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Hillebrand L, Liang XJ, Serafim RAM, Gehringer M. Emerging and Re-emerging Warheads for Targeted Covalent Inhibitors: An Update. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7668-7758. [PMID: 38711345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors and other types of covalent modalities have seen a revival in the past two decades, with a variety of new targeted covalent drugs having been approved in recent years. A key feature of such molecules is an intrinsically reactive group, typically a weak electrophile, which enables the irreversible or reversible formation of a covalent bond with a specific amino acid of the target protein. This reactive group, often called the "warhead", is a critical determinant of the ligand's activity, selectivity, and general biological properties. In 2019, we summarized emerging and re-emerging warhead chemistries to target cysteine and other amino acids (Gehringer, M.; Laufer, S. A. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 62, 5673-5724; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01153). Since then, the field has rapidly evolved. Here we discuss the progress on covalent warheads made since our last Perspective and their application in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaojun Julia Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A M Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Yu T, Zeng R, Guan Y, Pan B, Li HW, Gu J, Zheng PF, Qian Y, Ouyang Q. Discovery of new tricyclic spiroindole derivatives as potent P-glycoprotein inhibitors for reversing multidrug resistance enabled by a synthetic methodology-based library. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1675-1685. [PMID: 38784466 PMCID: PMC11110728 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel and highly effective P-gp inhibitors is considered to be an effective strategy for overcoming tumor drug resistance. In this paper, a phenotypic screening via a self-constructed synthetic methodology-based library identified a new class of tricyclic spiroindole derivatives with excellent tumor multidrug resistance reversal activity. A stereospecific compound OY-103-B with the best reversal activity was obtained based on a detailed structure-activity relationship study, metabolic stability optimization and chiral resolution. For the VCR-resistant Eca109 cell line (Eca109/VCR), co-administration of 5.0 μM OY-103-B resulted in a reversal fold of up to 727.2, superior to the typical third-generation P-gp inhibitor tariquidar. Moreover, the compound inhibited the proliferation of Eca109/VCR cells in a concentration-dependent manner in plate cloning and flow cytometry. Furthermore, fluorescence substrate accumulation assay and chemotherapeutic drug reversal activity tests demonstrated that OY-103-B reversed tumor drug resistance via P-gp inhibition. In conclusion, this study provides a novel skeleton that inspires the design of new P-gp inhibitors, laying the foundation for the treatment of drug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400010 China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400037 China
| | - Yu Guan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Peng-Fei Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Yan Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400010 China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
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3
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Yang B, Lin Y, Huang Y, Shen YQ, Chen Q. Thioredoxin (Trx): A redox target and modulator of cellular senescence and aging-related diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103032. [PMID: 38232457 PMCID: PMC10827563 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a compact redox-regulatory protein that modulates cellular redox state by reducing oxidized proteins. Trx exhibits dual functionality as an antioxidant and a cofactor for diverse enzymes and transcription factors, thereby exerting influence over their activity and function. Trx has emerged as a pivotal biomarker for various diseases, particularly those associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Recent clinical investigations have underscored the significance of Trx in disease diagnosis, treatment, and mechanistic elucidation. Despite its paramount importance, the intricate interplay between Trx and cellular senescence-a condition characterized by irreversible growth arrest induced by multiple aging stimuli-remains inadequately understood. In this review, our objective is to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the structure and function of Trx, its involvement in redox signaling pathways and cellular senescence, its association with aging and age-related diseases, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Our review aims to elucidate the novel and extensive role of Trx in senescence while highlighting its implications for aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yumeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yibo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ying-Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Nikitjuka A, Ozola M, Jackevica L, Bobrovs R, Žalubovskis R. Exploration of 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins as thioredoxin reductase 1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9630-9639. [PMID: 38018884 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01522j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Coumarin and its derivatives have emerged as promising candidates in drug discovery. While the activity of coumarins as anticancer agents with different biological targets has been thoroughly investigated, reports on the potential of coumarins in the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are still scarce. We focus on the design and synthesis of 3,4-unsubstituted coumarin analogues with systematic incorporation of substituents at the fifth to eighth positions of coumarin, which allowed definitive structure-activity relationship analysis to be conducted. In the obtained library, the substitution at the sixth position of the coumarin core with an aromatic or a cyclopropyl group turned out to be more activity enhancing. A bulky aromatic substituent with a large CF3 group encourages ligand alignment in a manner that enables covalent bond formation with the catalytic TrxR1 residue, according to the docking results. Our observations indicate that the activity of a series of coumarin analogues towards thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is dependent on the nature (size and electronic effect) and the position of the substituent and more importantly - the accessibility of the Michael acceptor functionality. Several compounds (with at least 90% inhibition of the rat TrxR1 enzyme at 200 μM concentration) were further examined in in vitro cell-based assays to assess the cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines. The analogue 6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one was selected as the lead compound for further optimization. The results presented herein pave the way for the development of the next generation of coumarin-based TrxR1 inhibitors, where modification of the Michael acceptor moiety and incorporation of different aryl substituents at the sixth position of the coumarin core are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nikitjuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia.
