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Komarova K, Vinogradova L, Lukin A, Zhuravlev M, Deniskin D, Chudinov M, Gureev M, Dogonadze M, Zabolotnykh N, Vinogradova T, Lavrova A, Yablonskiy P. The Nitrofuran-Warhead-Equipped Spirocyclic Azetidines Show Excellent Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecules 2024; 29:3071. [PMID: 38999023 PMCID: PMC11243650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of 21 new 7'H-spiro[azetidine-3,5'-furo [3,4-d]pyrimidine]s substituted at the pyrimidine ring second position were synthesized. The compounds showed high antibacterial in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis. Two compounds had lower minimum inhibitory concentrations against Mtb (H37Rv strain) compared with isoniazid. The novel spirocyclic scaffold shows excellent properties for anti-tuberculosis drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Komarova
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov Vinogradova
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Lukin
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Zhuravlev
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Deniskin
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Chudinov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Gureev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marine Dogonadze
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 191036 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Zabolotnykh
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 191036 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Vinogradova
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 191036 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Lavrova
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 191036 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Sophya Kovalevskaya North-West Mathematical Research Center, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Petr Yablonskiy
- Department of Hospital Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Kumari D, Kour P, Singh CP, Choudhary R, Ali SM, Bhayye S, Bharitkar YP, Singh K. Anhydroparthenin as a dual-target inhibitor against Sterol C-24 methyltransferase and Sterol 14-α demethylase of Leishmania donovani: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico study. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132034. [PMID: 38702006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Parthenium hysterophorus plant has a diverse chemical profile and immense bioactive potential. It exhibits excellent pharmacological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, microbicidal, and anti-trypanosomal. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-leishmanial potential and toxicological safety of anhydroparthenin isolated from P. hysterophorus. Anydroparthenin was extracted from the leaves of P. hysterophorus and characterized through detailed analysis of 1H, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Dye-based in vitro and ex vivo assays confirmed that anhydroparthenin significantly inhibited both promastigote and amastigote forms of the Leishmania donovani parasites. Both the cytotoxicity experiment and hemolytic assay revealed its non-toxic nature and safety index in the range of 10 to 15. Further, various mechanistic assays suggested that anhydroparthenin led to the generation of oxidative stress, intracellular ATP depletion, alterations in morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential, formation of intracellular lipid bodies, and acidic vesicles, ultimately leading to parasite death. As a dual targeting approach, computational studies and sterol quantification assays confirmed that anhydroparthenin inhibits the Sterol C-24 methyl transferase and Sterol 14-α demethylase proteins involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis in Leishmania parasites. These results suggest that anhydroparthenin could be a promising anti-leishmanial molecule and can be developed as a novel therapeutic stratagem against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Parampreet Kour
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Chetan Paul Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Rinku Choudhary
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of I.T. and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra 411046, India
| | - Syed Mudassir Ali
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sagar Bhayye
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of I.T. and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra 411046, India
| | - Yogesh P Bharitkar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Pal R, Teli G, Akhtar MJ, Matada GSP. Synthetic product-based approach toward potential antileishmanial drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115927. [PMID: 37976706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease and is categorized as a tropically neglected disease (NTD) with no effective vaccines available. The available chemotherapeutics against leishmaniasis are associated with an increase in the incidence of toxicity and drug resistance. Consequently, targeting metabolic pathways and enzymes of parasites which differs from the mammalian host can be exploited to treat and overcome the resistance. The classical methods of identifying the structural fragments and the moieties responsible for the biological activities from the standard compounds and their modification are options for developing more effective novel compounds. Significant progress has been made in refining the development of potent non-toxic molecules and addressing the limitations of the current treatment available. Several examples of synthetic product-based approach utilizing their core heterocyclic rings including furan, pyrrole, thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, quinazoline, quinoline, pyrimidine, coumarin, indole, acridine, oxadiazole, purine, chalcone, carboline, phenanthrene and metal containing derivatives and their structure-activity relationships are discussed in this review. It also analyses the groups/fragments interacting with the host cell receptors and will support the medicinal chemists with novel antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
