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Kadela-Tomanek M, Krzykawski K, Halama A, Kubina R. Hybrids of 1,4-Naphthoquinone with Thymidine Derivatives: Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2023; 28:6644. [PMID: 37764419 PMCID: PMC10535307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most essential health problems is cancer, the first or second cause of death worldwide. Head and neck cancers are hard to detect due to non-specific symptoms. The treatment often relies on a combination of radio and chemotherapy. For this reason, the research of new anticancer compounds is fundamental. The natural and synthetic compounds with 1,4-naphthoquinone scaffold is characterized by high anticancer activity. The study aimed to evaluate the synthesis and anticancer activity of hybrids 1,4-naphthoquinone with thymidine derivatives. The series of compounds allows us to check the influence of the substituent in the C3' position of the thymidine moiety on the cytotoxicity against squamous cancer cell lines (SCC-9 and SCC-25) and submandibular gland cancer (A-253). An annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) co-staining assay shows that derivatives cause the apoptotic in SCC-25 and A-253 cell lines. The molecular docking study examined the interaction between the active site of the BCL-2 protein and the hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kadela-Tomanek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Kamil Krzykawski
- Silesia LabMed, Centre for Research and Implementation, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 18 Medyków Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Adrianna Halama
- Silesia LabMed, Centre for Research and Implementation, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 18 Medyków Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kubina
- Silesia LabMed, Centre for Research and Implementation, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 18 Medyków Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.H.); (R.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Kim EY, Kumar SD, Bang JK, Ajish C, Yang S, Ganbaatar B, Kim J, Lee CW, Cho SJ, Shin SY. Evaluation of deoxythymidine-based cationic amphiphiles as antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory agents. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106909. [PMID: 37419291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently designed a series of cationic deoxythymidine-based amphiphiles that mimic the cationic amphipathic structure of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Among these amphiphiles, ADG-2e and ADL-3e displayed the highest selectivity against bacterial cells. In this study, ADG-2e and ADL-3e were evaluated for their potential as novel classes of antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory agents. METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ADG-2e and ADL-3e against bacteria were determined using the broth microdilution method. Proteolytic resistance against pepsin, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and proteinase K was determined by radial diffusion and HPLC analysis. Biofilm activity was investigated using the broth microdilution and confocal microscopy. The antimicrobial mechanism was investigated by membrane depolarization, cell membrane integrity analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), genomic DNA influence and genomic DNA binding assay. Synergistic activity was evaluated using checkerboard method. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using ELISA and RT-PCR. RESULTS ADG-2e and ADL-3e showed good resistance to physiological salts and human serum, and a low incidence of drug resistance. Moreover, they exhibit proteolytic resistance against pepsin, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and proteinase K. ADG-2e and ADL-3e were found to kill bacteria by an intracellular target mechanism and bacterial cell membrane-disrupting mechanism, respectively. Furthermore, ADG-2e and ADL-3e showed effective synergistic effects when combined with several conventional antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA). Importantly, ADG-2e and ADL-3e not only suppressed MDRPA biofilm formation but also effectively eradicated mature MDRPA biofilms. Furthermore, ADG-2e and ADL-3e drastically decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression and protein secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, implying potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced inflammation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ADG-2e and ADL-3e could be further developed as novel antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory agents to combat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - S Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Chung Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chelladurai Ajish
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungtae Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jeongeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Song Yub Shin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Cai Q, Yu Q, Liang W, Li H, Liu J, Li H, Chen Y, Fang S, Zhong R, Liu S, Lin S. Membrane-Active Nonivamide Derivatives as Effective Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobials: Rational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16754-16773. [PMID: 36510819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a "global public health concern". To address the growing epidemic of multidrug-resistant pathogens, the development of novel antimicrobials is urgently needed. In this study, by biomimicking cationic antibacterial peptides, we designed and synthesized a series of new membrane-active nonivamide and capsaicin derivatives as peptidomimetic antimicrobials. Through modulating charge/hydrophobicity balance and rationalizing structure-activity relationships of these peptidomimetics, compound 51 was identified as the lead compound. Compound 51 exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria (MICs = 0.39-0.78 μg/mL) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 1.56-6.25 μg/mL), with low hemolytic activity and low cytotoxicity. Compound 51 displayed a faster bactericidal action through a membrane-disruptive mechanism and avoided bacterial resistance development. Furthermore, compound 51 significantly reduced the microbial burden in a murine model of keratitis infected by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hence, this design strategy can provide a promising and effective solution to overcome antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongna Cai
