1
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Zhou Z, Sun Y, Qin Y, Wang N, Zhao F, Wang Z, Clercq ED, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Kang D, Liu X. Discovery of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives as novel potent HIV-1 NNRTIs by exploiting the tolerant region II of the NNIBP. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116708. [PMID: 39094273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of drug resistance severely reduces the clinical response of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Herein, a series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives was designed and synthesized, with the aim to identify novel anti-HIV-1 agents with improved drug resistance profiles. The antiviral activity results demonstrated that all compounds showed excellent potency to wild-type (WT) HIV-1 strain (EC50 = 3.61-15.5 nM). Moreover, 13c was proved to be the most potent inhibitor against the whole tested viral panel, with EC50 ranging from 4.68 to 229 nM. In addition, 13c yielded moderate HIV-1 RT inhibition with IC50 value of 0.231 μM, which demonstrated it was a classical NNRTI. Molecular docking was further conducted to illustrate its binding mode with HIV-1 RT. These encouraging results indicated that 13c can be used as a lead compound for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanying Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyang Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 250012, Jinan, China.
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 250012, Jinan, China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 250012, Jinan, China.
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2
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Zhang K, Zhang YJ, Li M, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Wang S, Chen FE. Deciphering the enigmas of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): A medicinal chemistry expedition towards combating HIV drug resistance. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 39188075 DOI: 10.1002/med.22080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The pivotal involvement of reverse transcriptase activity in the pathogenesis of the progressive HIV virus has stimulated gradual advancements in drug discovery initiatives spanning three decades. Consequently, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have emerged as a preeminent category of therapeutic agents for HIV management. Academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies have developed numerous NNRTIs, an essential component of antiretroviral therapy. Six NNRTIs have received Food and Drug Administration approval and are widely used in clinical practice, significantly improving the quality of HIV patients. However, the rapid emergence of drug resistance has limited the effectiveness of these medications, underscoring the necessity for perpetual research and development of novel therapeutic alternatives. To supplement the existing literatures on NNRTIs, a comprehensive review has been compiled to synthesize this extensive dataset into a comprehensible format for the medicinal chemistry community. In this review, a thorough investigation and meticulous analysis were conducted on the progressions achieved in NNRTIs within the past 8 years (2016-2023), and the experiences and insights gained in the development of inhibitors with varying chemical structures were also summarized. The provision of a crucial point of reference for the development of wide-ranging anti-HIV medications is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Wang Z, Wang W, Gao Z, Gao H, Clercq ED, Pannecouque C, Chen CH, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological characterization of indolylarylsulfone derivatives as novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibitors with potent antiviral activities and favorable drug-like profiles. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29830. [PMID: 39072764 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In the current antiretroviral landscape, continuous efforts are still needed to search for novel chemotypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibitors with improved drug resistance profiles and favorable drug-like properties. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, biological characterization, and druggability evaluation of a class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Guided by the available crystallographic information, a series of novel indolylarylsulfone derivatives were rationally discovered via the substituent decorating strategy to fully explore the chemical space of the entrance channel. Among them, compound 11h bearing the cyano-substituted benzyl moiety proved to be the most effective inhibitor against HIV-1 wild-type and mutant strains (EC50 = 0.0039-0.338 μM), being far more potent than or comparable to etravirine and doravirine. Besides, 11h did not exhibit cytotoxicity at the maximum test concentration. Meanwhile, the binding target of 11h was further confirmed to be reverse transcriptase (IC50 = 0.055 μM). Preliminary structure-activity relationship were discussed to guide further optimization work. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies were investigated in detail to rationalize the biological evaluation results. Further drug-likeness assessment indicated that 11h possessed excellent physicochemical properties. Moreover, no apparent hERG blockade liability and cytochrome P450 inhibition were observed for 11h. Notably, 11h was characterized by favorable in vitro metabolic stability with moderate clearance rates and long half-lives in human plasma and liver microsomes. Overall, 11h holds great promise as an ideal Anti-HIV-1 lead compound due to its potent antiviral efficacy, low toxicity, and favorable drug-like profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Suzhou Research Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huizhan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
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4
