1
|
Ahmed K, Choudhary MI, Saleem RSZ. Heterocyclic pyrimidine derivatives as promising antibacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115701. [PMID: 37591149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health concern. The quest to understand the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance needs to be accompanied by an expanded arsenal of drugs. This calls for the development of new compounds with anti-bacterial properties. The ease of functionalization of the pyrimidine core, to produce structurally distinct compound libraries, has made pyrimidine a privileged structure for identifying anti-bacterial hits. The activity of pyrimidine derivatives can be attributed to the various subunits linked with the main core, especially at C-2 or C-4 or C-6. Particularly, presence of NH2 attached to C-2 of the pyrimidine nucleus has been shown to enhance the anti-bacterial activity against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The diversity of synthetic routes used for the synthesis of such compounds, the reported biological activities, and a growing need to develop novel anti-bacterial agents warrant a review that presents recent reports on the synthesis and anti-bacterial activities of pyrimidine-containing compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBASSE, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Sector-U, DHA, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rahman Shah Zaib Saleem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBASSE, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Sector-U, DHA, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiu H, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Liang W, Wang W, Jiang X, Jiang M, Wang X, Cui W, Li Y, Tang K, Zhang T, Zhao L, Liang H. Design and synthesis of fascaplysin derivatives as inhibitors of FtsZ with potent antibacterial activity and mechanistic study. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115348. [PMID: 37060755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic resistance has made it particularly urgent to develop new antibiotics with novel antibacterial mechanisms. Inhibition of bacterial cell division by disrupting filamentous temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) function is an effective and promising approach. A series of novel fascaplysin derivatives with tunable hydrophobicity were designed and synthesized here. The in vitro bioactivity assessment revealed that these compounds could inhibit the tested Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (MIC = 0.049-25 μg/mL), B. subtilis (MIC = 0.024-12.5 μg/mL) and S. pneumoniae (MIC = 0.049-50 μg/mL). Among them, compounds B3 (MIC = 0.098 μg/mL), B6 (MIC = 0.098 μg/mL), B8 (MIC = 0.049 μg/mL) and B16 (MIC = 0.098 μg/mL) showed the best bactericidal activities against MRSA and no significant tendency to trigger bacterial resistance as well as rapid bactericidal properties. The cell surface integrity of bacteria was significantly disrupted by hydrophobic tails of fascaplysin derivatives. Further studies revealed that these highly active amphiphilic compounds showed low hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. Preliminary mechanistic exploration suggests that B3, B6, B8 and B16 are potent FtsZ inhibitors to promote FtsZ polymerization and inhibit GTPase activity of FtsZ, leading to the death of bacterial cells by inhibiting bacterial division. Molecular docking simulations and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study reveal that appropriate increase in the hydrophobicity of fascaplysin derivatives and the addition of additional hydrogen bonds facilitated their binding to FtsZ proteins. These amphiphilic fascaplysin derivatives could serve as a novel class of FtsZ inhibitors, which not only gives new prospects for the application of compounds containing this skeleton but also provides new ideas for the discovery of new antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yinli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Weida Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Weile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xingyao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Mengying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Keqi Tang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, and College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hongze Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Models versus pathogens: how conserved is the FtsZ in bacteria? Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232502. [PMID: 36695643 PMCID: PMC9939409 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Combating anti-microbial resistance by developing alternative strategies is the need of the hour. Cell division, particularly FtsZ, is being extensively studied for its potential as an alternative target for anti-bacterial therapy. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli are the two well-studied models for research on FtsZ, the leader protein of the cell division machinery. As representatives of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively, these organisms have provided an extensive outlook into the process of cell division in rod-shaped bacteria. However, research on other shapes of bacteria, like cocci and ovococci, lags behind that of model rods. Even though most regions of FtsZ show sequence and structural conservation throughout bacteria, the differences in FtsZ functioning and interacting partners establish several different modes of division in different bacteria. In this review, we compare the features of FtsZ and cell division in the model rods B. subtilis and E. coli and the four pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Reviewing several recent articles on these pathogenic bacteria, we have highlighted the functioning of FtsZ, the unique roles of FtsZ-associated proteins, and the cell division processes in them. Further, we provide a detailed look at the anti-FtsZ compounds discovered and their target bacteria, emphasizing the need for elucidation of the anti-FtsZ mechanism of action in different bacteria. Current challenges and opportunities in the ongoing journey of identifying potent anti-FtsZ drugs have also been described.