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qian Yu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Wanxin Liang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haizhou Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jiayong Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shanfang Fang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Rongcui Zhong
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shouping Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shuimu Lin
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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Gunasekaran P, Lee GH, Hwang YS, Koo BC, Han EH, Bang G, La YK, Park S, Kim HN, Kim MH, Bang JK, Ryu EK. An investigation of Plk1 PBD inhibitor KBJK557 as a tumor growth suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLung cancer is the second most commonly reported type of cancer worldwide. Approximately 80–85% of lung cancer occurrences are accounted by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) plays multiple roles in cell cycle progression and its overexpression is observed in majority of malignancies, including NSCLC. A combination of frontline drugs and inhibitors targeting the Plk kinase domain (KD) has been used to overcome drug resistance in NSCLC. Plk1 KD inhibitors are highly prone to cross-reactivity with similar kinases, eventually leading to undesirable side effects. Moreover, there have been no reports of Plk1 PBD inhibitors showing antitumorigenic effects on NSCLC cells or animal models so far. To address this issue herein, for the first time, our recently reported Plk1 PBD inhibitor KBJK557 was evaluated for the anticancer potential against NSCLC cells. KBJK557 displayed notable cytotoxic effects in A549, PC9, and H1975 cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed that KBJK557-treated cells underwent G2/M cell cycle arrest, triggering subsequent apoptosis. In vivo antitumorigenic activity in xenograft mice model demonstrates that KBJK557-treated mice showed a considerable decrease in tumor size, proving the significances of Plk1 in lung cancer. Collectively, this study demonstrates that KBJK557 can serve as a promising drug candidate for treating the lung cancer through Plk1 PBD inhibition.
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Dinesh Kumar S, Park JH, Kim HS, Seo CD, Ajish C, Kim EY, Lim HS, Shin SY. Cationic, amphipathic small molecules based on a triazine-piperazine-triazine scaffold as a new class of antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114747. [PMID: 36103802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Poor proteolytic resistance, toxicity and salt/serum sensitivity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) limits their practical clinical application. Here, to overcome these drawbacks of AMPs and develop novel antimicrobial agents, a series of small molecules based on a triazine-piperazine-triazine scaffold that mimic the cationic amphipathic structure of AMPs were synthesized and evaluated their potential as a new class of antimicrobial agents. All designed compounds showed strong antimicrobial activity and negligible hemolytic activity. Particularly, five compounds (9, 11, 12, 15, and 16) presented excellent cell selectivity with proteolytic resistance, salt/serum stability and anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. These five compounds exhibited similar or 2-4 fold higher antimicrobial activity than melittin against six antibiotic-resistant bacteria tested. Similar to the intracellular-targeting AMP, buforin-2, these compounds displayed an intracellular mode of antimicrobial action. These compounds showed potent biofilm inhibitory and eradicating activities against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA). Additionally, these compounds displayed synergistic or additive effects when combined with selected clinically used antibiotics. Furthermore, these compounds have been proven to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine release by directly binding to LPS and blocking the interaction between LPS and CD14/TLR4 receptor in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of the designed compounds as a novel class of multifunctional antimicrobial agents to combat bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Deok Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chelladurai Ajish
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Song Yub Shin
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
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Gunasekaran P, Han HJ, Choi JH, Ryu EK, Park NY, Bang G, La YK, Park S, Hwang K, Kim HN, Kim MH, Jeon YH, Soung NK, Bang JK. Amphipathic Small Molecule AZT Compound Displays Potent Inhibitory Effects in Cancer Cell Proliferation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122071. [PMID: 34959352 PMCID: PMC8704889 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been identified as a leading cause of death worldwide, and the increasing number of cancer cases threatens to shorten the average life expectancy of people. Recently, we reported a 3-azido-3-deoxythymidine (AZT)-based amphipathic small molecule, ADG-2e that revealed a notable potency against tumor metastasis. To evaluate the anticancer potential of ADG-2e, we assessed its anticancer potency in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer screening of ADG-2e against cervical cancer cells, HeLa CCL2, and BT549 mammary gland ductal carcinoma showed significant inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations revealed that cancer cell death presumably proceeded through an oncosis mechanistic pathway because ADG-2e treated cells showed severe damage on the plasma membrane, a loss of membrane integrity, and leakage of α-tubulin and β-actin. Finally, evaluation of the antitumorigenic potential of ADG-2e in mouse xenograft models revealed that this compound potentially inhibits cancer cell proliferation. Collectively, these findings suggest that ADG-2e can evolve as an anticancer agent, which may represent a model for nucleoside-based small molecule anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pethaiah Gunasekaran
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (E.K.R.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.K.L.); (S.P.); (K.H.); (H.N.K.)