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Azzman N, Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Christ F, Debyser Z, Mohamed WAS, Ahemad N. Pharmacological advances in anti-retroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2529. [PMID: 38520650 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs over the past 36 years has introduced various classes, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitor, fusion, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors inhibitors. The introduction of combined highly active anti-retroviral therapies in 1996 was later proven to combat further ARV drug resistance along with enhancing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. As though the development of ARV therapies was continuously expanding, the variation of action caused by ARV drugs, along with its current updates, was not comprehensively discussed, particularly for HIV-1 infection. Thus, a range of HIV-1 ARV medications is covered in this review, including new developments in ARV therapy based on the drug's mechanism of action, the challenges related to HIV-1, and the need for combination therapy. Optimistically, this article will consolidate the overall updates of HIV-1 ARV treatments and conclude the significance of HIV-1-related pharmacotherapy research to combat the global threat of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyuhada Azzman
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Bertam, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan Ahmad Syazani Mohamed
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Level 3, Block C, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Complex, Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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5
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Hu S, Chen J, Cao JX, Zhang SS, Gu SX, Chen FE. Quinolines and isoquinolines as HIV-1 inhibitors: Chemical structures, action targets, and biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106549. [PMID: 37119785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), poses a serious threat to global public health. Since the advent of the first drug zidovudine, a number of anti-HIV agents acting on different targets have been approved to combat HIV/AIDS. Among the abundant heterocyclic families, quinoline and isoquinoline moieties are recognized as promising scaffolds for HIV inhibition. This review intends to highlight the advances in diverse chemical structures and abundant biological activity of quinolines and isoquinolines as anti-HIV agents acting on different targets, which aims to provide useful references and inspirations to design and develop novel HIV inhibitors for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin-Xu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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6
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Prener L, Baszczyňski O, Kaiser MM, Dračínský M, Stepan G, Lee YJ, Brumshtein B, Yu H, Jansa P, Lansdon EB, Janeba Z. Design and Synthesis of Novel HIV-1 NNRTIs with Bicyclic Cores and with Improved Physicochemical Properties. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1761-1777. [PMID: 36652602 PMCID: PMC10017027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) represent cornerstones of current regimens for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections. However, NNRTIs usually suffer from low aqueous solubility and the emergence of resistant viral strains. In the present work, novel bicyclic NNRTIs derived from etravirine (ETV) and rilpivirine (RPV), bearing modified purine, tetrahydropteridine, and pyrimidodiazepine cores, were designed and prepared. Compounds 2, 4, and 6 carrying the acrylonitrile moiety displayed single-digit nanomolar activities against the wild-type (WT) virus (EC50 = 2.5, 2.7, and 3.0 nM, respectively), where the low nanomolar activity was retained against HXB2 (EC50 = 2.2-2.8 nM) and the K103N and Y181C mutated strains (fold change, 1.2-6.7×). Most importantly, compound 2 exhibited significantly improved phosphate-buffered saline solubility (10.4 μM) compared to ETV and RPV (≪1 μM). Additionally, the binding modes of compounds 2, 4, and 6 to the reverse transcriptase were studied by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Prener
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128
43, Czech Republic
| | - Martin M. Kaiser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - George Stepan
- Gilead
Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yu-Jen Lee
- Gilead
Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Boris Brumshtein
- Gilead
Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead
Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Petr Jansa
- Gilead
Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eric B. Lansdon
- Gilead
Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
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Deng C, Yan H, Wang J, Liu K, Liu BS, Shi YM. Current scenario on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2018-present). ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Li G, Wang Y, De Clercq E. Approved HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the past decade. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1567-1590. [PMID: 35847492 PMCID: PMC9279714 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are the important components of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) for anti-HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis in clinical practice. Many RT inhibitors and their combination regimens have been approved in the past ten years, but a review on their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy is lacking. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of RT inhibitors (tenofovir alafenamide, rilpivirine, doravirine, dapivirine, azvudine and elsulfavirine) approved in the past decade, regarding their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy in randomized controlled trials. Novel RT inhibitors such as islatravir, MK-8504, MK-8507, MK8583, IQP-0528, and MIV-150 will be also highlighted. Future development may focus on the new generation of novel antiretroviral inhibitors with higher bioavailability, longer elimination half-life, more favorable side-effect profiles, fewer drug-drug interactions, and higher activities against circulating drug-resistant strains.