| | - M Ozola
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia.
| | - L Jackevica
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia.
| | - R Bobrovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia.
| | - R Žalubovskis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia.
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena iela 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia.
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Nikitjuka A, Krims-Davis K, Kaņepe-Lapsa I, Ozola M, Žalubovskis R. May 1,2-Dithiolane-4-carboxylic Acid and Its Derivatives Serve as a Specific Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Inhibitor? Molecules 2023; 28:6647. [PMID: 37764424 PMCID: PMC10535816 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase is an essential enzyme that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis by catalyzing the reduction of thioredoxin, which is involved in several vital cellular processes. The overexpression of TrxR is often associated with cancer development. A series of 1,2-dithiolane-4-carboxylic acid analogs were obtained to verify the selectivity of 1,2-dithiolane moiety toward TrxR. Asparagusic acid analogs and their bioisoters remain inactive toward TrxR, which proves the inability of the 1,2-dithiolane moiety to serve as a pharmacophore during the interaction with TrxR. It was found that the Michael acceptor functionality-containing analogs exhibit higher inhibitory effects against TrxR compared to other compounds of the series. The most potent representatives exhibited micromolar TrxR1 inhibition activity (IC50 varied from 5.3 to 186.0 μM) and were further examined with in vitro cell-based assays to assess the cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines and cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nikitjuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.-D.); (I.K.-L.); (M.O.)
| | - Kristaps Krims-Davis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.-D.); (I.K.-L.); (M.O.)
| | - Iveta Kaņepe-Lapsa
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.-D.); (I.K.-L.); (M.O.)
| | - Melita Ozola
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.-D.); (I.K.-L.); (M.O.)
| | - Raivis Žalubovskis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.-D.); (I.K.-L.); (M.O.)