- Dandicure Inc., Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Han
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongju 28116, Korea;
| | - Jung hoon Choi
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (J.h.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Eun Kyoung Ryu
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (E.K.R.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.K.L.); (S.P.); (K.H.); (H.N.K.)
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Nam Yeong Park
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (E.K.R.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.K.L.); (S.P.); (K.H.); (H.N.K.)
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (J.h.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Yeo Kyung La
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (E.K.R.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.K.L.); (S.P.); (K.H.); (H.N.K.)
| | - Sunghyun Park
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (E.K.R.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.K.L.); (S.P.); (K.H.); (H.N.K.)
| | - Kyubin Hwang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (E.K.R.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.K.L.); (S.P.); (K.H.); (H.N.K.)
| | - Hak Nam Kim
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (E.K.R.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.K.L.); (S.P.); (K.H.); (H.N.K.)
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea;
| | - Young Ho Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.H.J.); (N.-K.S.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Nak-Kyun Soung
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongju 28116, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.H.J.); (N.-K.S.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (E.K.R.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.K.L.); (S.P.); (K.H.); (H.N.K.)
- Dandicure Inc., Ochang, Cheongju 28119, Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.H.J.); (N.-K.S.); (J.K.B.)
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Antimicrobial peptides as potential therapeutics for breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105777. [PMID: 34298112 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common and deadliest cancer in women worldwide. Although notable advances have been achieved in the treatment of breast cancer, the overall survival rate of metastatic breast cancer patients is still considerably low due to the development of resistance to breast cancer chemotherapeutic agents and the non-optimal specificity of the current generation of cancer medications. Hence, there is a growing interest in the search for alternative therapeutics with novel anticancer mechanisms. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained much attention due to their cost-effectiveness, high specificity of action, and robust efficacy. However, there are no clinical data available about their efficacy. This warrants the increasing need for clinical trials to be conducted to assess the efficacy of this new class of drugs. Here, we will focus on the recent progress in the use of AMPs for breast cancer therapy and will highlight their modes of action. Finally, we will discuss the combination of AMP-based therapeutics with other breast cancer therapy strategies, including nanotherapy and chemotherapy, which may provide a potential avenue for overcoming drug resistance.
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Gan BH, Gaynord J, Rowe SM, Deingruber T, Spring DR. The multifaceted nature of antimicrobial peptides: current synthetic chemistry approaches and future directions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7820-7880. [PMID: 34042120 PMCID: PMC8689412 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00729c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections caused by 'superbugs' are increasing globally, and conventional antibiotics are becoming less effective against these bacteria, such that we risk entering a post-antibiotic era. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained significant attention for their clinical potential as a new class of antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance. In this review, we discuss several facets of AMPs including their diversity, physicochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and effects of environmental factors on these features. This review outlines various chemical synthetic strategies that have been applied to develop novel AMPs, including chemical modifications of existing peptides, semi-synthesis, and computer-aided design. We will also highlight novel AMP structures, including hybrids, antimicrobial dendrimers and polypeptides, peptidomimetics, and AMP-drug conjugates and consider recent developments in their chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ha Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Josephine Gaynord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Sam M Rowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Tomas Deingruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Gunasekaran P, Kim EY, Lee J, Ryu EK, Shin SY, Bang JK. Synthesis of Fmoc-Triazine Amino Acids and Its Application in the Synthesis of Short Antibacterial Peptidomimetics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103602. [PMID: 32443730 PMCID: PMC7279249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat the escalating rise of antibacterial resistance, the development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with a unique mode of action is considered an attractive strategy. However, proteolytic degradation of AMPs remains the greatest challenge in their transformation into therapeutics. Herein, we synthesized Fmoc-triazine amino acids that differ from each other by anchoring either cationic or hydrophobic residues. These unnatural amino acids were adopted for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) to synthesize a series of amphipathic antimicrobial peptidomimetics. From the antimicrobial screening, we found that the trimer, BJK-4 is the most potent short antimicrobial peptidomimetic without showing hemolytic activity and it displayed enhanced proteolytic stability. Moreover, the mechanism of action to kill bacteria was found to be an intracellular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pethaiah Gunasekaran
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (J.L.); (E.K.R.)
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (E.Y.K.); (S.Y.S.)
| | - Jian Lee
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (J.L.); (E.K.R.)
| | - Eun Kyoung Ryu
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (J.L.); (E.K.R.)
- Department of Bio-analytical Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Song Yub Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (E.Y.K.); (S.Y.S.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang 28119, Korea; (P.G.); (J.L.); (E.K.R.)
- Department of Bio-analytical Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-240-5023
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