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Key Words
- 3TC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (common name, lamivudine)
- ABC, abacavir
- ATV, atazanavir
- AZT, 3′-azido-3′-deoxy-thymidine (common name, zidovudine)
- BIC, bictegravir
- CAB, cabotegravir
- CC50, the 50% cytotoxic concentration
- COBI, cobicistat
- Clinical efficacy
- DOR, doravirine
- DPV, dapivirine
- DRV, darunavir
- DTG, dolutegravir
- EACS, European AIDS Clinical Society
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- EFV, efavirenz
- ESV, elsulfavirine
- EVG, elvitegravir
- F, bioavailability
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FTC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3′-thiacytidine (common name, emtricitabine)
- HAART
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HIV treatment
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IAS-USA, International Antiviral Society-USA
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- MSM, men who have sex with men
- NNRTI
- NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- NRTI
- NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- RPV, rilpivirine
- TAF, tenofovir alafenamide
- TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
- t1/2, elimination half-life
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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9
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Patil SM, Asgaonkar KD, Bakhle B, Abhang K, Khater A, Singh M, Chitre TS. In search of HIV entry inhibitors using molecular docking, ADME and toxicity studies of some Thiazolidinone-Pyrazine derivatives against CXCR4 co-receptor. Curr HIV Res 2022; 20:152-162. [PMID: 35156573 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666220214123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entry inhibitors prevent binding of human immunodeficiency virus protein to the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and are used along with conventional anti-HIV therapy. They aid in restoring immunity and can prevent the development of HIV-TB co-infection. AIM In the present study various thiazolidinone-pyrazine derivatives earlier studied for NNRT inhibition activity were gauged for their entry inhibitor potential. OBJECTIVE Objective of the study is to perform molecular docking, ADME, toxicity studies of some Thiazolidinone-Pyrazine Derivatives as entry inhibitors targeting CXCR4 co-receptors. METHODS In-silico docking studies were performed using AutoDock Vina software and compounds were further studied for ADME and toxicity using SwissADME and pkCSM software respectively. RESULTS Taking into consideration the docking results, pharmacokinetic behaviour and toxicity profile four molecules (compound 1, 9, 11 and 16) have shown potential as entry inhibitors. CONCLUSION These compounds have shown potential as both NNRTI and entry inhibitors and hence can be used in management of immune compromised diseases like TB-HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital M Patil
- AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Pune-01, India
| | | | | | | | - Ayush Khater
- AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Pune-01, India
| | - Muskan Singh
- AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Pune-01, India
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10
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Chen Q, Wu C, Zhu J, Li E, Xu Z. Therapeutic potential of indole derivatives as anti-HIV agents: A mini-review. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:993-1008. [PMID: 34636313 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211012111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one of the leading causes of human deaths. The advent of different anti-HIV drugs over different disease progress has made AIDS/HIV from a deadly infection to chronic and manageable disease. However, the development of multidrug-resistant viruses, together with the severe side effects of anti-HIV agents, compromised their efficacy and limited the treatment options. Indoles, the most common frameworks in the bioactive molecules, represent attractive scaffolds for the design and development of novel drugs. Indole derivatives are potential inhibitors of HIV enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease, and some indole-based agents like Delavirdine have already been applied in clinics or under clinical evaluations for the treatment of AIDS/HIV, revealing that indole moiety is a useful template for the development of anti-HIV agents. This review focuses on the recent advancement of indole derivatives including indole alkaloids, hybrids, and dimers with anti-HIV potential, covering articles published between 2010 and 2020. The chemical structures, structure-activity relationship and mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Chongchong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta. Canada
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Enzhong Li
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
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11
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Huang B, Ginex T, Luque FJ, Jiang X, Gao P, Zhang J, Kang D, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Structure-Based Design and Discovery of Pyridyl-Bearing Fused Bicyclic HIV-1 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling Studies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13604-13621. [PMID: 34496571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two series of new pyridyl-bearing fused bicyclic analogues designed to target the dual-tolerant regions of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-binding pocket were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV activities. Several compounds, such as 6, 14, 15, 21, 30, and 33, were found to be potent inhibitors against the wild-type (WT) HIV-1 strain or multiple NNRTI-resistant strains at low nanomolar levels. Detailed structure-activity relationships were obtained by utilizing the variation of moieties within the corresponding pharmacophores. In vitro metabolic stability profiles and some drug-like properties of selected compounds were assessed, furnishing the preliminary structure-metabolic stability relationships. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies elucidated the binding modes of compounds 6, 15, 21, and 30 in the binding pocket of WT, E138K, K103N, or Y181C HIV-1 RTs. These promising compounds can be used as lead compounds and warrant further structural optimization to yield more active HIV-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tiziana Ginex
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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12