Collapse
|
4
|
Balije Rakesh, Divya P, KVN R, Muripiti V, Velidandi A. Preparation, In Silico Studies, In Vitro Antibacterial and Antioxidantal Activity of 4,6-Disubstituted Dihydropyrimidine Thiones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162023010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
5
|
Potential Nitrogen-Based Heterocyclic Compounds for Treating Infectious Diseases: A Literature Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121750. [PMID: 36551407 PMCID: PMC9774632 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are considered as one of the major and most diverse family of organic compounds. Nowadays, the demand for these compounds is increasing day-by-day due to their enormous synthetic and biological applications. These heterocyclic compounds have unique antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. This review covers the antibacterial activity of different heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen moiety. Some of the derivatives of these compounds show excellent antibacterial activity, while others show reasonable activity against bacterial strains. This review paper aims to bring and discuss the detailed information on the antibacterial activity of various nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds. It will be helpful for the future evolution of diseases to synthesize new and effective drug molecules.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shahin IG, Mohamed KO, Taher AT, Mayhoub AS, Kassab AE. The Anti-MRSA Activity of Phenylthiazoles: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3469-3477. [PMID: 36424796 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221124112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an aggravating global issue therefore it has been under extensive research in an attempt to reduce the number of antibiotics that are constantly reported as obsolete jeopardizing the lives of millions worldwide. Thiazoles possess a reputation as one of the most diverse biologically active nuclei, and phenylthiazoles are no less exceptional with an assorted array of biological activities such as anthelmintic, insecticidal, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. Recently phenyl thiazoles came under the spotlight as a scaffold having strong potential as an anti-MRSA lead compound. It is a prominent pharmacophore in designing and synthesizing new compounds with antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA, which is categorized as a serious threat pathogen, that exhibited concomitant resistance to most of the first-line antibiotics. MRSA has been associated with soft tissue and skin infections resulting in high death rates, rapid dissemination, and loss of millions of dollars of additional health care costs. In this brief review, we have focused on the advances of phenylthiazole derivatives as potential anti-MRSA from 2014 to 2021. The review encompasses the effect on biological activity due to combining this molecule with various synthetic pharmacophores. The physicochemical aspects were correlated with the pharmacokinetic properties of the reviewed compounds to reach a structure-activity relationship profile. Lead optimization of phenyl thiazole derivatives has additionally been outlined where the lipophilicity of the compounds was balanced with the metabolic stability and oral solubility to aid the researchers in medicinal chemistry, design, and synthesizing effective anti- MRSA phenylthiazoles in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inas G Shahin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza 11787, Egypt
| | - Khaled O Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Azza T Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6-October, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman S Mayhoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.,University of Science and Technology, Nanoscience Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th October, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang X, Syed R, Fang B, Zhou C. A new discovery towards novel skeleton of benzimidazole‐conjugated pyrimidinones as unique effective antibacterial agents. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Rasheed Syed
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Bo Fang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
| | - Cheng‐He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deng J, Zhang T, Li B, Xu M, Wang Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of biphenyl-benzamides as potent FtsZ inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114553. [PMID: 35763867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance has become a prevalent threat to public health, thereby development of new antibacterial agents having novel mechanisms of action is in an urgent need. Targeting at the cytoskeletal cell division protein filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) has been validated as an effective and promising approach for antibacterial drug discovery. In this study, a series of novel biphenyl-benzamides as FtsZ inhibitors has been rationally designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against various Gram-positive bacteria strains. In particular, the most promising compound 30 exhibited excellent antibacterial activities, especially against four different Bacillus subtilis strains, with an MIC range of 0.008 μg/mL to 0.063 μg/mL. Moreover, compound 30 also showed good pharmaceutical properties with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 20 μg/mL), excellent human metabolic stability (T1/2 = 111.98 min), moderate pharmacokinetics (T1/2 = 2.26 h, F = 61.2%) and in vivo efficacy, which can be identified as a promising FtsZ inhibitor worthy of further profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Deng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tao Zhang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health - Guangdong Laboratory),Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
| | - Baiqing Li
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health - Guangdong Laboratory),Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health - Guangdong Laboratory),Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
| | - Yuanze Wang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health - Guangdong Laboratory),Guangzhou, 510530, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Janowska S, Khylyuk D, Andrzejczuk S, Wujec M. Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial Evaluations and In Silico Studies of Novel Thiosemicarbazides and 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103161. [PMID: 35630638 PMCID: PMC9147709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains continues to be one of the major challenges of medicine. For this reason, the importance of searching for novel structures of antibacterial drugs chemically different from the currently known antibiotics is still of great importance. In this study, we synthesized the thiosemicarbazide and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives and tested them for antibacterial activity. In in vitro tests, we examined the activity of the synthesized substances against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains. While all 1,3,4-thiadiazoles tested lacked significant activity, the antimicrobial response of the thiosemicarbazides was moderate and it was also dependent on the type and position of the substituent on the phenyl ring. The highest activity towards all Gram-positive bacteria strains was shown by all three linear compounds containing the trifluoromethylphenyl group in the structure. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values were in the range of 3.9–250 µg/mL. Additionally, we try to explain the mechanism of the antibacterial activity of the tested compounds using the molecular docking to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, following previous reports on the molecular basis of the activity of thiosemicarbazides. Docking simulations allow the purposing dual mechanism of the antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds through inhibition of topoisomerase IV DNA gyrase with the moderate prevalence of the topoisomerase pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Janowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.J.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmytro Khylyuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.J.); (D.K.)
