The detection of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies is associated with increased risk of pregnancy loss in women with threatened abortion in the first trimester

HLA allele frequency of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 in Indian recurrent implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss couples - A retrospective study

The maternal-fetal interaction has been hypothesized to involve the human leucocyte antigen (HLA). It has been suggested that excessive HLA antigen sharing between spouses is a mechanism causing maternal hyporesponsiveness to paternal antigens encountered during pregnancy and thus leading to a miscarriage. Participants in this retrospective study are RIF and RPL couples who visited Gunasheela Surgical and Maternity Hospital, Bangalore, India from November 2019 to September 2022. A total of 40 couples with RIF and 195 couples with RPL are included in the study. We observed that the DQB1*02:01:01 allele is associated with an increase in risk of both RIF and RPL, while the C*12:02:01 allele increases risk of only RPL. On the contrary, DQB1*02:02:01 and DQB1*06:03 alleles appear to be protective against both RPL and RIF. In addition, the C*07:02:01 allele was observed to be protective against RPL. In conclusion, C*12:02:01 and DQB1*02:01:01 could play a major role in RPL which is consistent with other studies, while DQB1*02:01:01 is the risk allele in our RIF group. The protective alleles C*07:02:01 in the RPL group, DQB1*02:02:01, and DQB1*06:03 in both RIF and RPL, were discovered for the first time. Allele frequencies will vary in population-based studies depending on the ethnicities of the cohort. Meta-analysis and antibody testing will provide additional insights on whether and how this data can be adopted into clinical practices.

Spectrum of antibodies to reproductive hormones in threatened abortion

The spectrum of antibodies to reproductive hormones and the diagnostic significance of their measurements in threatened abortion during trimester I were studied. Enhanced production of antibodies to hormones was detected by ELISA in patients with threatened abortion (N=44) in comparison with women with normal gestation (N=30). These antibodies were detected more often than antiphospholipid antibodies (p<0.05). Antibodies to chorionic gonadotropin (IgM, IgG) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (IgG) were associated with threatened abortion. According to ROC analysis, their measurements were diagnostically significant in this pathology (AUC>0.8). Subclasses IgG1 and IgG2 predominated among IgG to chorionic gonadotropin. Presumably, antibodies to chorionic gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone could serve as independent factors of threatened abortion risk during trimester I.