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Aponte PM, Gutierrez-Reinoso MA, Garcia-Herreros M. Bridging the Gap: Animal Models in Next-Generation Reproductive Technologies for Male Fertility Preservation. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:17. [PMID: 38276265 PMCID: PMC10820126 DOI: 10.3390/life14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aims to explore advanced reproductive technologies for male fertility preservation, underscoring the essential role that animal models have played in shaping these techniques through historical contexts and into modern applications. Rising infertility concerns have become more prevalent in human populations recently. The surge in male fertility issues has prompted advanced reproductive technologies, with animal models playing a pivotal role in their evolution. Historically, animal models have aided our understanding in the field, from early reproductive basic research to developing techniques like artificial insemination, multiple ovulation, and in vitro fertilization. The contemporary landscape of male fertility preservation encompasses techniques such as sperm cryopreservation, testicular sperm extraction, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, among others. The relevance of animal models will undoubtedly bridge the gap between traditional methods and revolutionary next-generation reproductive techniques, fortifying our collective efforts in enhancing male fertility preservation strategies. While we possess extensive knowledge about spermatogenesis and its regulation, largely thanks to insights from animal models that paved the way for human infertility treatments, a pressing need remains to further understand specific infertility issues unique to humans. The primary aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of how animal models have influenced the development and refinement of advanced reproductive technologies for male fertility preservation, and to assess their future potential in bridging the gap between current practices and cutting-edge fertility techniques, particularly in addressing unique human male factor infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Aponte
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales (COCIBA), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina “One-Health”, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Campus Cumbayá, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Miguel A. Gutierrez-Reinoso
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi (UTC), Latacunga 050150, Ecuador;
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción (UdeC), Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Manuel Garcia-Herreros
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), 2005-048 Santarém, Portugal
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Lau PL. Evolved Eugenics and Reinforcement of "Othering": Renewed Ethico-Legal Perspectives of Genome Editing in Reproduction. BIOTECH 2023; 12:51. [PMID: 37489485 PMCID: PMC10366906 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article extends an exploration into renewed ethico-legal perspectives of genome editing technologies, examined from an evolved conceptualization of eugenics in contemporary human reproduction. Whilst the ethico-legal conundrums presented by genome-editing technologies in various aspects of modern medicine have thus far inspired a comprehensive trove of academic scholarship-and notwithstanding the World Health Organization's (WHO) publication of guidelines on human genome editing in 2021-the legislative landscape for these technologies remain relatively unchanged. Accordingly, this paper presents the unresolved problematic questions that still require significant reflection. First, the paper highlights these questions, which primarily center around the tension between reproductive autonomy and the legal governance of reproductive/genome editing technologies by a democratic state. Secondly, the paper interrogates the evolved conceptualization of eugenics, exercised on the part of prospective parents as part of reproductive autonomy. By this, the paper predicates that it indirectly reinforces societal and systemic problems of discrimination and "othering", increasing reproductive inequalities in excluded communities. Thirdly, the paper attempts to offer narratives of intersectionality as a facilitating tool in a continuing dialogue to build belonging, foster a healthy and balanced exercise of reproductive autonomy, and increase reproductive equalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Lean Lau
- Brunel Law School, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
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3
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Hadar N, Narkis G, Amar S, Varnavsky M, Palti GC, Safran A, Birk OS. STRavinsky STR database and PGTailor PGT tool demonstrate superiority of CHM13-T2T over hg38 and hg19 for STR-based applications. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:738-743. [PMID: 37055538 PMCID: PMC10325972 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-Tandem-Repeats (STRs) have long been studied for possible roles in biological phenomena, and are utilized in multiple applications such as forensics, evolutionary studies and pre-implantation-genetic-testing (PGT). The two reference genomes most used by clinicians and researchers are GRCh37/hg19 and GRCh38/hg38, both constructed using mainly short-read-sequencing (SRS) in which all-STR-containing-reads cannot be assembled to the reference genome. With the introduction of long-read-sequencing (LRS) methods and the generation of the CHM13 reference genome, also known as T2T, many previously unmapped STRs were finally localized within the human genome. We generated STRavinsky, a compact STR database for three reference genomes, including T2T. We proceeded to demonstrate the advantages of T2T over hg19 and hg38, identifying nearly double the number of STRs throughout all chromosomes. Through STRavinsky, providing a resolution down to a specific genomic coordinate, we demonstrated extreme propensity of TGGAA repeats in p arms of acrocentric chromosomes, substantially corroborating early molecular studies suggesting a possible role in formation of Robertsonian translocations. Moreover, we delineated unique propensity of TGGAA repeats specifically in chromosome 16q11.2 and in 9q12. Finally, we harness the superior capabilities of T2T and STRavinsky to generate PGTailor, a novel web application dramatically facilitating design of STR-based PGT tests in mere minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Hadar
- Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, NIBN and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ginat Narkis
- Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, NIBN and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shirly Amar
- Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Amit Safran
- Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, NIBN and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, NIBN and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
- Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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The Genetics and Diagnosis of Pediatric Neurocutaneous Disorders: Neurofibromatosis and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Clin Dermatol 2022; 40:374-382. [PMID: 35248688 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis (NF) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are the two most common neurocutaneous disorders, both transmitted as autosomal dominant or, in the case of NF, also as a mosaic condition. The causative genetic mutations in these neurocutaneous disorders can lead to benign skin changes or uninhibited growth and proliferation in multiple organ systems due to the loss of tumor suppression in mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Common clinical features in NF include pigmented lesions, known as café au lait patches, neurofibromas, intertriginous freckles (Crowe's sign), and benign fibrous growths, such as hamartomas in multiple organ systems. Common clinical features in TSC include hypopigmented macules, known as ash leaf spots, in addition to neurologic sequelae, such as autism, seizures, and developmental delays. Advances in genetic sequencing technologies have allowed an exponential expansion in the understanding of NF and TSC. Consensus criteria have been established for both diagnoses that can be confirmed in most cases through gene testing. Once diagnosed, the clinical and diagnostic value of disease-specific surveillance include early identification of benign and malignant tumors. Genetic counseling is important for informed reproductive decision-making for patients and at-risk family members. The improvement in understanding of pathways of pathogenic disease development and oncogenesis in both conditions have produced a new series of therapeutic options that can be used to control seizures and tumor growth. Tremendous advances in life expectancy and quality of life are now a reality due to early introduction of seizure control and novel medications. While we lack cures, early institution of interventions, such as seizure control in tuberous sclerosis, appears to be disease-modifying and holds immense promise to offer patients better lives.
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Use of reproductive technology for sex selection for nonmedical reasons: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2022; 117:720-726. [PMID: 35105444 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because the practice of preimplantation sex selection is ethically controversial, clinics are encouraged to develop and make available their policies regarding its use. Practitioners offering assisted reproductive services are under no ethical obligation to provide or refuse to provide nonmedically-indicated methods of sex selection. This document replaces the document of the same name, last published in 2015.
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Trinh The S, Trieu Tien S, Vu Van T, Nguyen Ngoc N, Tran Ngoc Thao M, Tran Van K, Vu Nhat D, Do Nhu B. Successful Pregnancy Following Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis of Adrenoleukodystrophy by Detection of Mutation on the ABCD1 Gene. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:313-319. [PMID: 34285547 PMCID: PMC8286725 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s318884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare sex-linked recessive disorder that disrupts adrenal gland function and the white matter of the nervous system. According to recent epidemiological statistics, up to this moment, the disease is the most recorded peroxisomal disorder. ABCD1 is a gene related to ALD, with more than 850 unique mutations have been reported. Early diagnosis of the disease would help to consult families with ALD to plan for interventions to prevent passing along the pathogenic mutations to their children. Material and Methods A heterozygous ABCD1 gene mutation related to ALD found in a Vietnamese woman was used to design primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the segment spanning the mutation. Then, combining sequencing methods for the PCR products, especially Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS), a protocol was developed to detect mutations on the ABCD1 gene to apply for the DNA samples of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos biopsied at the blastocyst stage to screen for pathogenic alleles. Results The established protocol for PGD of ALD detected mutant alleles in 5/8 embryos (62.5%), while the remaining 3 embryos (37.5%) did not carry any mutation. One of the 3 embryos was transferred, and a healthy female baby was born after a full-term pregnancy. Conclusion The developed protocol was helpful for the preimplantation genetic diagnosis process to help families with the monogenic disease of ALD but wish to have healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Trinh The
- Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam
| | - Sang Trieu Tien
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam
| | - Tam Vu Van
- Director Office, Hai Phong Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haiphong, 40000, Vietnam.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Haiphong, 40000, Vietnam
| | - Nhat Nguyen Ngoc
- Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam
| | - My Tran Ngoc Thao
- Département de formation Biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Sorbonne University, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Khoa Tran Van
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Vu Nhat