| | - Sylwia Andrzejczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Wujec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.J.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ergan E, Tozlu D. Synthesis of new Thiazine and Thiazole Derivatives via Cyclization Reactions; Investigating Their Electronic Properties and Determination of Antioxidant Properties. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Ergan
- Van Security Vocational School, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Van Turkey
| | - Deniz Tozlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Van Yuzuncu Yil University Van Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roman G. Thiophene-containing compounds with antimicrobial activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100462. [PMID: 35289443 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thiophene, as a member of the group of five-membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom, is one of the simplest heterocyclic systems. Many synthetic strategies allow the accurate positioning of various functionalities onto the thiophene ring. This review provides a comprehensive, systematic and detailed account of the developments in the field of antimicrobial compounds featuring at least one thiophene ring in their structure, over the last decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Roman
- Department of Inorganic Polymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iaşi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li J, Li J, He R, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen L, Huang Y, Li Y. Selective Synthesis of Substituted Pyridines and Pyrimidines through Cascade Annulation of Isopropene Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:1620-1625. [PMID: 35194989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diverse substituted pyridines and pyrimidines with high selectivity were obtained using a concise and efficient protocol developed herein. The reaction proceeds via metal-free cascade annulation of isopropene derivatives. Using isopropene derivatives as C3 synthons, NH4I as the "N" source, and formaldehyde or dimethyl sulfoxide as the carbon source, this reaction realizes the efficient formation of intermolecular C-N and C-C bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Runfa He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Jiasheng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chan CK, Chung YH, Wang CC. Acid-controlled multicomponent selective synthesis of 2,4,6-triaryl pyridines and pyrimidines by using hexamethyldisilazane as a nitrogen source under microwave irradiation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27281-27291. [PMID: 36276015 PMCID: PMC9513438 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04739j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and general protocol for the synthesis of functionalized 2,4,6-triaryl pyridines and pyrimidines was developed from commercially available aromatic ketones, aldehydes and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as a nitrogen source under microwave irradiation. In this multicomponent synthetic route, Lewis acids play an important role in selectively synthesizing six-membered heterocycles, including pyridines (1N) and pyrimidines (2N), by involving [2 + 1 + 2 + 1] or [2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1] annulated processes. Synthesis of pyrimidines and pyridines from commercially available ketones and aldehydes by using hexamethyldisilazane as a nitrogen source and controlled by acids under microwave irradiation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Kai Chan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Chung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
N JB, Goudgaon N. A comprehensive review on pyrimidine analogs-versatile scaffold with medicinal and biological potential. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
15
|
Al-Ghorbani M, Gouda MA, Baashen M, Ranganatha V. L. Pyrimidine-Piperazine Hybrids; Recent Synthesis and Biological Activities. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1998144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Baashen
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Humanities College, Shaqra University, Shaqraa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lakshmi Ranganatha V.
