1
|
Hai Y, Fan R, Zhao T, Lin R, Zhuang J, Deng A, Meng S, Hou Z, Wei G. A novel mitochondria-targeting DHODH inhibitor induces robust ferroptosis and alleviates immune suppression. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107115. [PMID: 38423231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH)-mediated ferroptosis defense is a targetable vulnerability in cancer. Currently, only a few DHODH inhibitors have been utilized in clinical practice. To further enhance DHODH targeting, we introduced the mitochondrial targeting group triphenylphosphine (TPP) to brequinar (BRQ), a robust DHODH inhibitor, resulting in the creation of active molecule B2. This compound exhibits heightened anticancer activity, effectively inhibiting proliferation in various cancer cells, and restraining tumor growth in melanoma xenografts in mice. B2 achieves these effects by targeting DHODH, triggering the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoting mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, and inducing ferroptosis in B16F10 and A375 cells. Surprisingly, B2 significantly downregulates PD-L1 and alleviates immune suppression. Importantly, B2 exhibits no apparent adverse effects in mice. Collectively, these findings highlight that enhancing the mitochondrial targeting capability of the DHODH inhibitor is a promising therapeutic approach for melanoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongrui Hai
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Renming Fan
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ruizhuo Lin
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Junyan Zhuang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Aohua Deng
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Shanshui Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhuang Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Gaofei Wei
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ding Q, Tang W, Li X, Ding Y, Chen X, Cao W, Wang X, Mo W, Su Z, Zhang Q, Guo H. Mitochondrial-targeted brequinar liposome boosted mitochondrial-related ferroptosis for promoting checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in bladder cancer. J Control Release 2023; 363:221-234. [PMID: 37717657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) have exhibited remarkable benefits for cancer therapy. However, the low responsivity of CBI hinders its application in treatment of bladder cancer. Ferroptosis shows potential for increasing the responsivity of CBI by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) process. Herein, we developed a mitochondrial-targeted liposome loaded with brequinar (BQR) (BQR@MLipo) for enhancing the mitochondrial-related ferroptosis in bladder cancer in situ. It could be found that BQR@MLipo could selectively accumulate into mitochondria and inactivate dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), which induced extensive mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and ROS, finally triggering ferroptosis of bladder cancer cells to boost the release of intracellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as calreticulin (CRT), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). In addition, BQR@MLipo further promoted the release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm to activate the cGAS-STING pathway for the secretion of IFN-β, which would increase the cross-presentation of antigens by dendritic cells and macrophage phagocytosis. Furthermore, the in vivo studies revealed that BQR@MLipo could remarkably accumulate into the bladder tumor and successfully initiate the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumor microenvironment for enabling efficient CBI to inhibit bladder tumor growth. Therefore, BQR@MLipo may represent a clinically promising modality for enhancing CBI in bladder tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Ding
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Weinan Tang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Xianglong Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanzhen Ding
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Xinnan Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Wenmin Cao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Xinwu Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Wenjing Mo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Zhigui Su
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China.
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Meng F, Lv J, Yang M, Wu Y, Gao J, Luo J, Li X, Wei G, Yuan Z, Li H. Comprehensive monitoring of mitochondrial viscosity variation during different cell death processes by a NIR mitochondria-targeting fluorescence probe. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 295:122602. [PMID: 36934595 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental feature of multicellular organisms, in which mitochondria play crucial roles. Therefore, revealing and monitoring the microenvironment of mitochondria are significant to investigate cell death process. Herein, the mitochondrial viscosity variation behaviors of a series of different cell death processes were monitored with a NIR mitochondria-targeting fluorescence probe FLV. FLV was designed based on a rotatable flavylocyanine fluorophore that presented selective and sensitive NIR fluorescence enhancement response with the increase of environmental viscosity. Fluorescence imaging experiments of living cells incubated with nystatin or under different temperature indicated that FLV was capable of imaging the change of mitochondrial viscosity. Finally, FLV was applied for monitoring the mitochondrial viscosity variation during different cell death processes. It was found that there were obvious mitochondrial viscosity increases during apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy; however, no detectable mitochondrial viscosity variation was observed in ferroptosis process incubated with ferroptosis inducer erastin or RSL3 for 6 h. These results demonstrated that FLV is a viable tool for monitoring the mitochondrial viscosity variation and is likely to be used in the diagnosis of the mitochondrial viscosity-associated cell processes and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Fancheng Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Jiajia Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Mingyan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Junjun Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Xinmin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Manufacturing, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia.