- Director Office, Military Hospital 103, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam.,Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 121-08, Vietnam
| | - Binh Do Nhu
- Division of Military Science, Military Hospital 103, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam.,Department of Infectious Disease, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam
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Abstract
Cerebral palsy is a clinical diagnosis of a nonprogressive developmental disorder of motor impairment. The scope of the diagnosis of cerebral palsy has been broadening significantly in recent years to include patients with genetic disorders. This article helps clinicians to determine which patients would benefit from a thorough genetic/metabolic evaluation and helps to delineate an approach for the work-up, with an emphasis on newer technologies and the evolving fields of fetal medicine and genetics. It provides guidance to providers to assist in clarifying an cause for some patient's symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T Emrick
- Division of Neurology and Departmental Neurosciences, Department Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Shannon M DiCarlo
- Division of Neurology and Departmental Neurosciences, Department Pediatrics, Cerebral Palsy Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Shaw J, Blakemore JK, Moomjy M. Preimplantation genetic testing for a monogenic disorder can prevent live births affected by fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28239. [PMID: 32285999 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Shaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer K Blakemore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York, New York
| | - Maureen Moomjy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York, New York
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9
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McLennan HJ, Saini A, Dunning KR, Thompson JG. Oocyte and embryo evaluation by AI and multi-spectral auto-fluorescence imaging: Livestock embryology needs to catch-up to clinical practice. Theriogenology 2020; 150:255-262. [PMID: 32088032 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A highly accurate 'non-invasive quantitative embryo assessment for pregnancy' (NQEAP) technique that determines embryo quality has been an elusive goal. If developed, NQEAP would transform the selection of embryos from both Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET), and even more so, in vitro produced (IVP) embryos for livestock breeding. The area where this concept is already having impact is in the field of clinical embryology, where great strides have been taken in the application of morphokinetics and artificial intelligence (AI); while both are already in practice, rigorous and robust evidence of efficacy is still required. Even the translation of advances in the qualitative scoring of human IVF embryos have yet to be translated to the livestock IVP industry, which remains dependent on the MOET-standardised 3-point scoring system. Furthermore, there are new ways to interrogate the biochemistry of individual embryonic cells by using new, light-based methodologies, such as FLIM and hyperspectral microscopy. Combinations of these technologies, in particular combining new imaging systems with AI, will lead to very accurate NQEAP predictive tools, improving embryo selection and recipient pregnancy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J McLennan
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - A Saini
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - K R Dunning
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - J G Thompson
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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10
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Wang LY, Rao XQ, Luo YQ, Liu B, Peng CF, Chen D, Yan K, Qian YQ, Yang YM, Huang YZ, Chen M, Sun YX, Li HG, Ye YH, Jin F, Liu HL, Dong MY. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and screening (PGD/S) using a semiconductor sequencing platform. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:1. [PMID: 30606250 PMCID: PMC6318931 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent advances in semiconductor sequencing platform (SSP) have provided new methods for preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening (PGD/S). The present study aimed to evaluate the applicability and efficiency of SSP in PGD/S. Methods The artificial positive single-cell-like DNAs and normal single-cell samples were chosen to test our semiconductor sequencing platform for preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening (SSP-PGD/S) method with two widely used whole-genome amplification (WGA) kits. A total of 557 single blastomeres were collected from in vitro fertilization (IVF) couples, and their WGA products were processed and analyzed by our SSP-PGD/S method in comparison with array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH). Results Our SSP-PGD/S method indicated high compatibilities with two commercial WGA kits. For 557 single blastomeres, our method with four million reads in average could detect 24-chromosome aneuploidies as well as microdeletion/microduplication of the size over 4 Mb, providing 100% consistent conclusion with array-CGH method in the classification of whether it was transplantable. Conclusions Our studies suggested that SSP-PGD/S represents a valuable alternative to array-CGH and brought PGD/S into a new era of more rapid, accurate, and economic. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40246-018-0187-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | | | - Yu-Qin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | | | - Dan Chen
- CapitalBio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 532808, China
| | - Kai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ye-Qing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yan-Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ying-Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yi-Xi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hong-Ge Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ying-Hui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Fan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hai-Liang Liu
- CapitalBio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 532808, China.