- Department of Chemistry, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Synthesis and Antifungal and Insecticidal Activities of Novel N-Phenylbenzamide Derivatives Bearing a Trifluoromethylpyrimidine Moiety. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8370407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventeen novel N-phenylbenzamide derivatives bearing a trifluoromethylpyrimidine moiety were synthesized via four-step reactions. Their antifungal and insecticidal properties were evaluated. Antifungal test results demonstrated that some of the synthesized compounds showed better in vitro bioactivities against Phomopsis sp., Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea), and Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) at 50 μg/mL than pyrimethanil. Unfortunately, the synthesized compounds revealed lower insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda (S. frugiperda) and Mythimna separata (M. separata) at 500 μg/mL than chlorantraniliprole.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pradhan P, Margolin W, Beuria TK. Targeting the Achilles Heel of FtsZ: The Interdomain Cleft. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732796. [PMID: 34566937 PMCID: PMC8456036 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens is a serious threat to public health. Thus, identification of new targets and development of new antibacterial agents are urgently needed. Although cell division is a major driver of bacterial colonization and pathogenesis, its targeting with antibacterial compounds is still in its infancy. FtsZ, a bacterial cytoskeletal homolog of eukaryotic tubulin, plays a highly conserved and foundational role in cell division and has been the primary focus of research on small molecule cell division inhibitors. FtsZ contains two drug-binding pockets: the GTP binding site situated at the interface between polymeric subunits, and the inter-domain cleft (IDC), located between the N-terminal and C-terminal segments of the core globular domain of FtsZ. The majority of anti-FtsZ molecules bind to the IDC. Compounds that bind instead to the GTP binding site are much less useful as potential antimicrobial therapeutics because they are often cytotoxic to mammalian cells, due to the high sequence similarity between the GTP binding sites of FtsZ and tubulin. Fortunately, the IDC has much less sequence and structural similarity with tubulin, making it a better potential target for drugs that are less toxic to humans. Over the last decade, a large number of natural and synthetic IDC inhibitors have been identified. Here we outline the molecular structure of IDC in detail and discuss how it has become a crucial target for broad spectrum and species-specific antibacterial agents. We also outline the drugs that bind to the IDC and their modes of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinkilata Pradhan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Arshad M, Khan MS, Nami SAA, Ahmad SI, Kashif M, Anjum A. Synthesis, characterization, biological, and molecular docking assessment of bioactive 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones fused with 1-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl) moieties. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
19
|
Zheng YG, Pei X, Xia DX, Wang YB, Jiang P, An L, Huang TH, Xue YS. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxic activity of novel 2H-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrazolo[3,4-e]pyrimidine derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104711. [PMID: 33609916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of novel 2H-imidazo [1, 2-c] pyrazolo [3, 4-e] pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their cytotoxic activities. The in vitro cell growth inhibition assay of the target compounds indicated their selectivity in inhibiting the proliferation of blood tumor cells (K562, U937) and solid tumor cells (HCT116, HT-29). Compound 9b exhibited the highest antiproliferative activities against K562 (IC50 = 5.597 µM) and U937 (IC50 = 3.512 µM). Based on the flow cytometry assays, compound 9b caused obvious induction of cell apoptosis and cell arrest at the S phase. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that compound 9b upregulated the expression of Bax, downregulated the levels of Bcl-2, and further activated caspase-3 in K562 cells. Therefore, compound 9b may be a potential anticancer agent that deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Guang Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China.
| | - Xin Pei
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
| | - De-Xin Xia
- Department of Radiology, XuZhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
| | - Yuan-Bo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
| | - Lin An
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
| | - Tong-Hui Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
| | - Yun-Sheng Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abaszadeh M, Mohammadzadeh I. Creating Antibacterial Properties in Flowable Dental Composites by Incorporation of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
21
|
Ethyl (S)-2-Benzamido-5-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]pentanoate. MOLBANK 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/m1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrimidines are compounds with a wide range of biological activities, and the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives—useful in chemical and medicinal applications—is important in medicinal chemistry. This work shows the synthesis under microwave irradiation of the novel compound ethyl (S)-2-benzamido-5-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]pentanoate (3) from (S)-N-α-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride (1) and acetylacetone (2). Compound 3 was easily purified, obtained in moderate yield (70%), and fully characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HRMS, and EI-MS.