| | - Zeli Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
| | - Hongyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu L, Zhao W, Tan Y, Ding Y, Wang Y, Qing W. Rational design of water-soluble mitochondrial-targeting near-infrared fluorescent probes with large Stokes shift for distinguishing cancerous cells and bioimaging. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 299:122869. [PMID: 37209481 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the paper, two new near-infrared fluorescent probes (TTHPs) with D-π-A structure were successfully synthesized. TTHPs exhibited polarity and viscosity sensitivity and mitochondrial targeting under physiological conditions. The emission spectra of TTHPs showed strong polarity/viscosity dependence with more than a large Stokes shift of 200 nm. Based on their unique merits, TTHPs were used to distinguish cancerous and normal cells, which could be new tools for cancer diagnosis. Moreover, TTHPs were the first to achieve biological imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans, which could be labeling probes to apply in multicellular organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Fu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Yiyun Tan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Yue Ding
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
| | - Weixia Qing
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Zhao X, Tie S, Li J, Su W, Tan M. A smart cauliflower-like carrier for astaxanthin delivery to relieve colon inflammation. J Control Release 2022; 342:372-387. [PMID: 35038495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a fat-soluble carotenoid, astaxanthin has excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammation biological activities, but its poor biocompatibility and low stability limit application of astaxanthin in the food industry. In this study, cauliflower-like carriers (CCs) were constructed based on caseinate, chitosan-triphenylphosphonium (TPP) and sodium alginate through an electrostatic self-assembly method to improve the biocompatibility, stability and targeting transport properties of astaxanthin. The smart CCs showed pH-response release and mitochondrial targeted characteristics. In vitro studies demonstrated that the CCs could improve the internalization of astaxanthin, and significantly inhibited the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by oxidative stress. In vivo studies revealed that the astaxanthin-loaded CCs could effectively relieve the colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate and protect the integrity of the colon tissue structure. The astaxanthin-loaded CCs could significantly inhibit the expression of inflammation factors such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, myeloperoxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitric oxide. Moreover, the astaxanthin-loaded CCs could maintain the expression of zonula occludens-1, increase the abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillaceae in the intestine. In a word, the constructed astaxanthin delivery system provided a potential application for the oral uptake hydrophobic bio-activator in intervention of ulcerative colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuedi Zhang
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Shanshan Tie
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Wentao Su
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ju W, Li N, Wang J, Yu N, Lei Z, Zhang L, Sun J, Chen L. Design and synthesis of novel mitochondria-targeted CDDO derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105249. [PMID: 34390971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A large number of derivatives of natural pentacyclic triterpenoid oleanolic acid (OA) with various activities have been reported, including CDDO derivatives (CDDOs). CDDOs show potent antitumor activity, but they lack selectivity for tumor cells which causes serious side effects. In this study, based on the truth that tumor cells display higher mitochondrial membrane potential, to improve their mitochondrial-targeting ability, triphenylphosphine cations (TPP+) or tricyclohexylphosphine cations (TCP+) were linked to CDDO. Among these compounds, the TPP+ derivative 5b exhibited greater activity against the tumor cells than CDDO-Me, and the selectivity for the tumor cells was obviously improved. Further investigation revealed that the uptake of 5b in the mitochondria of MCF-7 cells was increased compared to CDDO-Me. In addition, 5b was able to cause mitochondrial membrane potential decline and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, 5b caused apoptosis mainly through the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway. Taken together, our study provides a possible solution to the poor selectivity of CDDOs, and regains confidence in the treatment of tumor with CDDOs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi L, Gao LL, Cai SZ, Xiong QW, Ma ZR. A novel selective mitochondrial-targeted curcumin analog with remarkable cytotoxicity in glioma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113528. [PMID: 34020339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polyphenol curcumin (4) or demethoxycurcumin (5) and their synthetic derivatives display promising anticancer activities. However, their further development is limited by low bioavailability and poor selectivity. Thus, a mitochondria-targeted compound 14 (DMC-TPP) was prepared in the present study by conjugating a triphenylphosphine moiety to the phenolic hydroxyl group of demethoxycurcumin to enhance its bioavailability and treatment efficacy. The in vitro biological experiments of DMC-TPP showed that it not only displayed higher cytotoxicity as compared with its parent compound 5, but also exhibited superior mitochondria accumulation ability. Glioma cells were more sensitive to DMC-TPP, which inhibited the proliferation of U251 cells with an IC50 of 0.42 μM. The mechanism studies showed that DMC-TPP triggers mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, caused by caspase activation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In addition, DMC-TPP efficiently inhibited cellular thioredoxin reductase, which contributed to its cytotoxicity. Significantly, DMC-TPP delayed tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model of human glioma cancer. Taken together, the potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of DMC-TPP warrant further comprehensive evaluation as a novel anti-glioma agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, 215300, PR China
| | - Li-Li Gao
- Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Funing County in Yancheng City, Yancheng, 224400, Jiang Su, PR China
| | - Shi-Zhong Cai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Suzhou, 215021, PR China.
| | - Qian-Wei Xiong
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, PR China
| | - Zhou-Rui Ma
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|