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Bonnot Ruget M, Moulin P, Pagan C, Cheillan D, Marmontel O, Raverot G, Benlian P, Di Filippo M. Diagnostic challenge between a frequent polygenic hypocholesterolemia and an unusual Smith Lemli Opitz syndrome related to bi-allelic DHCR7 mutations. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 0:cclm-2024-0162. [PMID: 38581293 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2024-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bonnot Ruget
- 26900 Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Moulin
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
- 26900 Fédération d'endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, GHE, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Bron Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Pagan
- 26900 Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon Cedex, France
| | - David Cheillan
- 26900 Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon Cedex, France
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Oriane Marmontel
- 26900 Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon Cedex, France
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Gerald Raverot
- Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France
- Endocrinology Department, 26900 Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon , Bron, France
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Benlian
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 1283 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Di Filippo
- 26900 Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon Cedex, France
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
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Luo Y, Liu Z, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Luan Y, Ma L, Chen L, Zou L, Yang J, Huang Z, Rao Y, Zhang C. A reliable tool for detecting 7-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol in human plasma and its use in diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:1080-1093. [PMID: 34962712 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a birth defect caused by the deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, which leads to accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and reduction of cholesterol in body fluids. To effectively diagnose Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and monitor therapy, a reliable method for simultaneous detection of 7-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol is needed. METHODS In the presence of antioxidants (2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol and triphenylphosphine), 50 μL of human plasma were hydrolyzed at 70℃ for 40 min with 1 M potassium hydroxide in 90% ethanol, and then 7-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol were extracted by 600 μL of n-hexane for three times. After microwave-assisted derivatization with 70 μL of N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide at 460 W for 3 min, the analytes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS The limits of detection were 100 ng/mL for 7-dehydrocholesterol and 300 ng/mL for cholesterol. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 1-600 μg/mL for 7-dehydrocholesterol and 10-600 μg/mL for cholesterol, which completely covered the biochemical levels of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients that have been reported. CONCLUSION A time-saving and accurate GC-MS based method was developed for the determination of 7-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol in human plasma, which also serves as a useful tool for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome diagnosis, treatment and research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Zhengyuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yujie Zeng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yuxiao Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yujing Luan
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, PR China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Neonatology Shanghai Children's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Jingmin Yang
- Shanghai WeHealth BioMedical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201315, PR China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Chengqiang Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
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Różdżyńska-Świątkowska A, Ciara E, Halat-Wolska P, Krajewska-Walasek M, Jezela-Stanek A. Anthropometric characteristics of 65 Polish Smith-Lemli-Opitz patients. J Appl Genet 2021; 62:469-475. [PMID: 33890232 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) belongs to a group of multiple congenital anomaly/developmental delay disorders. Its primary cause lies in the defect in cholesterol biosynthesis-7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7)-caused by pathogenic variants in the homonymous gene. Anthropometric anomalies, especially growth restriction and microcephaly, are among the most common physical manifestations of SLOS. There have been no studies analyzing the correlation between genotype, biochemical marker (7-dehydrocholesterol), and the birth and growth parameters for individuals with SLOS. This paper presents anthropometric data from the group of 65 Polish patients (aged 0.1 to 18 years) with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, with genotype and biochemical correlations for birth parameters, as well as growth in relation to molecular DHCR7 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Ciara
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Halat-Wolska
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Krajewska-Walasek
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.
