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Sarbadhikary P, George BP, Abrahamse H. Potential Application of Photosensitizers With High-Z Elements for Synergic Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921729. [PMID: 35837287 PMCID: PMC9274123 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of heavy elements in photosensitizers (PS) strongly influences their electronic and photophysical properties, and hence, conjugation of PS with a suitable element is regarded as a potential strategy to improve their photodynamic properties. Moreover, PS conjugated to metal ion or metal complex and heavy atoms such as halogen have attracted considerable attention as promising agents for multimodal or synergistic cancer therapy. These tetrapyrrole compounds depending on the type and nature of the inorganic elements have been explored for photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemotherapy, X-ray photon activation therapy (PAT), and radiotherapy. Particularly, the combination of metal-based PS and X-ray irradiation has been investigated as a promising novel approach for treating deep-seated tumors, which in the case of PDT is a major limitation due to low light penetration in tissue. This review will summarize the present status of evidence on the effect of insertion of metal or halogen on the photophysical properties of PS and the effectiveness of various metal and halogenated PS investigated for PDT, chemotherapy, and PAT as mono and/or combination therapy.
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Keshavarz S, Sardari D. Different distributions of gold nanoparticles on the tumor and calculation of dose enhancement factor by Monte Carlo simulation. NUCLEAR ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/nucet.5.39096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles can be used to increase the dose of the tumor due to its high atomic number as well as being free from apparent toxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of distribution of gold nanoparticles models, as well as changes in nanoparticle sizes and spectrum of radiation energy along with the effects of nanoparticle penetration into surrounding tissues in dose enhancement factor DEF. Three mathematical models were considered for distribution of gold nanoparticles in the tumor, such as 1-uniform, 2- non-uniform distribution with no penetration margin and 3- non-uniform distribution with penetration margin of 2.7 mm of gold nanoparticles. For this purpose, a cube-shaped water phantom of 50 cm size in each side and a cube with 1 cm side placed at depth of 2 cm below the upper surface of the cubic phantom as the tumor was defined, and then 3 models of nanoparticle distribution were modeled. MCNPX code was used to simulate 3 distribution models. DEF was evaluated for sizes of 20, 25, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 100 nm of gold nanoparticles, and 50, 95, 250 keV and 4 MeV photon energies. In uniform distribution model the maximum DEF was observed at 100 nm and 50 keV being equal to 2.90, in non-uniform distribution with no penetration margin, the maximum DEF was measured at 100 nm and 50 keV being 1.69, and in non-uniform distribution with penetration margin of 2.7 mm, the maximum DEF was measured at 100 nm and 50 keV as 1.38, and the results have been showed that the dose was increased by injecting nanoparticles into the tumor. It is concluded that the highest DEF could be achieved in low energy photons and larger sizes of nanoparticles. Non-uniform distribution of gold nanoparticles can increase the dose and also decrease the DEF in comparison with the uniform distribution. The non-uniform distribution of nanoparticles with penetration margin showed a lower DEF than the non-uniform distribution without any margin and uniform distribution. Meanwhile, utilization of the real X-ray spectrum brought about a smaller DEF in comparison to mono-energetic X-ray photons.