| | - Min-Yue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University) Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Naseri F, Hosseini S, Ghaffari Novin M, Hosseini A, Heidari MH, Salehi M. Does blastomere removal alter the expression level of miR-Let7a and its target genes following mouse embryo biopsy? J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9430-9436. [PMID: 30506995 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Embryo manipulations may cause the misexpression of various genes, most of which play critical roles in the regulation of implantation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of embryo biopsy on the expression of miR-Let-7a and its gene targets including ErbB4, Tgf-α, Itg-αv, Itg β3 on the implantation of mouse embryo. Embryos were produced by in vitro fertilization followed by blastomere biopsy at the eight-cell stage. The effects of blastomere removal on the expression of genes ErbB4, Tgf-α, Itg αv, Itg β3, and miR-Let-7a as well as the alteration of the blastocyst cell number were compared in both biopsied and non-biopsied groups. Finally, blastocyst attachment was assessed on culture dishes precoated with Fibronectin. The results revealed that there were no significant differences between the biopsied and non-biopsied embryos with reference to the blastocyst formation rates, the average inner cell mass, trophectoderm cell number, and percentage of attachment of blastocysts (P > 0.05). The expression of ErbB4, Itg-β3, Itg-αv, TGF-α transcripts, and miR-Let-7a in blastocysts biopsied embryos did not differ from the non-biopsied blastocysts (P > 0.05). The results demonstrated that the preimplantation embryo development and attachment of biopsied embryos in vitro is not adversely affected by one blastomere biopsy at the eight-cell stage embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naseri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Hosseini
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marefat Ghaffari Novin
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Heidari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Daar J, Benward J, Collins L, Davis J, Davis O, Francis L, Gates E, Ginsburg E, Gitlin S, Klipstein S, McCullough L, Paulson R, Reindollar R, Ryan G, Sauer M, Tipton S, Westphal L, Zweifel J. Use of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic defects (PGT-M) for adult-onset conditions: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2018; 109:989-992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Frati P, Fineschi V, Di Sanzo M, La Russa R, Scopetti M, Severi FM, Turillazzi E. Preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis, wrongful birth and wrongful life: a global view of bioethical and legal controversies. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:338-357. [PMID: 28180264 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal diagnosis based on different technologies is increasingly used in developed countries and has become a common strategy in obstetric practice. The tests are crucial in enabling mothers to make informed decisions about the possibility of terminating pregnancy. They have generated numerous bioethical and legal controversies in the field of 'wrongful life' claims (action brought by or on behalf of a child against the mother or other people, claiming that he or she has to endure a not-worth-living existence) and 'wrongful birth' claims (action brought by the mother or parents against the physician for being burdened with an unwanted, often disabled child, which could have been avoided). OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The possibility which exists nowadays to intervene actively by programming and deciding the phases linked to procreation and birth has raised several questions worldwide. The mother's right to self-determination could be an end but whether or not this right is absolute is debatable. Freedom could, with time, act as a barrier that obstructs intrusion into other people's lives and their personal choices. Therapeutic choices may be manageable in a liberal sense, and the sanctity of life can be inflected in a secular sense. These sensitive issues and the various points of view to be considered have motivated this review. SEARCH METHODS Literature searches were conducted on relevant demographic, social science and medical science databases (SocINDEX, Econlit, PopLine, Medline, Embase and Current Contents) and via other sources. Searches focused on subjects related to bioethical and legal controversies in the field of preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis, wrongful birth and wrongful life. A review of the international state of law was carried out, focusing attention on the peculiar issue of wrongful life and investigating the different jurisdictional solutions of wrongful life claims in a comparative survey. OUTCOMES Courts around the world are generally reluctant to acknowledge wrongful life claims due to their ethical and legal implications, such as existence as an injury, the right not to be born, the nature of the harm suffered and non-existence as an alternative to a disabled life. Most countries have rejected such actions while at the same time approving those for wrongful birth. Some countries, such as France with a law passed in March 2002, have definitively excluded Wrongful Life action. Only in the Netherlands and in three states of the USA (California, Washington and New Jersey) Wrongful Life actions are allowed. In other countries, such as Belgium, legislation is unclear because, despite a first decision of the Court allowing Wrongful Life action, the case is still in progress. There is a complete lack of case law regarding wrongful conception, wrongful birth and wrongful life in a few countries, such as Estonia. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The themes of 'wrongful birth' and 'wrongful life' are charged with perplexing ethical dilemmas and raise delicate legal questions. These have met, in various countries and on certain occasions, with different solutions and have triggered ethical and juridical debate. The damage case scenarios result from a lack of information or diagnosis prior to the birth, which deprives the mother of the chance to terminate the pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Malzoni Clinical Scientific Institute, Via Carmelo Errico 2, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Malzoni Clinical Scientific Institute, Via Carmelo Errico 2, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Di Sanzo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Malzoni Clinical Scientific Institute, Via Carmelo Errico 2, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Matteo Scopetti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Filiberto M Severi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale degli Aviatori, 71100 Foggia, Italy
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Hasson J, Limoni D, Malcov M, Frumkin T, Amir H, Shavit T, Bay B, Many A, Almog B. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies conceived after preimplantation genetic diagnosis: cohort study and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:208-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Acceptable applications of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) among Israeli PGD users. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1113-1117. [PMID: 28905883 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of PGD technology to select against genetic disorders and traits is increasing. Although PGD may eliminate some of the obstacles related to conservative options of prenatal diagnosis, it can raise personal, social and moral questions. Ethical issues concerning the justified uses of PGD are a subject of ongoing debate among medical and bioethical communities. Although attitudes toward the acceptable uses of PGD were evaluated among population groups worldwide, bioethics councils were criticized for ignoring public perspectives. In the last decade PGD has been widely used in Israel. The ethical guidelines were created solely by medical-bioethics experts and, some felt, totally isolated from public opinions. Semi-structured in-depth interviews of 37 users (carriers of autosomal recessive, dominant and X-linked disorders, and HLA-matching) were performed. The interviews explored attitudes toward ethical and sociological aspects of PGD. The overall results of this study show highly favorable attitudes of Israeli PGD users toward medical applications. Furthermore, our subjects demonstrate a more permissive stand toward the controversial application of social sex selection albeit with strong objection to esthetic means of selection. PGD users are coping with both genetic disease and load of the PGD procedure. Taking into consideration their opinion is important since it reflects the gains and burdens of these procedures alongside the demand for future optional services. Their attitudes should play an important role in the professional discussion concerning the justified uses of PGD and should significantly influence the design of policy making in this field.
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Roos-Hesselink JW, Budts W, Walker F, De Backer JFA, Swan L, Stones W, Kranke P, Sliwa-Hahnle K, Johnson MR. Organisation of care for pregnancy in patients with congenital heart disease. Heart 2017; 103:1854-1859. [PMID: 28739807 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements in surgery have resulted in more women with repaired congenital heart disease (CHD) surviving to adulthood. Women with CHD, who wish to embark on pregnancy require prepregnancy counselling. This consultation should cover several issues such as the long-term prognosis of the mother, fertility and miscarriage rates, recurrence risk of CHD in the baby, drug therapy during pregnancy, estimated maternal risk and outcome, expected fetal outcomes and plans for pregnancy. Prenatal genetic testing is available for those patients with an identified genetic defect using pregestational diagnosis or prenatal diagnosis chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Centralisation of care is needed for high-risk patients. Finally, currently there are no recommendations addressing the issue of the delivery. It is crucial that a dedicated plan for delivery should be available for all cardiac patients. The maternal mortality in low-income to middle-income countries is 14 times higher than in high-income countries and needs additional aspects and dedicated care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Werner Budts
- Department of Congenital and Structural Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fiona Walker
- Department of Cardiology, Centre for Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease, St Bartholomews Hospital, London, UK
| | - Julie F A De Backer