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Temple SEL, Sachdev R, Ellaway C. Familial DHCR7 genotype presenting as a very mild form of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and lethal holoprosencephaly. JIMD Rep 2020; 56:3-8. [PMID: 33204589 PMCID: PMC7653247 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by variants in the DHCR7 gene. In cholesterol biosynthesis, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is converted to cholesterol by the enzyme 7-DHC reductase, which is encoded by the gene DHCR7. Thus, an elevated 7-DHC is indicative of SLOS. Characteristically SLOS is usually associated with congenital anomalies, dysmorphisms, and moderate to severe neurodevelopmental delay. However, there are rare descriptions of individuals with milder phenotypes. We report a mild case of SLOS presenting with short stature, cleft palate, imperforate anus, and mild language delay with subtle dysmorphic features. 7-DHC was not elevated at 1 year of age and SLOS considered excluded at this time. The parents had two pregnancies with holoprosencephaly. Whole exome sequencing of one of the fetuses identified compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the DHCR7 gene (c.964-1G>C (p.?) and c.1039G>A (p.Gly347Ser) causative of SLOS. The proband with a mild form of SLOS was also found to have the same DHCR7 variants as the fetus and repeat testing of 7-DHC at 4 years of age was elevated, in keeping with SLOS. This case is the first to describe a wide intrafamilial phenotypic spectrum of SLOS as a result of the same DHCR7 genotype. This case also supports the findings of others that a normal or near normal development should not exclude SLOS. As demonstrated in this case exclusion of a metabolic diagnosis because of a negative biochemical marker such as 7-DHC is not absolute and if clinical suspicion remains genomic sequencing is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna E. L. Temple
- Centre for Clinical GeneticsSydney Children's HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Centre for Clinical GeneticsSydney Children's HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Carolyn Ellaway
- Centre for Clinical GeneticsSydney Children's HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
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Phenotypic description of two adult brothers presenting with mild form of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Clin Dysmorphol 2019; 28:154-156. [PMID: 30925529 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dhcr7 Regulates Palatal Shelf Fusion through Regulation of Shh and Bmp2 Expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7532714. [PMID: 27066502 PMCID: PMC4811056 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7532714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Dhcr7) gene and identify signaling pathways involved in regulation of embryonic palatogenesis. The expression of Dhcr7 and its protein product were examined during murine normal embryonic palatogenesis via a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB). RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to inhibit Dhcr7 expression in a palatal shelf culture in vitro. The effects of Dhcr7 on palatogenesis and palatal fusion were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The expression changes of Dhcr7, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (Bmp2) were measured by RT-PCR and WB after Dhcr7 gene silencing and the addition of exogenous cholesterol. The results showed that the palatal shelf failed to complete normal development and fusion when Dhcr7 expression was inhibited. The inhibitory effect study of RNAi on the development of the palatal shelf supported that cholesterol supplementation did not alter the silencing of Dhcr7. Shh and Bmp2 expressions were reduced after Dhcr7 gene silencing, and administration of exogenous cholesterol did not affect Dhcr7 expression; however Shh and Bmp2 expressions increased. We conclude that Dhcr7 plays a role in growth of the palatal shelf and can regulate palatogenesis through alterations in the levels of Shh and Bmp2.
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Oláh AV, Szabó GP, Varga J, Balogh L, Csábi G, Csákváry V, Erwa W, Balogh I. Relation between biomarkers and clinical severity in patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:623-30. [PMID: 23319240 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a multiple congenital anomaly with severe mental retardation, is caused by decreased activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Fifteen Hungarian patients were diagnosed with SLOS on the basis of clinical symptoms, serum cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and molecular genetic testing. Their age at the time of diagnosis in mild SLOS (n = 4, clinical score <20) was 0.5-18 years, cholesterol was 2.37 ± 0.8 mmol/L, and 7DHC was 0.38 ± 0.14 mmol/L. In the group of typical SLOS (n = 7, score 20-50), the diagnosis was set up earlier (age of 0.1-7 years); t-cholesterol was 1.47 ± 0.7 mmol/L, and 7DHC was 0.53 ± 0.20 mmol/L. Patients with severe SLOS (n = 4, clinical score > 50) died as newborns and had the lowest t-cholesterol (0.66 ± 0.27 mmol/L), and 7DHC was 0.47 ± 0.14 mmol/L. Correlation coefficient with clinical severity was 0.74 for