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Nadi S, Shabestani Monfared A, Zabihi E, Mahmoudzadeh A, Eyvazzadeh N, Tahamtan R. Combined Effect of Iodine Contrast Media, Cisplatin and External Beam Radiotherapy on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. J Biomed Phys Eng 2019; 9:217-226. [PMID: 31214527 PMCID: PMC6538913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current study investigated the combination of high Z atoms (iodine-, platinium-based drugs) with using low energy irradiation (120kvp) in Anaplastic Thyroid cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this purpose, eight groups were designed: control (CNT), different concentrations of Iodine contrast media (ICM), irradiation with various doses, Cis-platin (CDDP) with different concentrations, (ICM + CDDP), (ICM + RAD), (CDDP + RAD) and (ICM + CDDP + RAD). The viability was measured by MTT and Colony assay. In MTT assay, the viability of 8305c cells RAD (2 Gy)+ICM (10mg/mL) group was significantly lower than those treated with RAD or ICM alone. CDDP +ICM+RAD group significantly decreased the viability. In colony assay, cells in ICM + RAD (2 Gy) group reduced the number of colonies more significant than RAD group. The difference of colony forming ability between CDDP and CDDP + RAD (2 Gy) was significant. The difference of ICM + CDDP + RAD (2 Gy) and CDDP +RAD (2 Gy) group was significant. All data were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Chafe's multi-comparisons tests. All data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16). Significance was considered to be p<0.05. RESULTS In MTT assay, the viability of 8305c cells RAD (2 Gy) + ICM (10mg/mL) group was significantly lower than those treated with RAD or ICM alone. CDDP + ICM + RAD group significantly decreased the viability. In colony assay, cells in ICM + RAD (2 Gy) group reduced the number of colonies more significantly than RAD group. The difference of colony forming ability between CDDP and CDDP + RAD (2 Gy) was significant. The difference of ICM + CDDP + RAD (2 Gy) and CDDP + RAD (2 Gy) group was significant. CONCLUSION Exposure of ATC to ICM in the presence of CDDP increases tissue X-rays absorbance by Auger electrons and photo electrons leading to more fatal effects against the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Nadi
- MSc Student of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - A. Shabestani Monfared
- Professor of Medical Physics, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - E. Zabihi
- PharmD, Phd, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - A. Mahmoudzadeh
- Phd Immunology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Malek-Ashtar University of Technology. Tehran, Iran
| | - N. Eyvazzadeh
- Phd of medical physic, Radiation Research Center, Faculty of Paramedicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R. Tahamtan
- MSc of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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K.A. MA, Rashid RA, Lazim RM, Dollah N, Razak KA, Rahman W. Evaluation of radiosensitization effects by platinum nanodendrites for 6 MV photon beam radiotherapy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sarbadhikary P, Dube A. Enhancement of radiosensitivity of oral carcinoma cells by iodinated chlorin p 6 copper complex in combination with synchrotron X-ray radiation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:1265-1275. [PMID: 29091070 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517012711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The combination of synchrotron X-ray radiation and metal-based radiosensitizer is a novel form of photon activation therapy which offers the advantage of treating malignant tumors with greater efficacy and higher precision than conventional radiation therapy. In this study the anticancer cytotoxic efficacy of a new chlorophyll derivative, iodinated chlorin p6 copper complex (ICp6-Cu), combined with synchrotron X-ray radiation (8-10 keV) in two human oral cancer cell lines is explored. Pre-treatment of cells with 20 µM and 30 µM ICp6-Cu for 3 h was found to enhance the X-ray-induced cytotoxicity with sensitization enhancement ratios of 1.8 and 2.8, respectively. ICp6-Cu localized in cytoplasm, mainly in lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, and did not cause any cytotoxicity alone. The radiosensitization effect of ICp6-Cu accompanied a significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species, damage to lysosomes, inhibition of repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, increase in cell death and no significant effect on cell cycle progression. These results demonstrate that ICp6-Cu is a potential agent for synchrotron photon activation therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Sarbadhikary
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Rammana Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - Alok Dube
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Rammana Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
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Byrne HL, Gholami Y, Kuncic Z. Impact of fluorescence emission from gold atoms on surrounding biological tissue—implications for nanoparticle radio-enhancement. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:3097-3110. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Morrison DE, Aitken JB, de Jonge MD, Issa F, Harris HH, Rendina LM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Class of Mitochondrially-Targeted Gadolinium(III) Agents. Chemistry 2014; 20:16602-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Obeid L, Deman P, Tessier A, Balosso J, Estève F, Adam JF. Absolute perfusion measurements and associated iodinated contrast agent time course in brain metastasis: a study for contrast-enhanced radiotherapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:638-45. [PMID: 24447951 PMCID: PMC3982083 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced radiotherapy is an innovative treatment that combines the selective accumulation of heavy elements in tumors with stereotactic irradiations using medium energy X-rays. The radiation dose enhancement depends on the absolute amount of iodine reached in the tumor and its time course. Quantitative, postinfusion iodine biodistribution and associated brain perfusion parameters were studied in human brain metastasis as key parameters for treatment feasibility and quality. Twelve patients received an intravenous bolus of iodinated contrast agent (CA) (40 mL, 4 mL/s), followed by a steady-state infusion (160 mL, 0.5 mL/s) to ensure stable intratumoral amounts of iodine during the treatment. Absolute iodine concentrations and quantitative perfusion maps were derived from 40 multislice dynamic computed tomography (CT) images of the brain. The postinfusion mean intratumoral iodine concentration (over 30 minutes) reached 1.94 ± 0.12 mg/mL. Reasonable correlations were obtained between these concentrations and the permeability surface area product and the cerebral blood volume. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative study of CA biodistribution versus time in brain metastasis. The study shows that suitable and stable amounts of iodine can be reached for contrast-enhanced radiotherapy. Moreover, the associated perfusion measurements provide useful information for the patient recruitment and management processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal Obeid
- 1] INSERM, U836, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe 6, Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2] Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Pierre Deman
- 1] INSERM, U836, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe 6, Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2] Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Alexandre Tessier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Balosso
- 1] INSERM, U836, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe 6, Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2] Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France [3] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - François Estève
- 1] INSERM, U836, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe 6, Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2] Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France [3] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Adam
- 1] INSERM, U836, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe 6, Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2] Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France [3] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
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Photoactivation of gold nanoparticles for glioma treatment. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1089-97. [PMID: 23643529 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Radiosensitization efficacy of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with low energy radiations (88 keV) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo on rats bearing glioma. In vitro, a significant dose-enhancement factor was measured by clonogenic assays after irradiation with synchrotron radiation of F98 glioma cells in presence of AuNPs (1.9 and 15 nm in diameter). In vivo, 1.9 nm nanoparticles were found to be toxic following intracerebral delivery in rats bearing glioma, whether no toxicity was observed using 15 nm nanoparticles at the same concentration (50 mg/mL). The therapeutic efficacy of gold photoactivation was determined by irradiating the animals after intracerebral infusion of AuNPs. Survival of rats that had received the combination of treatments (AuNPs: 50 mg/mL, 15 Gy) was significantly increased in comparison with the survival of rats that had received irradiation alone. In conclusion, this experimental approach is promising and further studies are foreseen for improving its therapeutic efficacy. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR These investigators report that gold nanoparticles of the correct size can be used to enhance the effects of irradiation in the context of a glioma model. Since many of the glioma varieties are currently incurable, this or similar approaches may find their way to clinical trials in the near future.
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Shan L, Cui S, Du C, Wan S, Qian Z, Achilefu S, Gu Y. A paclitaxel-conjugated adenovirus vector for targeted drug delivery for tumor therapy. Biomaterials 2012; 33:146-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Daudon M, Bazin DC. Application of Physical Methods to Kidney Stones and Randall’s Plaque Characterization. Urolithiasis 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4387-1_85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zhang X, Liu L, Zhang X, Ma K, Rao Y, Zhao Q, Li F. Analytical methods for brain targeted delivery system in vivo: perspectives on imaging modalities and microdialysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 59:1-12. [PMID: 22088476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of microdialysis in 1974, the semi-invasive analytical method has grown exponentially. Microdialysis is one of the most potential analysis technologies of pharmacological drug delivery to the brain. In recent decades, analysis of chemicals targeting the brain has led to many improvements. It seems likely that fluorescence imaging was limited to ex vivo and in vitro applications with the exception of several intravital microscopy and photographic imaging approaches. X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) have been commonly utilized for visualization of distribution and therapeutic effects of drugs. The efficient analytical methods for studies of brain-targeting delivery system is a major challenge in detecting the disposition as well as the variances of the factors that regulate the substances delivery into the brain. In this review, we highlight some of the ongoing trends in imaging modalities and the most recent developments in the field of microdialysis of live animals and present insights into exploiting brain disease for therapeutic and diagnostics purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Shan L, Xue J, Guo J, Qian Z, Achilefu S, Gu Y. Improved targeting of ligand-modified adenovirus as a new near infrared fluorescence tumor imaging probe. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:567-81. [PMID: 21401110 DOI: 10.1021/bc100245t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