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorna Swan
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - William Stones
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.,Departments of Public Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Peter Kranke
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Scientific Subcommittee on Obstetric Anaesthesiology, European Society of Anaesthesiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Sliwa-Hahnle
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, SA MRC Cape Heart Centre, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Soweto Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Hatirnaz S, Ozer A, Hatirnaz E, Atasever M, Başaranoglu S, Kanat-Pektas M, Api M. Pre-implantation genetic screening among women experiencing recurrent failure of in vitro fertilization. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2017; 137:314-318. [PMID: 28258586 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficiency of pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS) among women scheduled to undergo intracytoplasmic sperm injection who had experienced recurrent in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure. METHODS The present retrospective cohort study reviewed the medical records of consecutive women who had experienced recurrent IVF failure and had presented at a private IVF facility in Trabzon Province, Turkey, to undergo intracytoplasmic sperm injection between May 1, 2012, and December 31, 2014. Patient data and perinatal outcomes were compared between patients who underwent PGS and those who did not. RESULTS There were 88 patients included in the study; 43 patients had undergone PGS and 45 had declined to do so. No differences were detected in the clinical pregnancy rate (P=0.846), spontaneous abortion rate (P=0.416), number of perinatal deaths (P=0.162), or the number of live deliveries (P=0.188) between the groups of patients. The pregnancies included in the study resulted in 25 neonates being delivered; 24 had normal karyotypes, and one neonate from the control group had a karyotype of 46, XX, 9ph. Among the 19 embryos that were not transferred, the most frequently encountered chromosomal anomalies were diploidy, monosomy X, and 2N/N/4N mosaicism, detected in 7 (37%), 2 (11%), and 2 (11%) embryos, respectively. CONCLUSION PGS had no effect on perinatal outcomes among women experiencing recurrent IVF failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alev Ozer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ebru Hatirnaz
- Private Bilge Hospital, Kucukkoy, Gaziosmanpasa, Turkey
| | - Melahat Atasever
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Giresun University Hospital, Giresun, Turkey
| | | | - Mine Kanat-Pektas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kocatepe University Hospital, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Murat Api
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aydin University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Haude K, McCarthy Veach P, LeRoy B, Zierhut H. Factors Influencing the Decision-Making Process and Long-Term Interpersonal Outcomes for Parents Who Undergo Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for Fanconi Anemia: a Qualitative Investigation. J Genet Couns 2016; 26:640-655. [PMID: 27858211 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-016-0032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure, and predisposition to malignancy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is used to treat FA, and best results are attained with sibling donors who are human leukocyte antigen (HLA) identical matches. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) offers parents of an affected child the opportunity to have an unaffected child who is an HLA match. While some research has investigated parents' experiences during the PGD process, no published studies specifically address factors influencing their decision-making process and long-term interpersonal outcomes. The aims of this study are to: (1) examine parents' expectations and the influence of media, bioethics, and religion on their decision to undergo PGD; (2) examine parents' social support and emotional experiences during their PGD process; and (3) characterize long-term effects of PGD on relationship dynamics (partner, family, friends), others' attitudes, and parental regret. Nine parents participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed their decision to use PGD was variously influenced by media, bioethics, and religion, in particular, affecting parents' initial confidence levels. Moreover, the PGD process was emotionally complex, with parents desiring varying amounts and types of support from different sources at different times. Parents reported others' attitudes towards them were similar or no different than before PGD. Parental regret regarding PGD was negligible. Results of this study will promote optimization of long-term care for FA families.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Haude
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - P McCarthy Veach
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 321 Church Street SE, Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - B LeRoy
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 321 Church Street SE, Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - H Zierhut