initial t-cholesterol and 0.669 for Cho/7DHC. Statistically significant difference was between the initial t-cholesterol of mild and severe SLOS (p = 0.01), and between the Cho/7DHC ratios of groups (p = 0.004). In severe SLOS, the percentage of α-lipoprotein was significantly lower than in typical (p = 0.003) and mild SLOS (p = 0.004). Although serum albumin, total bilirubin, and hemostasis parameters remained in the reference range during cholesterol supplementation (n = 10) combined with statin therapy (n = 9), increase of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in 50 % of the patients probably refers to a reversible alteration of liver function; therefore, statin therapy was suspended. CONCLUSION life expectancy is fundamentally determined by the initial t-cholesterol, but dehydrocholesterol and α-lipoprotein have prognostic value. Accumulation of hepatotoxic DHC may inhibit the synthesis of α-lipoproteins, decreasing the reverse cholesterol transport. During statin therapy, we suggest monitoring of lipid parameters and liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Oláh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
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Waterham HR, Hennekam RCM. Mutational spectrum of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:263-84. [PMID: 23042628 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS; OMIM #270400) is an autosomal recessive malformation syndrome characterized by a large spectrum of morphogenic and congenital anomalies. SLOS is caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene, which encodes 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in cholesterol biosynthesis. We report on 154 currently known mutations in DHCR7 identified in patients affected with SLOS and discuss their coding consequences. These 154 mutations include 130 missense, 8 nonsense, 8 deletions, 2 insertions, 1 indel, and 5 splice site mutations. Using information available from published case reports and from patients identified in our clinical diagnostic laboratory, we analyzed correlations between genotype, clinical presentation and 7-dehydrocholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-222), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bianconi SE, Conley SK, Keil MF, Sinaii N, Rother KI, Porter FD, Stratakis CA. Adrenal function in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2732-8. [PMID: 21990131 PMCID: PMC3488380 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple malformation syndrome due to mutations of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene (DHCR7), which leads to a deficiency of cholesterol synthesis and an accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. The SLOS clinical spectrum ranges from multiple major malformations to a mild phenotype with minor anomalies and intellectual disability. Several children with SLOS and adrenal insufficiency have been described. We performed ovine corticotropin (oCRH) testing in 35 SLOS patients and 16 age- and gender-matched controls. We reviewed prior adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation tests of our SLOS patients (19 of 35 available) and reviewed results of ACTH stimulation tests from 10 additional SLOS patients. Results from oCRH testing showed that patients with SLOS had significantly higher ACTH baseline values than healthy controls (24.8 ± 15.3 pg/ml vs. 17.8 ± 7.5 pg/ml, P = 0.034). However, no statistically significant differences were noted for peak ACTH values (74.4 ± 35.0 pg/ml vs. 64.0 ± 24.9 pg/ml, P = 0.303) and for baseline (14.2 ± 7.8 mcg/dl vs. 14.2 ± 6.3 mcg/dl, P = 0.992) and peak cortisol values (28.2 ± 7.9 mcg/dl vs. 24.8 ± 8.1 mcg/dl, P = 0.156). The area-under-the-curve (AUC) was not significantly different in SLOS patients compared to controls for both ACTH (250.1 ± 118.7 pg/ml vs. 195.3 ± 96.6 pg/ml, P = 0.121) as well as cortisol secretion (83.1 ± 26.1 mcg/dl vs. 77.8 ± 25.9 mcg/dl, P = 0.499). ACTH stimulation test results were normal in 28 of 29 tests. The individual with the abnormal test results had subsequent normal oCRH tests. The slightly increased baseline ACTH level seen during oCRH testing may be due to compensated adrenocortical insufficiency. However, we were able to show that our patients with SLOS had an adequate glucocorticoid response, and thus, in mild to moderate cases of SLOS stress steroid coverage may not be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona E Bianconi
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Jezela-Stanek A, Ciara E, Małunowicz E, Chrzanowska K, Latos-Bieleńska A, Krajewska-Walasek M. Differences between predicted and established diagnoses of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome in the Polish population: underdiagnosis or loss of affected fetuses? J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S241-8. [PMID: 20556518 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a metabolic disorder in which an error in cholesterol biosynthesis results in congenital anomalies/mental deficits. The results of our previous newborn screening, based on the carrier frequency of the two most common SLOS-causing mutations in Poland (p.W151X and p.V326L), would make SLOS one of the most frequent recessive disorders in our country (with an incidence of 1:2,300 - 1:3,937). This