E1/E3-deleted Adenovirus 5 (Ad.5) possesses a great potential in gene therapy because of its high efficacy in gene transfer and low toxicity. Studies have shown that Coxsackie-Adenovirus receptor (CAR) is the determinant factor for the targeting of Adenovirus vectors. To extend the natural targeting of Ad to low CAR expressing tumors, we covalently attached folic acid (FA) to E1/E3-deleted Ad.5 capsids. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye ICG-Der-02 was subsequently conjugated with FA-Ad particles for in vivo imaging. The cell experiments and acute toxicity studies demonstrated the low toxicity of FA-Ad-ICG02 to normal cell/tissues. The dynamic behavior and targeting ability of FA-Ad-ICG02 to different tumors were investigated by NIR fluorescence imaging. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated its high targeting capability to CAR or FR positive tumors. The results support the potential of using ligand-modified Ad probe for tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
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Prezado Y, Vautrin M, Martínez-Rovira I, Bravin A, Estève F, Elleaume H, Berkvens P, Adam JF. Dosimetry protocol for the forthcoming clinical trials in synchrotron stereotactic radiation therapy (SSRT). Med Phys 2011; 38:1709-17. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3556561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Edouard M, Broggio D, Prezado Y, Estève F, Elleaume H, Adam JF. Treatment plans optimization for contrast-enhanced synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy. Med Phys 2010; 37:2445-56. [PMID: 20632555 DOI: 10.1118/1.3327455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy (SSRT) is a treatment that involves the targeting of high-Z elements into tumors followed by stereotactic irradiation with monochromatic x-rays from a synchrotron source, tuned at an optimal energy. The irradiation geometry, as well as the secondary particles generated at a higher yield by the medium energy x-rays on the high-Z atoms (characteristic x-rays, photoelectrons, and Auger electrons), produces a localized dose enhancement in the tumor. Iodine-enhanced SSRT with systemic injections of iodinated contrast agents has been successfully developed in the past six years in the team, and is currently being transferred to clinical trials. The purpose of this work is to study the impact on the SSRT treatment of the contrast agent type, the beam quality, the irradiation geometry, and the beam weighting for defining an optimized SSRT treatment plan. METHODS Theoretical dosimetry was performed using the MCNPX particle transport code. The simulated geometry was an idealized phantom representing a human head. A virtual target was positioned in the central part of the phantom or off-centered by 4 cm. The authors investigated the dosimetric characteristics of SSRT for various contrast agents: Iodine, gadolinium, and gold; and for different beam qualities: Monochromatic x-ray beams from a synchrotron source (30-120 keV), polychromatic x-ray beams from an x-ray tube (80, 120, and 180 kVp), and a 6 MV x-ray beam from a linear accelerator. Three irradiation geometries were studied: One arc or three noncoplanar arcs dynamic arc therapy, and an irradiation with a finite number of beams. The resulting dose enhancements, beam profiles, and histograms dose volumes were compared for iodine-enhanced SSRT. An attempt to optimize the irradiation scheme by weighing the finite x-ray beams was performed. Finally, the optimization was studied on patient specific 3D CT data after contrast agent infusion. RESULTS It was demonstrated in this study that an 80 keV beam energy was a good compromise for treating human brain tumors with iodine-enhanced SSRT, resulting in a still high dose enhancement factor (about 2) and a superior bone sparing in comparison with lower energy x-rays. This beam could easily be produced at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility medical beamline. Moreover, there was a significant diminution of dose delivered to the bone when using monochromatic x-rays rather than polychromatic x-rays from a conventional tube. The data showed that iodine SSRT exhibits a superior sparing of brain healthy tissue in comparison to high energy treatment. The beam weighting optimization significantly improved the treatment plans for off-centered tumors, when compared to nonweighted irradiations. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of realistic clinical plans for low energy monochromatic x-rays contrast-enhanced radiotherapy, suitable for the first clinical trials on brain metastasis with a homogeneous iodine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Edouard
- INSERM, U836, Equipe 6, B.P. 170, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38042, France
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Rousseau J, Barth RF, Fernandez M, Adam JF, Estève F, Elleaume H. Response to Dr. Nicholas Foray’s commentary on the paper by Rousseau et al. entitled “Efficacy of intracerebral delivery of cisplatin in combination with photon irradiation for treatment of brain tumors”. J Neurooncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jost G, Mensing T, Golfier S, Lawaczeck R, Pietsch H, Hütter J, Cibik L, Gerlach M, Krumrey M, Fratzscher D, Arkadiev V, Wedell R, Haschke M, Langhoff N, Wust P, Lüdemann L. Photoelectric-enhanced radiation therapy with quasi-monochromatic computed tomography. Med Phys 2009; 36:2107-17. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3125137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Singh R, Kostarelos K. Designer adenoviruses for nanomedicine and nanodiagnostics. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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