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 321 Church Street SE, Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Trachoo O, Satirapod C, Panthan B, Sukprasert M, Charoenyingwattana A, Chantratita W, Choktanasiri W, Hongeng S. First successful trial of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 34:109-116. [PMID: 27815806 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to present a case of a healthy infant born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection-in vitro fertilization (ICSI-IVF) with a preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) due to PANK2 mutation. METHODS ICSI-IVF was performed on a Thai couple, 34-year-old female and 33-year-old male, with a family history of PKAN in their first child. Following fertilization, each of the embryos were biopsied in the cleavage stage and subsequently processed for whole-genome amplification. Genetic status of the embryos was diagnosed by linkage analysis and direct mutation testing using primer extension-based mini-sequencing. Comprehensive chromosomal aneuploidy screening was performed using a next-generation sequencing-based strategy. RESULTS Only a single cycle of ICSI-IVF was processed. There were seven embryos from this couple-two were likely affected, three were likely carriers, one was likely unaffected, and one failed in target genome amplification. Aneuploidy screening was performed before making a decision on embryo transfer, and only one unaffected embryo passed the screening. That embryo was transferred in a frozen thawed cycle, and the pregnancy was successful. The diagnosis was confirmed by amniocentesis, which presented with a result consistent with PGD. At 38 weeks of gestational age, a healthy male baby was born. Postnatal genetic confirmation was also consistent with PGD and the prenatal results. At the age of 24 months, the baby presented with normal growth and development lacking any neurological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS We report the first successful trial of PGD for PKAN in a developing country using linkage analysis and mini-sequencing in cleavage stage embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Objoon Trachoo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6 Road Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Chonthicha Satirapod
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Bhakbhoom Panthan
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Matchuporn Sukprasert
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Angkana Charoenyingwattana
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Wasun Chantratita
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Wicharn Choktanasiri
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Decreased Sperm Motility Retarded ICSI Fertilization Rate in Severe Oligozoospermia but Good-Quality Embryo Transfer Had Achieved the Prospective Clinical Outcomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163524. [PMID: 27661081 PMCID: PMC5035010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spermatozoa motility is the critical parameter to affect the treatment outcomes during assisted reproductive technologies (ART), but its reproductive capability remains a little informed in condition of severe male factor infertility. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the effects of reduced sperm motility on the embryological and clinical outcomes in intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment of severe oligozoospermia. PATIENTS AND METHODS 966 cycles (812 couples) of severe oligozoospermia diagnosed by spermatozoa count ≤ 5 × 106/mL and motile spermatozoa ≤ 2 × 106/mL were divided into four groups in according to the number of motile spermatozoa in one ejaculate on the day of oocyte retrieval (Group B-E). The control (Group A) was 188 cycles of moderate oligozoospermia with spermatozoa count > 5 × 106/mL and motile spermatozoa > 2 × 106/mL. All female partners were younger than 35 years of age. Logistic regression analyzed embryological outcomes (the rates of fertilization, cleavage and good-quality embryo) and clinical outcomes (the rates of pregnancy, implantation, early miscarriage and live birth). Quality of embryo transfer (ET) was divided into three classes as continuous factor to test the effects of embryo quality on clinical outcomes. RESULTS The reduction in the number of motile sperm in four groups of severe oligozoospermia gave rise to comparable inability of the fertilization (p < 0.001) and a decreased rate of good-quality embryo at Day 3 (p < 0.001) by compared to the control. The cleavage rate of the derived zygotes was similar to the control. ET classes significantly affected the clinical outcomes (p < 0.001). Class I ET gave rise to similar rates of clinical outcomes between five groups, but Class II and Class III ET retarded the rates of pregnancy, implantation and live birth and this particularly occurred in Group C, D and E. The rate of early miscarriage was not comparably different between groups. Overall rates in all groups were 41.26% clinical pregnancy, 25.74% implantation and 36.32% live birth, which gave live birth to 252 girls and 252 boys. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of motile spermatozoa in severe oligozoospermia decreased the rates of fertilization and good-quality embryo. Obtaining and transfer of good-quality embryos was the good prognostic to achieve prospective clinical outcomes regardless of the severity of oligozoospermia.