prompted us to carry out a 3-year (2006-2008) national surveillance program in which about 2,000 physicians were asked to identify potential SLOS patients pre- and postnatally based on clinical identification forms. The incidence of SLOS in Poland was estimated to be from 1:60,941 to 1:105,395 (1: 83,168 ± 22,227) live births, and its 3-year prevalence 1:866,273 ± 16,242. The mean carrier frequency was calculated to be from 1:123 to 1:165. The notable discrepancy between our previous carrier newborn screening and these prospective data may result from reduced fertility in SLOS carriers, intrauterine death of affected fetuses, or underdiagnosis in postnatal life. Since we did not notice significant data supporting the first two aspects, our study may support the suggestion that screening for the most frequent DHCR7 alleles does not reflect the true disease rates in the Polish population. Hence, further studies in which maternal urinary steroids (7-dehydroestriol/estriol and 8-dehydropregnanetriol/pregnanetriol ratios) would serve as screening markers in early pregnancies may be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-736 Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhao FL, Cui CQ, Zhang JQ, Wei HS. Differential gene expression profiling of HepG2 cells transfected with a hepatitis B virus replicon. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1041-1045. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i10.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the changes in gene expression profile of HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicon pHY106-BHBV by cDNA microarray, and to identify differential genes involved in cholesterol metabolism.
METHODS: A cDNA microarray (Affymetrix) that contains 20 000 gene sequences was used to examine gene expression between HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicon pHY106-BHBV and control plasmid. Differentially expressed genes that may contribute to cholesterol metabolism were subjected to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.
RESULTS: The differentially expressed genes identified mostly encode transcription factors, cytokines, and molecules that are involved in signal transduction, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. Real-time RT-PCR results indicated that cholesterol metabolism-related genes 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (dhcr7) and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (cyb5r) were down-regulated in HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicon pHY106-BHBV.
CONCLUSION: Differential gene expression profile is detected between HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicon pHY106-BHBV and control plasmid. The expression of cholesterol metabolism-related genes dhcr7 and cyb5r may be suppressed by HBV infection.
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Daniels TF, Killinger KM, Michal JJ, Wright RW, Jiang Z. Lipoproteins, cholesterol homeostasis and cardiac health. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:474-88. [PMID: 19584955 PMCID: PMC2706428 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential substance involved in many functions, such as maintaining cell membranes, manufacturing vitamin D on surface of the skin, producing hormones, and possibly helping cell connections in the brain. When cholesterol levels rise in the blood, they can, however, have dangerous consequences. In particular, cholesterol has generated considerable notoriety for its causative role in atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in developed countries around the world. Homeostasis of cholesterol is centered on the metabolism of lipoproteins, which mediate transport of the lipid to and from tissues. As a synopsis of the major events and proteins that manage lipoprotein homeostasis, this review contributes to the substantial attention that has recently been directed to this area. Despite intense scrutiny, the majority of phenotypic variation in total cholesterol and related traits eludes explanation by current genetic knowledge. This is somewhat disappointing considering heritability estimates have established these traits as highly genetic. Thus, the continued search for candidate genes, mutations, and mechanisms is vital to our understanding of heart disease at the molecular level. Furthermore, as marker development continues to predict risk of vascular illness, this knowledge has the potential to revolutionize treatment of this leading human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler F Daniels
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6351, USA
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Park MR, Ko JM, Cheon CK, Kim GH, Yoo HW. A case of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome diagnosed by identification of mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) gene. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2008. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2008.51.11.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Rim Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong-Keun Cheon
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics Clinic and Laboratory, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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