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena iela 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
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6
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Jovanović M, Kovačević S, Brkljačić J, Djordjevic A. Oxidative Stress Linking Obesity and Cancer: Is Obesity a 'Radical Trigger' to Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098452. [PMID: 37176160 PMCID: PMC10179114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is on the rise worldwide, and consequently, obesity-related non-communicable diseases are as well. Nutritional overload induces metabolic adaptations in an attempt to restore the disturbed balance, and the byproducts of the mechanisms at hand include an increased generation of reactive species. Obesity-related oxidative stress causes damage to vulnerable systems and ultimately contributes to neoplastic transformation. Dysfunctional obese adipose tissue releases cytokines and induces changes in the cell microenvironment, promoting cell survival and progression of the transformed cancer cells. Other than the increased risk of cancer development, obese cancer patients experience higher mortality rates and reduced therapy efficiency as well. The fact that obesity is considered the second leading preventable cause of cancer prioritizes the research on the mechanisms connecting obesity to cancerogenesis and finding the solutions to break the link. Oxidative stress is integral at different stages of cancer development and advancement in obese patients. Hypocaloric, balanced nutrition, and structured physical activity are some tools for relieving this burden. However, the sensitivity of simultaneously treating cancer and obesity poses a challenge. Further research on the obesity-cancer liaison would offer new perspectives on prevention programs and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kovačević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Brkljačić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Zeng R, Yang XM, Li HW, Li X, Guan Y, Yu T, Yan P, Yuan W, Niu SL, Gu J, Chen YC, Ouyang Q. Simplified Derivatives of Tetrandrine as Potent and Specific P-gp Inhibitors to Reverse Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4086-4105. [PMID: 36892076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of a drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an important strategy to reverse multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. In this study, a rationally structural simplification to natural tetrandrine was performed based on molecular dynamics simulation and fragment growth, leading to an easily prepared, novel, and simplified compound OY-101 with high reversal activity and low cytotoxicity. Its excellent synergistic anti-cancer effect with vincristine (VCR) against drug-resistant cells Eca109/VCR was confirmed by reversal activity assay, flow cytometry, plate clone formation assay, and drug synergism analysis (IC50 = 9.9 nM, RF = 690). Further mechanism study confirmed that the OY-101 was a specific and efficient P-gp inhibitor. Importantly, OY-101 increased VCR sensitization in vivo without obvious toxicity. Overall, our findings may provide an alternative strategy for the design of novel specific P-gp inhibitor as an anti-tumor chemotherapy sensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiu-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Sheng-Li Niu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Hu J, Chen L, Lu Z, Yao H, Hu Y, Feng L, Pang Y, Wu JQ, Yu Z, Chen WH. Design, Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel Selenium-Containing Tepotinib Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of c-Met and TrxR. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031304. [PMID: 36770971 PMCID: PMC9921947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met), an oncogenic transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), plays an essential role in cell proliferation during embryo development and liver regeneration. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is overexpressed and constitutively active in most tumors closely related to cancer recurrence. Multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy provides a logical approach to drug combinations and would adequately address the pathological complexity of cancer. In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of selenium-containing tepotinib derivatives by means of selenium-based bioisosteric modifications and evaluated their antiproliferative activity. Most of these selenium-containing hybrids exhibited potent dual inhibitory activity toward c-Met and TrxR. Among them, compound 8b was the most active, with an IC50 value of 10 nM against MHCC97H cells. Studies on the mechanism of action revealed that compound 8b triggered cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and caused ROS accumulations by targeting TrxR, and these effects eventually led to cell apoptosis. These findings strongly suggest that compound 8b serves as a dual inhibitor of c-Met and TrxR, warranting further exploitation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Li Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Zhonghui Lu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Han Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunfei Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Luanqi Feng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yanqing Pang
- Department of Phase I Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Zhiling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (W.-H.C.)
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NO news: S-(de)nitrosylation of cathepsins and their relationship with cancer. Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114872. [PMID: 36027970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor formation and progression have been much of a study over the last two centuries. Recent studies have seen different developments for the early diagnosis and treatment of the disease; some of which even promise survival of the patient. Cysteine proteases, mainly cathepsins have been unequivocally identified as putative worthy players of redox imbalance that contribute to the premonition and further progression of cancer by interfering in the normal extracellular and intracellular proteolysis and initiating a proteolytic cascade. The present review article focuses on the study of cancer so far, while establishing facts on how future studies focused on the cellular interrelation between nitric oxide (NO) and cancer, can direct their focus on cathepsins. For a tumor cell to thrive and synergize a cancerous environment, different mutations in the proteolytic and signaling pathways and the proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and the tumor suppressor genes are made possible through cellular biochemistry and some cancer-stimulating environmental factors. The accumulated findings show that S-nitrosylation of cathepsins under the influence of NO-donors can prevent the invasion of cancer and cause cancer cell death by blocking the activity of cathepsins as well as the major denitrosylase systems using a multi-way approach. Faced with a conundrum of how to fill the gap between the dodging of established cancer hallmarks with cathepsin activity and gaining appropriate research/clinical accreditation using our hypothesis, the scope of this review also explores the interplay and crosstalk between S-nitrosylation and S-(de)nitrosylation of this protease and highlights the utility of charging thioredoxin (Trx) reductase inhibitors, low-molecular-weight dithiols, and Trx mimetics using efficient drug delivery system to prevent the denitrosylation or regaining of cathepsin activity in vivo. In foresight, this raises the prospect that drugs or novel compounds that target cathepsins taking all these factors into consideration could be deployed as alternative or even better treatments for cancer, though further research is needed to ascertain the safety, efficiency and effectiveness of this approach.
