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Pu LY, Li Z, Huang F, Li L, Ma Y, Ma M, Hu S, Wu Z. Efficient synthesis of novel colchicine-magnolol hybrids and evaluation of their inhibitory activity on key proteases of 2019-nCoV replication and acute lung injury. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1238-1247. [PMID: 36302171 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2138870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV), is a life-threatening infectious condition. Acute lung injury is a common complication in patients with COVID-19. 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) of 2019-nCoV and neutrophil elastase are critical targets of COVID-19 and acute lung injury, respectively. Colchicine and magnolol are reported to exert inhibitory effects on inflammatory response, the severe comorbidity in both COVID-19 and acute lung injury. We thus designed and synthesized a series of novel colchicine-magnolol hybrids based on a two-step synthetic sequence. It was found that these novel hybrids provided unexpected inhibition on 3CLpro and neutrophil elastase, a bioactivity that colchicine and magnolol did not possess. These findings not only provide perquisites for further in vitro and in vivo investigation to confirm the therapeutic potentiality of novel colchicine-magnolol hybrids, but also suggest that the concurrent inhibition of 3CLpro and neutrophil elastase may enable novel colchicine-magnolol hybrids as effective multi-target drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feijuan Huang
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Limin Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yucui Ma
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Ma
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
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Ming-Xin Guo MM, Wu X, Feng YF, Hu ZQ. Research Progress on the Structural Modification of Magnolol and Honokiol and the Biological Activities of Their Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300754. [PMID: 37401658 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnolol and Honokiol are the primary active components that have been identified and extracted from Magnolia officinalis, and several investigations have demonstrated that they have significant pharmacological effects. Despite their therapeutic benefits for a wide range of illnesses, research on and the implementation of these compounds have been hindered by their poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Researchers are continually using chemical methods to alter their structures to make them more effective in treating and preventing diseases. Researchers are also continuously developing derivative drugs with high efficacy and few adverse effects. This article summarizes and analyzes derivatives with significant biological activities reported in recent research obtained by structural modification. The modification sites have mainly focused on the phenolic hydroxy groups, benzene rings, and diene bonds. Changes to the allyl bisphenol structure will result in unexpected benefits, including high activity, low toxicity, and good bioavailability. Furthermore, alongside earlier experimental research in our laboratory, the structure-activity relationships of magnolol and honokiol were preliminarily summarized, providing experimental evidence for improving their development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ming-Xin Guo
- Department of pharmacy, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Wuxi, Yixing, 214200, China
- New Drug Research and Development Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xia Wu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi-Fan Feng
- New Drug Research and Development Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Hu
- Department of pharmacy, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Wuxi, Yixing, 214200, China
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Tellería F, Mansilla S, Méndez D, Sepúlveda M, Araya-Maturana R, Castro L, Trostchansky A, Fuentes E. The Use of Triphenyl Phosphonium Cation Enhances the Mitochondrial Antiplatelet Effect of the Compound Magnolol. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:210. [PMID: 37259359 PMCID: PMC9958981 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although platelets are anucleated cells, they have fully functional mitochondria, and currently, it is known that several processes that occur in the platelet require the action of mitochondria. There are plenty of mitochondrial-targeted compounds described in the literature related to cancer, however, only a small number of studies have approached their interaction with platelet mitochondria and/or their effects on platelet activity. Recent studies have shown that magnolia extract and mitochondria-targeted magnolol can inhibit mitochondrial respiration and cell proliferation in melanoma and oral cancer cells, respectively, and they can also induce ROS and mitophagy. In this study, the effect of triphenylphosphonium cation, linked by alkyl chains of different lengths, to the organic compound magnolol on human-washed platelets was evaluated. We demonstrated that the addition of triphenylphosphonium by a four-carbon linker to magnolol (MGN4) considerably enhanced the Magnolol antiplatelet effect by a 3-fold decrease in the IC50. Additionally, platelets exposed to MGN4 5 µM showed several differences from the control including increased basal respiration, collagen-induced respiration, ATP-independent respiration, and reduced ATP-dependent respiration and non-mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Tellería
- MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3480094, Chile
| | - Santiago Mansilla
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Diego Méndez
- MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3480094, Chile
| | - Magdalena Sepúlveda
- MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3480094, Chile
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Laura Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3480094, Chile
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Chen J, Lin X, He J, Liu D, He L, Zhang M, Luan H, Hu Y, Tao C, Wang Q. Artemisitene suppresses rheumatoid arthritis progression via modulating METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification of ICAM2 mRNA in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1148. [PMID: 36536495 PMCID: PMC9763537 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease. We previously revealed that the natural compound artemisitene (ATT) exhibits excellent broad anticancer activities without toxicity on normal tissues. Nevertheless, the effect of ATT on RA is undiscovered. Herein, we aim to study the effect and potential mechanism of ATT on RA management. METHODS A collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was employed to confirm the anti-RA potential of ATT. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis, immunofluorescence, migration and invasion assays, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, plasmid construction and lentivirus infection, and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, were carried out to confirm the effect and potential mechanism of ATT on RA management. RESULTS ATT relieved CIA in mice. ATT inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of RA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). ATT restrained RA-FLSs migration and invasion via suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. RNA-sequencing analysis and bioinformatics analysis identified intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2) as a promoter of RA progression in RA-FLSs. ATT inhibits RA progression by suppressing ICAM2/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/p300 pathway in RA-FLSs. Moreover, ATT inhibited methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)-mediated N6-methyladenosine methylation of ICAM2 mRNA in RA-FLSs. Interestingly, p300 directly facilitated METTL3 transcription, which could be restrained by ATT in RA-FLSs. Importantly, METTL3, ICAM2 and p300 expressions in synovium tissues of RA patients were related to clinical characteristics and therapy response. CONCLUSIONS We provided strong evidence that ATT has therapeutic potential for RA management by suppressing proliferation, migration and invasion, in addition to inducing apoptosis of RA-FLSs through modulating METTL3/ICAM2/PI3K/AKT/p300 feedback loop, supplying the fundamental basis for the clinical application of ATT in RA therapy. Moreover, METTL3, ICAM2 and p300 might serve as biomarkers for the therapy response of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Xian Lin
