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Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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Ng JPL, Xiao Yun Y, Adnan Nasim A, Gianoncelli A, Yuan Kwan Law B, Ribaudo G, Kam Wai Wong V, Coghi P. Synthesis, docking studies and biological evaluation of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-7-chloroquinoline derivatives against SARS-CoV-2. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106882. [PMID: 37839144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single-stranded enveloped positive RNA virus and the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial drug, was reported to be active against several viruses including coronaviruses. The mechanism of host cell invasion by SARS-CoV-2 involves the interaction of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) with receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein (S). The main protease (Mpro/3CLpro) is an attractive drug target due to its vital function in regulation of polyprotein translated from viral RNA. In this study, a series of novel quinoline-triazole hybrid compounds was synthesized and subjected to evaluations on their cytotoxicity, interactions with different variants of RBD in SARS-CoV-2 and with 3CLpro enzyme by experimental and computational techniques to identify their ability of counteracting viral infection. The results of bio-layer interferometry showed that quinoline derivative 11 has good interaction with delta plus and omicron RBD variants (KD = 3.46 × 10-5 and 6.38 × 10-5 M) while derivative 1 is the best binder for recent variant omicron (KD = 26.9 µM) among the series. Potent compounds 1-4 and 11 also demonstrated a suppressive effect on 3CLpro activity in a non-dose-dependent manner. Further docking study revealed that these compounds interacted within the same area of RBD, while no correlation was found for 3CLpro. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to assess the conformational stability of docked complexes for preliminary verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome P L Ng
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yun Xiao Yun
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ali Adnan Nasim
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Betty Yuan Kwan Law
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Paolo Coghi
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Sharma R, Yadav L, Nasim AA, Yadav RK, Chen RH, Kumari N, Ruiqi F, Sharon A, Sahu NK, Ippagunta SK, Coghi P, Wong VKW, Chaudhary S. Chemo-/Regio-Selective Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3'-oxindoles] under Microwave Irradiation and Their Anticancer Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:6503. [PMID: 37764279 PMCID: PMC10537280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of nitrostyrene-based spirooxindoles were synthesized via the reaction of substituted isatins 1a-b, a number of α-amino acids 2a-e and (E)-2-aryl-1-nitroethenes 3a-e in a chemo/regio-selective manner using [3+2] cycloaddition (Huisgen) reaction under microwave irradiation conditions. The structure elucidation of all the synthesized spirooxindoles were done using 1H and 13C NMR and HRMS spectral analysis. The single crystal X-ray crystallographic study of compound 4l was used to assign the stereochemical arrangements of the groups around the pyrrolidine ring in spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3'-oxindoles] skeleton. The in vitro anticancer activity of spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3'-oxindoles] analogs 4a-w against human lung (A549) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines along with immortalized normal lung (BEAS-2B) and liver (LO2) cell lines shows promising results. Out of the 23 synthesized spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3'-oxindoles], while five compounds (4c, 4f, 4m, 4q, 4t) (IC50 = 34.99-47.92 µM; SI = 0.96-2.43) displayed significant in vitro anticancer activity against human lung (A549) cancer cell lines, six compounds (4c, 4f, 4k, 4m, 4q, 4t) (IC50 = 41.56-86.53 µM; SI = 0.49-0.99) displayed promising in vitro anticancer activity against human liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines. In the case of lung (A549) cancer cell lines, these compounds were recognized to be more efficient and selective than standard reference artemisinin (IC50 = 100 µM) and chloroquine (IC50 = 100 µM; SI: 0.03). However, none of them were found to be active as compared to artesunic acid [IC50 = 9.85 µM; SI = 0.76 against lung (A549) cancer cell line and IC50 = 4.09 µM; SI = 2.01 against liver (HepG2) cancer cell line].
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Sharma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India; (R.S.); (L.Y.); (R.K.Y.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Lalit Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India; (R.S.); (L.Y.); (R.K.Y.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Ali Adnan Nasim
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (A.A.N.); (R.H.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Ravi Kant Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India; (R.S.); (L.Y.); (R.K.Y.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Rui Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (A.A.N.); (R.H.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Neha Kumari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India; (N.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Fan Ruiqi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (A.A.N.); (R.H.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Ashoke Sharon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India; (N.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Nawal Kishore Sahu
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India; (R.S.); (L.Y.); (R.K.Y.); (N.K.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sirish Kumar Ippagunta
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Paolo Coghi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (A.A.N.); (R.H.C.); (F.R.)
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India; (R.S.); (L.Y.); (R.K.Y.); (N.K.S.)