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Jovanović M, Podolski-Renić A, Krasavin M, Pešić M. The Role of the Thioredoxin Detoxification System in Cancer Progression and Resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:883297. [PMID: 35664671 PMCID: PMC9161637 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.883297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular redox homeostasis is a dynamic balancing system between the levels of free radical species and antioxidant enzymes and small molecules at the core of cellular defense mechanisms. The thioredoxin (Trx) system is an important detoxification system regulating the redox milieu. This system is one of the key regulators of cells’ proliferative potential as well, through the reduction of key proteins. Increased oxidative stress characterizes highly proliferative, metabolically hyperactive cancer cells, which are forced to mobilize antioxidant enzymes to balance the increase in free radical concentration and prevent irreversible damage and cell death. Components of the Trx system are involved in high-rate proliferation and activation of pro-survival mechanisms in cancer cells, particularly those facing increased oxidative stress. This review addresses the importance of the targetable redox-regulating Trx system in tumor progression, as well as in detoxification and protection of cancer cells from oxidative stress and drug-induced cytotoxicity. It also discusses the cancer cells’ counteracting mechanisms to the Trx system inhibition and presents several inhibitors of the Trx system as prospective candidates for cytostatics’ adjuvants. This manuscript further emphasizes the importance of developing novel multitarget therapies encompassing the Trx system inhibition to overcome cancer treatment limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Jovanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Organic Chemistry Division, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Milica Pešić, , orcid.org/0000-0002-9045-8239
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11
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Zhang J, Xu Q, Ma D. Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase by natural anticancer candidate β-lapachone accounts for triggering redox activation-mediated HL-60 cell apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 180:244-252. [PMID: 35091063 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-Lapachone as a natural novel anticancer candidate is under clinical trials. Previous studies suggested that β-lapachone works by redox activation to ablate cancer cells. However, it is still unclear whether thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), one of the key redox catalytic enzymes in cells, plays a role in the pharmacological effects of β-lapachone. Herein, we present that β-lapachone kills human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells with preference over other cancer cells and normal cells. The follow-up studies demonstrate that β-lapachone induces the HL-60 cell apoptosis through inhibition of TrxR and further elevation of oxidative stress. Overexpression of the TrxR alleviates the efficiency of β-lapachone while knockdown of the enzyme increases the β-lapachone cytotoxicity, scientifically underpinning the correlation of the observed biological behaviors of β-lapachone to TrxR inhibition. The disclosure of the novel action mechanism of β-lapachone sheds light on understanding its capacity in interfering with cellular redox signaling and supports β-lapachone as an anticancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China.