Collapse
|
22
|
Integration of an XGBoost model and EIS detection to determine the effect of low inhibitor concentrations on E. coli. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
23
|
Design, synthesis of novel 4,5-dihydroisoxazole-containing benzamide derivatives as highly potent FtsZ inhibitors capable of killing a variety of MDR Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
24
|
Zhuang J, Ma S. Recent Development of Pyrimidine‐Containing Antimicrobial Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1875-1886. [PMID: 32797654 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Zhuang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University West Wenhua Road, 44 Jinan 250012 P.R. China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University West Wenhua Road, 44 Jinan 250012 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu W, Chen M, Fei Q, Ge Y, Zhu Y, Chen H, Yang M, Ouyang G. Synthesis and Bioactivities Study of Novel Pyridylpyrazol Amide Derivatives Containing Pyrimidine Motifs. Front Chem 2020; 8:522. [PMID: 32850614 PMCID: PMC7411148 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, thirteen new pyridylpyrazolamide derivatives containing pyrimidine motifs were synthesized via six-step reactions. Bioassay results showed that some of the synthesized compounds revealed good antifungal properties against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phytophthora infestans, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Gibberella zeae, Fusarium oxysporum, Cytospora mandshurica, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Phompsis sp. at 50 μg/mL, which were similar to those of Kresoxim-methyl or Pyrimethanil. Meanwhile, bioassay results indicated that the synthesized compounds showed a certain insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura, Mythimna separata, Pyrausta nubilalis, Tetranychus urticae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, and Nilaparvata lugens at 200 μg/mL, which was lower than that of Chlorantraniliprole. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on the antifungal and insecticidal activities of pyridylpyrazol amide derivatives containing a pyrimidine moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenneng Wu
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China.,Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Entomology of Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meihang Chen
- Material and Chemistry Engineering Institute, Tongren College, Tongren, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonghui Ge
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, China
| | - Haijiang Chen
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Maofa Yang
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Entomology of Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guiping Ouyang
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Entomology of Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gao Q, Wu M, Zhang K, Yang N, Liu M, Li J, Fang L, Bai S, Xu Y. I2-Catalyzed Aerobic α,β-Dehydrogenation and Deamination of Tertiary Alkylamines: Highly Selective Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrimidines via Hidden Acyclic Enamines. Org Lett 2020; 22:5645-5649. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Manman Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Mengting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Lizhen Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Suping Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Yongtao Xu
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Combinatorial Technique for Clinical and Biomedical Big Data, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu WN, Fei Q, Ge YH, Gan XH. Crystal structure of 4-((2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)benzoic acid, C 13H 9F 3N 2O 3. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C13H9F3N2O3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 8.6952(7) Å, b = 19.6715(18) Å, c = 8.0995(8) Å, β = 110.691(3)°, V = 1296.0(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0558, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1358, T = 298(2) K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Neng Wu
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University , Guiyang 550003 , Guizhou , P.R. China
| | - Qiang Fei
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University , Guiyang 550003 , Guizhou , P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hui Ge
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University , Guiyang 550003 , Guizhou , P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Hai Gan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule, Guizhou Education University , Guiyang 550018 , Guizhou , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Exploration of carbamide derived pyrimidine-thioindole conjugates as potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors with anti-angiogenesis effect. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112457. [PMID: 32422489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of new small molecules from known structural motifs through molecular hybridization is one of the trends in drug discovery. In this connection, we have combined the two pharmacophoric units (pyrimidine and thioindole) in a single entity via molecular hybridization strategy along with introduction of urea functionality at C2 position of pyrimidine to increase the efficiency of H-bonding interactions. Among the synthesized conjugates 12a-aa, compound 12k was found to exhibit significant IC50 values 5.85, 7.87, 6.41 and 10.43 μM against MDA-MB-231 (breast), HepG2 (liver), A549 (lung) and PC-3 (prostate) cancer cell lines, respectively. All these compounds were further evaluated for their inhibitory activities against VEGFR-2 protein. The results specified that among the tested compounds, 12d, 12e, 12k, 12l, 12p, 12q, 12t and 12u prominently suppressed VEGFR-2, with IC50 values of 310-920 nM in association to the positive control (210 nM). Angiogenesis inhibition was evident by tube formation assay in HUVECs and cell-invasion by transwell assay. The mechanism of cellular toxicity on MDA-MB-231 was found through depolarisation of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS production and subsequent DNA damage resulting in apoptosis induction. Moreover, clonogenic and wound healing assays designated the inhibition of colony formation and cell migration by 12k in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking studies also shown that compound 12k capably intermingled with catalytically active residues GLU-885, ASP-1046 of the VEGFR-2 through hydrogen-bonding interactions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yuan H, Chen PW, Li MY, Zhang Y, Peng ZW, Liu W, Paton RS, Cao C. Effects of substituents X and Y on the NMR chemical shifts of 2-(4-X phenyl)-5-Y pyrimidines. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