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Juan He
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Basic Medical ScienceGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lianhua He
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Huijie Luan
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yiping Hu
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Cheng Tao
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguanGuangdongChina
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenGuangdongChina
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Recent Advances in Natural Product-Based Hybrids as Anti-Cancer Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196632. [PMID: 36235168 PMCID: PMC9572494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the top leading causes of death worldwide. It is a heterogenous disease characterized by unregulated cell proliferation and invasiveness of abnormal cells. For the treatment of cancer, natural products have been widely used as a source of therapeutic ingredients since ancient times. Although natural compounds and their derivatives have demonstrated strong antitumor activity in many types of cancer, their poor pharmacokinetic properties, low cell selectivity, limited bioavailability and restricted efficacy against drug-resistant cancer cells hinder their wide clinical application. Conjugation of natural products with other bioactive molecules has given rise to a new field in drug discovery resulting to the development of novel, bifunctional and more potent drugs for cancer therapy to overcome the current drawbacks. This review discusses multiple categories of such bifunctional conjugates and highlights recent trends and advances in the development of natural product hybrids. Among them, ADCs, PDCs, ApDCs, PROTACs and AUTOTACs represent emerging therapeutic agents against cancer.
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Wang X, Liu Q, Fu Y, Ding RB, Qi X, Zhou X, Sun Z, Bao J. Magnolol as a Potential Anticancer Agent: A Proposed Mechanistic Insight. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196441. [PMID: 36234977 PMCID: PMC9570903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a serious disease with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Natural products have served as a major source for developing new anticancer drugs during recent decades. Magnolol, a representative natural phenolic lignan isolated from Magnolia officinali, has attracted considerable attention for its anticancer properties in recent years. Accumulating preclinical studies have demonstrated the tremendous therapeutic potential of magnolol via a wide range of pharmacological mechanisms against cancer. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in preclinical studies investigating anticancer properties of magnolol and described the important signaling pathways explaining its underlying mechanisms. Magnolol was capable of inhibiting cancer growth and metastasis against various cancer types. Magnolol exerted anticancer effects through inhibiting proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, provoking apoptosis, restraining migration and invasion, and suppressing angiogenesis. Multiple signaling pathways were also involved in the pharmacological actions of magnolol against cancer, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, MAPK signaling and NF-κB signaling. Based on this existing evidence summarized in the review, we have conclusively confirmed magnolol had a multi-target anticancer effect against heterogeneous cancer disease. It is promising to develop magnolol as a drug candidate for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuanfeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ren-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xingzhu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuejun Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Jiaolin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (J.B.)
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Chen J, Lin X, He J, Liu J, He J, Tao C, Wang Q. Novel isatin-based hybrids as potential anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug candidates: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106063. [PMID: 35930922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Guo Y, Hou E, Wen T, Yan X, Han M, Bai LP, Fu X, Liu J, Qin S. Development of Membrane-Active Honokiol/Magnolol Amphiphiles as Potent Antibacterial Agents against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Med Chem 2021; 64:12903-12916. [PMID: 34432450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria have become a new challenge in anti-infective treatment, seriously endangering public health. In our continuous effort to develop new antimicrobials, a series of novel honokiol/magnolol amphiphiles were prepared by mimicking the chemical structures and antibacterial properties of cationic antimicrobial peptides. Among them, compound 5i showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and clinical MRSA isolates (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) = 0.5-2 μg/mL) with low hemolytic and cytotoxic activities and high membrane selectivity. Moreover, 5i exhibited rapid bactericidal properties, low resistance frequency, and good capabilities of disrupting bacterial biofilms. Mechanism studies revealed that 5i destroyed bacterial cell membranes, resulting in bacterial death. Additionally, 5i displayed high biosafety and potent in vivo anti-infective potency in a murine sepsis model. Our study indicates that these honokiol/magnolol amphiphiles shed light on developing novel antibacterial agents, and 5i is a potential antibacterial candidate for combating MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China
| | - Enhua Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Tingyu Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoting Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Meiyue Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China
| | - Xiangjing Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shangshang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
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Ma B, Lou T, Wang T, Li R, Liu J, Yu S, Pei H, Tian S, Li Y, Guo Y, Wang Z, Lin Z, Wang Z, Wang J, Gao Y. Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS-based data-mining method for rapid profiling and characterization of magnolol metabolites in rat urine and plasma. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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