| | - Qianhe Xu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Di Ma
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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12
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Qian J, Xu Z, Zhu P, Meng C, Liu Y, Shan W, He A, Gu Y, Ran F, Zhang Y, Ling Y. A Derivative of Piperlongumine and Ligustrazine as a Potential Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitor in Drug-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:3161-3168. [PMID: 34806369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The natural products piperlongumine (1) and ligustrazine (2) have been reported to exert antiproliferative effects against various types of cancer cells by up-regulating the level of reactive oxidative species (ROS). However, the moderate activities of 1 and 2 limit their application. To improve their potential antitumor activity, novel piperlongumine/ligustrazine derivatives were designed and prepared, and their potential pharmacological effects were determined in vitro and in vivo. Among the derivatives obtained, 11 exerted more prominent inhibitory activities against proliferation of drug-sensitive/-resistant cancer cells with lower IC50 values than 1. Particularly, the IC50 value of 11 against drug-resistant Bel-7402/5-FU cells was 0.9 μM, which was about 9-fold better than that of 1 (IC50 value of 8.4 μM). Mechanistic studies showed that 11 demonstrated thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitory activity, increase of ROS levels, decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential levels, and occurrence of DNA damage and autophagy, in a dose-dependent manner, via regulation of DNA damage protein H2AX and autophagy-associated proteins LC3, beclin-1, and p62 in drug-resistant Bel-7402/5-FU cells. Finally, compound 11 at 5 mg/kg displayed potent antitumor activity in vivo with tumor suppression of 76% (w/w). Taken together, compound 11 may represent a promising candidate drug for the chemotherapy of drug-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma and warrant more intensive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Qian
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Meng
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpei Shan
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang He
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Gu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fansheng Ran
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ling
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhang J, Zheng ZQ, Xu Q, Li Y, Gao K, Fang J. Onopordopicrin from the new genus Shangwua as a novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor to induce oxidative stress-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:790-801. [PMID: 33733960 PMCID: PMC7993383 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1899169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation and identification of natural products from plants is an essential approach for discovering drug candidates. Herein we report the characterization of three sesquiterpene lactones from a new genus Shangwua, e.g. onopordopicrin (ONP), C2, and C3, and evaluation of their pharmacological functions in interfering cellular redox signaling. Compared to C2 and C3, ONP shows the most potency in killing cancer cells. Further experiments demonstrate that ONP robustly inhibits thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which leads to perturbation of cellular redox homeostasis with the favor of oxidative stress. Knockdown of the TrxR sensitizes cells to the ONP treatment while overexpression of the enzyme reduces the potency of ONP, underpinning the correlation of TrxR inhibition to the cytotoxicity of ONP. The discovery of ONP expands the library of the natural TrxR inhibitors, and the disclosure of the action mechanism of ONP provides a foundation for the further development of ONP as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zai-Qin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianhe Xu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Gao
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Liu X, Yuan Z, Tang Z, Chen Q, Huang J, He L, Chen T. Selenium-driven enhancement of synergistic cancer chemo-/radiotherapy by targeting nanotherapeutics. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4691-4700. [PMID: 34019044 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To overcome drug resistance in hypoxic tumors and the limitations of radiation impedance and radiation dose, we developed a nano-radiosensitizer to improve the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy. We used multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as the carriers for a novel anticancer selenadiazole derivative (SeD) and modified its surface with folic acid (FA) to enhance its cervical cancer-targeting effects, forming the nanosystem named SeD@MSNs-FA. Upon radiation, SeD@MSNs-FA inhibits the growth of cervical cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through the death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway and S phase arrest, significantly improving the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to X-ray radiation. The combined activity of SeD@MSN-FA and radiation can promote excessive production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce cell apoptosis by affecting p53, protein kinase B (AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Furthermore, SeD@MSNs-FA can effectively inhibit tumor growth of xenografted HeLa tumors in nude mice. The toxicity analysis of SeD@MSNs-FA nanoparticles in vivo and the histological analysis performed in the mouse model showed that under the current experimental conditions, the nanoparticles induced no significant damage to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, or other major organs. Taken together, this study provides a translational nanomedicine-based strategy for the simultaneous chemo- and radiotherapy of cervical cancer and sheds light on potential mechanisms that can be used to overcome radiotherapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhongwen Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zheng Tang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jiarun Huang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lizhen He
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. and The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. and The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, Guangzhou 510632, China
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15
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Shi L, Gao LL, Cai SZ, Xiong QW, Ma ZR. A novel selective mitochondrial-targeted curcumin analog with remarkable cytotoxicity in glioma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113528. [PMID: 34020339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polyphenol curcumin (4) or demethoxycurcumin (5) and their synthetic derivatives display promising anticancer activities. However, their further development is limited by low bioavailability and poor selectivity. Thus, a mitochondria-targeted compound 14 (DMC-TPP) was prepared in the present study by conjugating a triphenylphosphine moiety to the phenolic hydroxyl group of demethoxycurcumin to enhance its bioavailability and treatment efficacy. The in vitro biological experiments of DMC-TPP showed that it not only displayed higher cytotoxicity as compared with its parent compound 5, but also exhibited superior mitochondria accumulation ability. Glioma cells were more sensitive to DMC-TPP, which inhibited the proliferation of U251 cells with an IC50 of 0.42 μM. The mechanism studies showed that DMC-TPP triggers mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, caused by caspase activation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In addition, DMC-TPP efficiently inhibited cellular thioredoxin reductase, which contributed to its cytotoxicity. Significantly, DMC-TPP delayed tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model of human glioma cancer. Taken together, the potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of DMC-TPP warrant further comprehensive evaluation as a novel anti-glioma agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, 215300, PR China
| | - Li-Li Gao
- Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Funing County in Yancheng City, Yancheng, 224400, Jiang Su, PR China
| | - Shi-Zhong Cai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Suzhou, 215021, PR China.
