might improve immunogenic cell death and be crucial for durable responses, they are less likely to target the CSC population that drives recurrent tumor growth. Lysine‐specific histone demethylase‐1A and histone deacetylase inhibitors have shown promising activity against CSCs. Combining epigenetic drugs such as lysine‐specific histone demethylase‐1A inhibitors or histone deacetylase inhibitors with PARPi/anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 is a novel, potentially synergistic strategy for priming tumors and overcoming resistance. Furthermore, such an approach could pave the way for the identification of new upstream epigenetic and genetic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiru Prasanna
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of ESTeM, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Fan Wu
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of ESTeM, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Desmond Yip
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Laeeq Malik
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jane E Dahlstrom
- ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of ESTeM, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Sangwan R, Rajan R, Mandal PK. HDAC as onco target: Reviewing the synthetic approaches with SAR study of their inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:620-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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48
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Adhikari N, Amin SA, Trivedi P, Jha T, Ghosh B. HDAC3 is a potential validated target for cancer: An overview on the benzamide-based selective HDAC3 inhibitors through comparative SAR/QSAR/QAAR approaches. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1127-1142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Therapeutic Opportunities of Targeting Histone Deacetylase Isoforms to Eradicate Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071939. [PMID: 30004423 PMCID: PMC6073995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or tumor-initiating cells, are a small subset of cancer cells with the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis in many types of cancer. Moreover, therapeutic regimens, such as cisplatin and radiation were reported to induce the enrichment of CSCs, thereby conferring chemoresistance on cancer cells. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of CSCs represents a clinical challenge that needs to be addressed to improve patient outcome. In this context, the effectiveness of pan or class-I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in suppressing the CSC population is especially noteworthy in light of the new paradigm of combination therapy. Evidence suggests that this anti-CSC activity is associated with the ability of HDAC inhibitors to target multiple signaling pathways at different molecular levels. Beyond chromatin remodeling via histone acetylation, HDAC inhibitors can also block key signaling pathways pertinent to CSC maintenance. Especially noteworthy is the ability of different HDAC isoforms to regulate the protein stability and/or activity of a series of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducing transcription factors, including HIF-1α, Stat3, Notch1, β-catenin, NF-κB, and c-Jun, each of which plays a critical role in regulating CSCs. From the translational perspective, these mechanistic links constitute a rationale to develop isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors as anti-CSC agents. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview on the roles of HDAC isoforms in maintaining CSC homeostasis via distinct signaling pathways independent of histone acetylation.
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50
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The Process and Strategy for Developing Selective Histone Deacetylase 3 Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030551. [PMID: 29498635 PMCID: PMC6017514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic drug targets that have gained major scientific attention. Inhibition of these important regulatory enzymes is used to treat cancer, and has the potential to treat a host of other diseases. However, currently marketed HDAC inhibitors lack selectivity for the various HDAC isoenzymes. Several studies have shown that HDAC3, in particular, plays an important role in inflammation and degenerative neurological diseases, but the development of selective HDAC3 inhibitors has been challenging. This review provides an up-to-date overview of selective HDAC3 inhibitors, and aims to support the development of novel HDAC3 inhibitors in the future.
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