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Gu SX, Zhu YY, Wang C, Wang HF, Liu GY, Cao S, Huang L. Recent discoveries in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 54:166-172. [PMID: 33176248 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are indispensable components of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which has achieved great success in controlling AIDS epidemic in reducing drastically the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients. RTIs are divided into two categories, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). In this review, the recent discoveries in NRTIs and NNRTIs, including approved anti-HIV drugs and noteworthy drug candidates in different development stages, are summarized, and their future direction is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Gen-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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13
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Forezi LDS, Ribeiro MM, Marttorelli A, Abrantes JL, Rodrigues CR, Castro HC, Souza TML, Boechat FDC, de Souza AM, de Souza MCB. Design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies of novel 4-oxoquinoline ribonucleoside derivatives as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 194:112255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Singh VK, Srivastava R, Gupta PSS, Naaz F, Chaurasia H, Mishra R, Rana MK, Singh RK. Anti-HIV potential of diarylpyrimidine derivatives as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: design, synthesis, docking, TOPKAT analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2430-2446. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1748111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Bioorganic Research Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ritika Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Parth Sarthi Sen Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Farha Naaz
- Department of Chemistry, Bioorganic Research Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Himani Chaurasia
- Department of Chemistry, Bioorganic Research Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Bioorganic Research Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Malay Kumar Rana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Ramendra K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Bioorganic Research Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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15
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Chen Y, Tian Y, Gao Y, Wu F, Luo X, Ju X, Liu G. In silico Design of Novel HIV-1 NNRTIs Based on Combined Modeling Studies of Dihydrofuro[3,4-d]pyrimidines. Front Chem 2020; 8:164. [PMID: 32266208 PMCID: PMC7105726 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of dihydrofuro[3,4-d]pyrimidine (DHPY) analogs have recently been recognized as promising HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) with potent antiviral activity. To better understand the pharmacological essentiality of these DHPYs and design novel NNRTI leads, in this work, a systematic in silico study was performed on 52 DHPYs using three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), molecular docking, virtual screening, absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion (ADME) prediction, and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. The generated 3D-QSAR models exhibited satisfactory parameters of internal validation and well-externally predictive capacity, for instance, the q2, R2, andr pred 2 of the optimal comparative molecular similarity indices analysis model were 0.647, 0.970, and 0.751, respectively. The docking results indicated that residues Lys101, Tyr181, Tyr188, Trp229, and Phe227 played important roles for the DHPY binding. Nine lead compounds were obtained by the virtual screening based on the docking and pharmacophore model, and three new compounds with higher docking scores and better ADME properties were subsequently designed based on the screening and 3D-QSAR results. The MD simulation studies further demonstrated that the newly designed compounds could stably bind with the HIV-1 RT. These hit compounds were supposed to be novel potential anti-HIV-1 inhibitors, and these findings could provide significant information for designing and developing novel HIV-1 NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafeng Tian
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiulian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Genyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Improving the positional adaptability: structure-based design of biphenyl-substituted diaryltriazines as novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:344-357. [PMID: 32082978 PMCID: PMC7016291 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the positional adaptability of our previously reported naphthyl diaryltriazines (NP-DATAs), synthesis of a series of novel biphenyl-substituted diaryltriazines (BP-DATAs) with a flexible side chain attached at the C-6 position is presented. These compounds exhibited excellent potency against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 2.6 to 39 nmol/L and most of them showed low nanomolar anti-viral potency against a panel of HIV-1 mutant strains. Compounds 5j and 6k had the best activity against WT, single and double HIV-1 mutants and reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme comparable to two reference drugs (EFV and ETR) and our lead compound NP-DATA (1). Molecular modeling disclosed that the side chain at the C-6 position of DATAs occupied the entrance channel of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase non-nucleoside binding pocket (NNIBP) attributing to the improved activity. The preliminary structure–activity relationship and PK profiles were also discussed.
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Key Words
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- BP-DATA, biphenyl-substituted diaryltriazine
- BP-DATAs
- CC50, 50% cytotoxicity concentration
- DAPY, diarylpyrimidine
- DATA, diaryltriazine
- EC50, the concentration causing 50% inhibition of antiviral activity
- EFV, efavirenz
- ETR, etravirine
- HEPT, 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HIV-1
- MD, molecular dynamic
- Molecular modeling
- NNIBP, non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket
- NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- NNRTIs
- NP-DATA, naphthyl diaryltriazine
- NP-DATAs
- NVP, nevirapine
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- Positional adaptability
- RMSD, root-mean square deviation
- RPV, rilpivirine
- RT, reverse transcriptase
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SI, selectivity index
- TSAO, tert-butyldimethylsilyl-spiroaminooxathioledioxide
- WT, wild-type
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