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC Lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Schaduangrat N, Anuwongcharoen N, Charoenkwan P, Shoombuatong W. DeepAR: a novel deep learning-based hybrid framework for the interpretable prediction of androgen receptor antagonists. J Cheminform 2023; 15:50. [PMID: 37149650 PMCID: PMC10163717 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-023-00721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a major obstacle to therapeutic innovations and is a prevalent feature in prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen receptors (ARs) are the hallmark therapeutic target for prostate cancer modulation and AR antagonists have achieved great success. However, rapid emergence of resistance contributing to PCa progression is the ultimate burden of their long-term usage. Hence, the discovery and development of AR antagonists with capability to combat the resistance, remains an avenue for further exploration. Therefore, this study proposes a novel deep learning (DL)-based hybrid framework, named DeepAR, to accurately and rapidly identify AR antagonists by using only the SMILES notation. Specifically, DeepAR is capable of extracting and learning the key information embedded in AR antagonists. Firstly, we established a benchmark dataset by collecting active and inactive compounds against AR from the ChEMBL database. Based on this dataset, we developed and optimized a collection of baseline models by using a comprehensive set of well-known molecular descriptors and machine learning algorithms. Then, these baseline models were utilized for creating probabilistic features. Finally, these probabilistic features were combined and used for the construction of a meta-model based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network. Experimental results indicated that DeepAR is a more accurate and stable approach for identifying AR antagonists in terms of the independent test dataset, by achieving an accuracy of 0.911 and MCC of 0.823. In addition, our proposed framework is able to provide feature importance information by leveraging a popular computational approach, named SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). In the meanwhile, the characterization and analysis of potential AR antagonist candidates were achieved through the SHAP waterfall plot and molecular docking. The analysis inferred that N-heterocyclic moieties, halogenated substituents, and a cyano functional group were significant determinants of potential AR antagonists. Lastly, we implemented an online web server by using DeepAR (at http://pmlabstack.pythonanywhere.com/DeepAR ). We anticipate that DeepAR could be a useful computational tool for community-wide facilitation of AR candidates from a large number of uncharacterized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Nuttapat Anuwongcharoen
- Department of Community Medical Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Phasit Charoenkwan
- Modern Management and Information Technology, College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Watshara Shoombuatong
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Ng JPL, Tiwari MK, Nasim AA, Zhang RL, Qu Y, Sharma R, Law BYK, Yadav DK, Chaudhary S, Coghi P, Wong VKW. Biological Evaluation in Resistant Cancer Cells and Study of Mechanism of Action of Arylvinyl-1,2,4-Trioxanes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030360. [PMID: 35337157 PMCID: PMC8955836 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2,4-trioxane is a pharmacophore, which possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities, including anticancer effects. In this study, the cytotoxic effect and anticancer mechanism of action of a set of 10 selected peroxides were investigated on five phenotypically different cancer cell lines (A549, A2780, HCT8, MCF7, and SGC7901) and their corresponding drug-resistant cancer cell lines. Among all peroxides, only 7 and 8 showed a better P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitory effect at a concentration of 100 nM. These in vitro results were further validated by in silico docking and molecular dynamic (MD) studies, where compounds 7 and 8 exhibited docking scores of −7.089 and −8.196 kcal/mol, respectively, and remained generally stable in 100 ns during MD simulation. Further experiments revealed that peroxides 7 and 8 showed no significant effect on ROS accumulations and caspase-3 activity in A549 cells. Peroxides 7 and 8 were also found to decrease cell membrane potential. In addition, peroxides 7 and 8 were demonstrated to oxidize a flavin cofactor, possibly elucidating its mechanism of action. In conclusion, apoptosis induced by 1,2,4-trioxane was shown to undergo via a ROS- and caspase-3-independent pathway with hyperpolarization of cell membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome P. L. Ng
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.P.L.N.); (A.A.N.); (R.L.Z.); (Y.Q.); (B.Y.K.L.)
| | - Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India; (M.K.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Ali Adnan Nasim
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.P.L.N.); (A.A.N.); (R.L.Z.); (Y.Q.); (B.Y.K.L.)
| | - Rui Long Zhang
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.P.L.N.); (A.A.N.); (R.L.Z.); (Y.Q.); (B.Y.K.L.)
| | - Yuanqing Qu
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.P.L.N.); (A.A.N.); (R.L.Z.); (Y.Q.); (B.Y.K.L.)
| | - Richa Sharma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India; (M.K.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.P.L.N.); (A.A.N.); (R.L.Z.); (Y.Q.); (B.Y.K.L.)
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon City 21924, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.Y.); (S.C.); (P.C.); (V.K.W.W.)
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India; (M.K.T.); (R.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-R) Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India
- Correspondence: (D.K.Y.); (S.C.); (P.C.); (V.K.W.W.)
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (D.K.Y.); (S.C.); (P.C.); (V.K.W.W.)
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.P.L.N.); (A.A.N.); (R.L.Z.); (Y.Q.); (B.Y.K.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.Y.); (S.C.); (P.C.); (V.K.W.W.)
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Waseem R, Anwar S, Khan S, Shamsi A, Hassan MI, Anjum F, Shafie A, Islam A, Yadav DK. MAP/Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinase 4 Inhibitory Potential of Irisin: A New Therapeutic Strategy to Combat Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10986. [PMID: 34681645 PMCID: PMC8537121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a clinically significant protein playing a valuable role in regulating various diseases. Irisin attenuates synaptic and memory dysfunction, highlighting its importance in Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinase 4 (MARK4) is associated with various cancer types, uncontrolled neuronal migrations, and disrupted microtubule dynamics. In addition, MARK4 has been explored as a potential drug target for cancer and Alzheimer's disease therapy. Here, we studied the binding and subsequent inhibition of MARK4 by irisin. Irisin binds to MARK4 with an admirable affinity (K = 0.8 × 107 M-1), subsequently inhibiting its activity (IC50 = 2.71 µm). In vitro studies were further validated by docking and simulations. Molecular docking revealed several hydrogen bonds between irisin and MARK4, including critical residues, Lys38, Val40, and Ser134. Furthermore, the molecular dynamic simulation showed that the binding of irisin resulted in enhanced stability of MARK4. This study provides a rationale to use irisin as a therapeutic agent to treat MARK4-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Waseem
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (R.W.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (R.W.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Shama Khan
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa;
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (R.W.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (R.W.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (R.W.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon City 21924, Korea
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