| | - Ghanshyam Teli
- School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Atoon, Bhilwara, 311001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Gurubasavaraja Swamy Purawarga Matada
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
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Janse van Rensburg HD, N'Da DD, Suganuma K. In vitro trypanocidal potency and in vivo treatment efficacy of oligomeric ethylene glycol-tethered nitrofurantoin derivatives. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106668. [PMID: 38065268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a significant vector-borne disease of humans and animals in the tsetse fly belt of Africa, particularly affecting production animals such as cattle, and thus, hindering food security. Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense), the causative agent of nagana, is livestock's most virulent trypanosome species. There is currently no vaccine against trypanosomiasis; its treatment relies solely on chemotherapy. However, pathogenic resistance has been established against trypanocidal agents in clinical use. This underscores the need to develop new therapeutics to curb trypanosomiasis. Many nitroheterocyclic drugs or compounds, including nitrofurantoin, possess antiparasitic activities in addition to their clinical use as antibiotics. The current study evaluated the in vitro trypanocidal potency and in vivo treatment efficacy of previously synthesized antileishmanial active oligomeric ethylene glycol derivatives of nitrofurantoin. The trypanocidal potency of analogues 2a-o varied among the trypanosome species; however, T. congolense strain IL3000 was more susceptible to these drug candidates than the other human and animal trypanosomes. The arylated analogues 2k (IC50 0.04 µM; SI >6365) and 2l (IC50 0.06 µM; SI 4133) featuring 4-chlorophenoxy and 4-nitrophenoxy moieties, respectively, were revealed as the most promising antitrypanosomal agents of all analogues against T. congolense strain IL3000 trypomastigotes with nanomolar activities. In a preliminary in vivo study involving T. congolense strain IL3000 infected BALB/c mice, the oral administration of 100 mg/kg/day of 2k caused prolonged survival up to 18 days post-infection relative to the infected but untreated control mice which survived 9 days post-infection. However, no cure was achieved due to its poor solubility in the in vivo testing medium, assumably leading to low oral bioavailability. These results confirm the importance of the physicochemical properties lipophilicity and water solubility in attaining not only in vitro trypanocidal potency but also in vivo treatment efficacy. Future work will focus on the chemical optimization of 2k through the investigation of analogues containing solubilizing groups at certain positions on the core structure to improve solubility in the in vivo testing medium which, in the current investigation, is the biggest stumbling block in successfully treating either animal or human Trypanosoma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Hassan NW, Sabt A, El-Attar MA, Ora M, Bekhit AEDA, Amagase K, Bekhit AA, Belal A, Elzahhar PA. Modulating leishmanial pteridine metabolism machinery via some new coumarin-1,2,3-triazoles: Design, synthesis and computational studies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 253:115333. [PMID: 37031526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
In accordance with WHO statistics, leishmaniasis is one of the top neglected tropical diseases, affecting around 700 000 to one million people per year. To that end, a new series of coumarin-1,2,3-triazole hybrid compounds was designed and synthesized. All new compounds exerted higher activity than miltefosine against L. major promastigotes and amastigotes. Seven compounds showed single digit micromolar IC50 values whereas three compounds (13c, 14b and 14c) displayed submicromolar potencies. A mechanistic study to elucidate the antifolate-dependent activity of these compounds revealed that folic and folinic acids abrogated their antileishmanial effects. These compounds exhibited high safety margins in normal VERO cells, expressed as high selectivity indices. Docking simulation studies on the folate pathway enzymes pteridine reductase and DHFR-TS imparted strong theoretical support to the observed biological activities. Besides, docking experiments on human DHFR revealed minimal binding interactions thereby highlighting the selectivity of these compounds. Predicted in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters were adequate. In view of this, the structural characteristics of these compounds demonstrated their suitability as antileishmanial lead compounds.
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