| | - Qian-Wei Xiong
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, PR China
| | - Zhou-Rui Ma
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, PR China.
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16
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Dar'in D, Kantin G, Chupakhin E, Sharoyko V, Krasavin M. Natural-Like Spirocyclic Δ α,β -Butenolides Obtained from Diazo Homophthalimides. Chemistry 2021; 27:8221-8227. [PMID: 33848018 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Diazo homophotalimides were reacted with various propiolic acids on Rh2 (esp)2 catalysis. The resulting propiolate esters were transformed into novel, heterocyclic Δα,β -spirobutenolides in good to excellent product yields. The approach represents a fundamentally novel entry into natural-like Δα,β -spirobutenolides present in many biologically active natural products as well as fully synthetic compounds endowed with diverse biological activities. The Δα,β -spirobutenolides thus obtained were shown to inhibit thioredoxin reductase, a selenocysteine enzyme target for cancer. Moreover, for the best compound in the series (TrxR IC50 1.49±0.08 μM), by using MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry it was shown that it selectively binds selenocysteine in the presence of a 10-fold excess of cysteine. This validates the new compound as a promising lead for anticancer therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Dar'in
- Chair of Natural Products Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Grigory Kantin
- Chair of Natural Products Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Chupakhin
- Chair of Natural Products Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.,Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 236041, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Sharoyko
- Chair of Natural Products Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Cell Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (University), Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Chair of Natural Products Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.,Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 236041, Russian Federation
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17
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Chupakhin E, Krasavin M. Thioredoxin reductase inhibitors: updated patent review (2017-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:745-758. [PMID: 33666133 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1899160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenocysteine-containing enzyme which is responsible - as a part of the thioredoxin system - for maintaining redox homeostasis in cells. It is upregulated in cancerous state as a defense against oxidative stress. TrxR has been mostly considered an anticancer drug target although it has applications in other therapeutic areas such as neurodegeneration, inflammation, microbial infections, and neonatal hyperoxic lung injury.Areas covered: The present review covers the patent literature that appeared in the period 2017-2020, i.e. since the publication of the previous expert opinion patent review on TrxR inhibitors. The recent additions to the following traditional classes of inhibitors are discussed: metal complexes, Michael acceptors as well as arsenic and selenium compounds. At the same time, a novel group of nitro (hetero)aromatic compounds have emerged which likely acts via covalent inhibition mechanism. Several miscellaneous chemotypes are grouped under Miscellaneous subsection.Expert opinion: While specificity over glutathione reductase is achieved easily, TrxR is still moving toward the later stages of development at a very slow rate. Michael acceptors, particularly based on TRXR substrate-mimicking scaffolds, are gaining impetus and so are dual and hybrid compounds. The development prospects of the emerging nitro (hetero)aromatic chemotypes remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Chupakhin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg Russian Federation.,Institute for Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg Russian Federation.,Institute for Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad Russian Federation
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18
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Abstract
One of the systems responsible for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis is the thioredoxin-dependent system. An equally important function of this system is the regulation of the expression of many proteins by the transcription factor NF-κB or the apoptosis regulating kinase (ASK-1). Since it has been shown that the Trx-dependent system can contribute to both the enhancement of tumour angiogenesis and growth as well as apoptosis of neoplastic cells, the search for compounds that inhibit the level/activity of Trx and/or TrxR and thus modulate the course of the neoplastic process is ongoing. It has been shown that many naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds inactivate elements of the thioredoxin system. In addition, the effectiveness of Trx is inhibited by imidazole derivatives, while the activity of TrxR is reduced by transition metal ions complexes, dinitrohalobenzene derivatives, Michael acceptors, nitrosourea and ebselen. In addition, research is ongoing to identify new selective Trx/TrxR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jastrząb