30
|
Buroni S, Makarov V, Scoffone VC, Trespidi G, Riccardi G, Chiarelli LR. The cell division protein FtsZ as a cellular target to hit cystic fibrosis pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112132. [PMID: 32066012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a rare genetic disease characterized by the production of dehydrated mucus in the lung able to trap bacteria and rendering their proliferation particularly dangerous, thus leading to chronic infections. Among these bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa play a major role while, within emerging pathogens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Burkholderia cepacia complex species, as well as non-tuberculous mycobacteria are listed. Since a common feature of these bacteria is the high level of drug resistance, cell division, and in particular FtsZ, has been explored as a novel therapeutic target for the design of new molecules with antibacterial properties. This review summarizes and provides insight into recent advances in the discovery of compounds targeting FtsZ: the majority of them exhibit anti-staphylococcal activity, while a few were directed against the cystic fibrosis Gram negative pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Buroni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viola Camilla Scoffone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Trespidi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Riccardi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laurent R Chiarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Casiraghi A, Suigo L, Valoti E, Straniero V. Targeting Bacterial Cell Division: A Binding Site-Centered Approach to the Most Promising Inhibitors of the Essential Protein FtsZ. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E69. [PMID: 32046082 PMCID: PMC7167804 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary fission is the most common mode of bacterial cell division and is mediated by a multiprotein complex denominated the divisome. The constriction of the Z-ring splits the mother bacterial cell into two daughter cells of the same size. The Z-ring is formed by the polymerization of FtsZ, a bacterial protein homologue of eukaryotic tubulin, and it represents the first step of bacterial cytokinesis. The high grade of conservation of FtsZ in most prokaryotic organisms and its relevance in orchestrating the whole division system make this protein a fascinating target in antibiotic research. Indeed, FtsZ inhibition results in the complete blockage of the division system and, consequently, in a bacteriostatic or a bactericidal effect. Since many papers and reviews already discussed the physiology of FtsZ and its auxiliary proteins, as well as the molecular mechanisms in which they are involved, here, we focus on the discussion of the most compelling FtsZ inhibitors, classified by their main protein binding sites and following a medicinal chemistry approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valentina Straniero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (L.S.); (E.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carro L. Recent Progress in the Development of Small-Molecule FtsZ Inhibitors as Chemical Tools for the Development of Novel Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E217. [PMID: 31717975 PMCID: PMC6963470 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are potent pharmacological weapons against bacterial pathogens, nevertheless their efficacy is becoming compromised due to the worldwide emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria or "superbugs". Antibiotic resistance is rising to such dangerous levels that the treatment of bacterial infections is becoming a clinical challenge. Therefore, urgent action is needed to develop new generations of antibiotics that will help tackle this increasing and serious public health problem. Due to its essential role in bacterial cell division, the tubulin-like protein FtsZ has emerged as a promising target for the development of novel antibiotics with new mechanisms of action. This review highlights the medicinal chemistry efforts towards the identification of small-molecule FtsZ inhibitors with antibacterial activity in the last three years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carro
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gatadi S, Madhavi YV, Chopra S, Nanduri S. Promising antibacterial agents against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103252. [PMID: 31518761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapid emergence of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections has created a critical health menace universally. Resistance to all the available chemotherapeutics has been on rise which led to WHO to stratify Staphylococcus aureus as high tier priorty II pathogen. Hence, discovery and development of new antibacterial agents with new mode of action is crucial to address the multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. The egressing understanding of new antibacterials on their biological target provides opportunities for new therapeutic agents. This review underlines on various aspects of drug design, structure activity relationships (SARs) and mechanism of action of various new antibacterial agents and also covers the recent reports on new antibacterial agents with potent activity against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This review provides attention on in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities of new antibacterial agents in the point of view of drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Gatadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Y V Madhavi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yuan W, Yu Z, Song W, Li Y, Fang Z, Zhu B, Li X, Wang H, Hong W, Sun N. Indole-core-based novel antibacterial agent targeting FtsZ. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2283-2296. [PMID: 31413605 PMCID: PMC6662167 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s208757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections urges the development of new antibacterial agents that possess a mechanism of action different from traditional antibiotics. FtsZ has been recognized as a key functional protein in bacterial cell division and it is currently believed to be a potential target for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Purpose The primary aim of the study is to screen out an inhibitor targeting at FtsZ and followed to investigate its antibacterial activity and mode of action. Methods Cell-based cell division inhibitory screening assay, antimicrobial susceptibility test, minimum bactericidal concentration assay, time-killing curve determination, FtsZ polymerization assay, GTPase activity assay, and molecular modeling were performed in the present study. Results The screening study from a small library consisting of benzimidazole and indole derivatives discovered a compound (CZ74) with an indole-core structure. The compound exhibited strong cell division inhibitory effect. In addition, CZ74 shows high antibacterial potency against a number of tested Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. The minimum inhibitory concentration values obtained were within the range of 2–4 µg/mL. The results of biological study revealed that CZ74 at 2 µg/mL is able to disrupt FtsZ polymerization and inhibit GTPase activity and cell division. From molecular modeling study, CZ74 is found possibly binding into the interdomain cleft of FtsZ protein and then leads to inhibitory effects. Conclusion This indole-cored molecule CZ74 could be a potential lead compound and could be further developed as a new generation of antibacterial agents targeting FtsZ to combat against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Yuan
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Yu
- Division of Laboratory Science, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Song
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Baizhen Zhu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Sun
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang S, Luo N, Li Y, Wang C. DBU-Mediated Cyclization of Acylcyclopropanecarboxylates with Amidines: Access to Polysubstituted Pyrimidines. Org Lett 2019; 21:4544-4548. [PMID: 31184171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DBU-mediated cyclization of 2-acyl-1-cyanocyclopropanecarboxylates with amidines for the synthesis of multisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives is described. This reaction gives a practical method for producing a diverse set of pyrimidines, having simple experimentation, readily available starting materials, a wide substrate scope, and very good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yangzhou University , 180 Siwangting Street , Yangzhou 225002 , P. R. China
| | - Naili Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yangzhou University , 180 Siwangting Street , Yangzhou 225002 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy , Taizhou Polytechnic College , Taizhou 225300 , P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yangzhou University , 180 Siwangting Street , Yangzhou 225002 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Elsebaei MM, Mohammad H, Samir A, Abutaleb NS, Norvil AB, Michie AR, Moustafa MM, Samy H, Gowher H, Seleem MN, Mayhoub AS. Lipophilic efficient phenylthiazoles with potent undecaprenyl pyrophosphatase inhibitory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:49-62. [PMID: 31075608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance remains a pressing medical challenge for which novel antibacterial agents are urgently needed. The phenylthiazole scaffold represents a promising platform to develop novel antibacterial agents for drug-resistant infections. However, enhancing the physicochemical profile of this class of compounds remains a challenging endeavor to address to successfully translate these molecules into novel antibacterial agents in the clinic. We extended our understanding of the SAR of the phenylthiazoles' lipophilic moiety by exploring its ability to accommodate a hydrophilic group or a smaller sized hetero-ring with the objective of enhancing the physicochemical properties of this class of novel antimicrobials. Overall, the 2-thienyl derivative 20 and the hydroxyl-containing derivative 31 emerged as the most promising antibacterial agents inhibiting growth of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration as low as 1 μg/mL. Remarkably, compound 20 suppressed bacterial undecaprenyl pyrophosphatase (UppP), the molecular target of the phenylthiazole compounds, in a sub nano-molar concentration range (almost 20,000 times more potent than the lead compounds 1a and 1b). Compound 31 possessed the most balanced antibacterial and physicochemical profile. The compound exhibited rapid bactericidal activity against S. aureus, and successfully cleared intracellular S. aureus within infected macrophages. Furthermore, insertion of the hydroxyl group enhanced the aqueous solubility of 31 by more than 50-fold relative to the first-generation lead 1c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elsebaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Amgad Samir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Allison B Norvil
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Amie R Michie
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mahmoud M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hebatallah Samy
- University of Science and Technology, Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Humaira Gowher
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Abdelrahman S Mayhoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt; University of Science and Technology, Nanoscience Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lui HK, Gao W, Cheung KC, Jin WB, Sun N, Kan JW, Wong IL, Chiou J, Lin D, Chan EW, Leung YC, Chan TH, Chen S, Chan KF, Wong KY. Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:95-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|