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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19
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Dar'in D, Kantin G, Bakulina O, Inyutina A, Chupakhin E, Krasavin M. Spirocyclizations Involving Oxonium Ylides Derived from Cyclic α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds: An Entry into 6-Oxa-2-azaspiro[4.5]decane Scaffold. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15586-15599. [PMID: 33226243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New types of cyclic diazo compounds capable of Rh(II)-catalyzed spirocyclizations with tetrahydrofuran have been discovered. The formation of the spirocyclic framework is thought to proceed via the formation of Rh(II) carbene species followed by interaction with the Lewis basic oxygen atom of tetrahydrofuran to give oxonium ylide species. The latter evolves predominantly via the Stevens type rearrangement leading to an [n + 1] ring expansion of the tetrahydrofuran moiety, which results in the formation of a medicinally relevant 6-oxa-2-azaspiro[4.5]decane scaffold. The spirocyclization process was often observed in competition with mechanistically distinct C-H insertion into a tetrahydrofuran molecule. This competing process gave compounds based on the 3-(tetrahydrofur-2-yl)pyrrolidine scaffold, which are also relevant from the medicinal chemistry standpoint. These findings enrich the available arsenal of metal-catalyzed spirocyclization methods based on the use of cyclic diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Dar'in
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Grigory Kantin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Olga Bakulina
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Anna Inyutina
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Chupakhin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.,Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 236041 Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.,Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 236041 Russian Federation
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20
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Jovanović M, Dragoj M, Zhukovsky D, Dar'in D, Krasavin M, Pešić M, Podolski-Renić A. Novel TrxR1 Inhibitors Show Potential for Glioma Treatment by Suppressing the Invasion and Sensitizing Glioma Cells to Chemotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:586146. [PMID: 33134322 PMCID: PMC7573255 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.586146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, available glioblastoma (GBM) treatment remains ineffective, with relapse after initial response and low survival rate of GBM patients. The reasons behind limited capacities for GBM treatment are high tumor heterogeneity, invasiveness, and occurrence of drug resistance. Therefore, developing novel therapeutic strategies is of utmost importance. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a novel, promising target due to its overexpression in many cancer types and important role in cancer progression. Previous research on Ugi-type Michael acceptors–inhibitors of TrxR showed desirable anticancer properties, with significant selectivity toward cancer cells. Herein, two TrxR inhibitors, 5 and 6, underwent in-depth study on multidrug-resistant (MDR) glioma cell lines. Besides the antioxidative effects, 5 and 6 induced cell death, decreased cell proliferation, and suppressed invasion and migration of glioma cells. Both compounds showed a synergistic effect in combination with temozolomide (TMZ), a first-line chemotherapeutic for GBM treatment. Moreover, 5 and 6 affected activity of P-glycoprotein extrusion pump that could be found in cancer cells and in the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thus showing potential for suppressing MDR phenotype in cancer cells and evading BBB. In conclusion, investigated TrxR inhibitors are effective anticancer compounds, acting through inhibition of the thioredoxin system and perturbation of antioxidative defense systems of glioma cells. They are suitable for combining with other chemotherapeutics, able to surpass the BBB and overcome MDR. Thus, our findings suggest further exploration of Ugi-type Michael acceptors–TrxR inhibitors’ potential as an adjuvant therapy for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Jovanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Dragoj
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniil Zhukovsky
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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