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Riezzo I, Neri M, Bello S, Pomara C, Turillazzi E. Italian law on medically assisted reproduction: do women's autonomy and health matter? BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2016; 16:44. [PMID: 27449932 PMCID: PMC4958410 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-016-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background In Italy in 2004, a very restrictive law was passed on medically assisted reproduction (MAR) (Law 40/2004) that placed Italy at the most conservative end of the European spectrum. The law was widely criticized and many couples seeking MAR brought their cases before the Italian Civil Courts with regard to pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), donor insemination and the issue of consent. Ten years on, having suffered the blows of the Italian Constitutional Court, little remains of law 40/2004. Discussion In 2009, the Constitutional Court declared the maximum limit of the number of embryos to be produced and transferred for each cycle (i.e. three), as stated in the original version of the law, to be constitutionally illegitimate. In 2014, the same Court declared as unconstitutional the ban on donor insemination, thus opening the way to heterologous assisted reproduction. Heterologous MAR is therefore perfectly legitimate in Italy. Finally, in 2015 a further ruling by the Constitutional Court granted the right to access MAR to couples who are fertile but carriers of genetic diseases. However, there is still much room for criticism. Many couples and groups are still, in fact, excluded from MAR. Same-sex couples, single women and those of advanced reproductive age are, at the present time, discriminated against in that Italian law denies these subjects access to MAR. Summary The history of Law 40/2004 has been a particularly troubled one. Numerous rulings have, over the years, dismantled much of a law constructed in violation of the rights and autonomy of women and couples. However, a number of troubling issues still exist from what is left of the law and the debate is still open at national and transnational level regarding some of the contradictions and gaps in the law highlighted in this article. Only by abolishing the final prohibitions and adopting more liberal views on these controversial yet crucial issues will Law 40/2004 become what it should have been from the start, i.e. a law which outlines the ‘rules of use’ of MAR and not, as it has been until now, a law of bans which sets limits to the freedom to reproduce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Riezzo
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Via degli Aviatori, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy
| | - Margherita Neri
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Via degli Aviatori, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Bello
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Via degli Aviatori, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Via degli Aviatori, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Via degli Aviatori, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy.
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Popa MO, Irimia AM, Papagheorghe MN, Vasile EM, Tircol SA, Negulescu RA, Toader C, Adam R, Dorobantu L, Caldararu C, Alexandrescu M, Onciul S. The mechanisms, diagnosis and management of mitral regurgitation in mitral valve prolapse and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Discoveries (Craiova) 2016; 4:e61. [PMID: 32309580 PMCID: PMC7159827 DOI: 10.15190/d.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Valvular disease is a frequent cardiac pathology leading to heart failure and, ultimately, death. Mitral regurgitation, defined as the inability of the two mitral leaflets to coapt, is a common valvular disease and a self sustained pathology. A better understanding of the mitral valve histological layers provides a better understanding of the leaflet and chordae changes in mitral valve prolapse.
Mitral valve prolapse may occur in myxomatous degenerative abnormalities, connective tissue disorders or in sporadic isolated cases. It is the most common mitral abnormality of non-ischemic cause leading to severe surgery-requiring mitral regurgitation. In addition to standard echocardiographic investigations, newly implemented three-dimensional techniques are being used and they permit a better visualisation, from the so-called ‘surgical view’, and an improved evaluation of the mitral valve.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent inherited myocardial disease caused by mutations in various genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere, leading to a marked left ventricular hypertrophy unexplained by other comorbidities. The pathological echocardiographic hallmarks of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. The systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve contributes to the development of mitral regurgitation and further narrows the left ventricular outflow tract, leading to more severe symptomatology. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging accurately measures the left ventricular mass, the degree of diastolic function and it may also be used to distinguish phenotypic variants.
The clinical outcome of patients with these pathologies is mostly determined by the selected option of treatment. The purpose of surgical correction regarding mitral valve involvement is to restore valvular competence. Surgery has proven to be the only useful treatment in preventing heart failure, improving symptomatology and reducing mortality. Our approach wishes to enhance the understanding of the mitral valve’s involvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse from genetic, haemodynamic and clinical perspectives, as well as to present novelties in the grand field of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria Irimia
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | - Catalina Toader
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Robert Adam
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian Dorobantu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Monza Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Maria Alexandrescu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Monza Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sebastian Onciul
- Department of Cardiology, Floreasca Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Breveglieri G, Finotti A, Borgatti M, Gambari R. Recent patents and technology transfer for molecular diagnosis of β-thalassemia and other hemoglobinopathies. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1453-76. [PMID: 26413795 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1090427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological tests and genetic analyses for diagnosis and characterization of hematological diseases in health laboratories are designed with the aim of meeting the major medical needs of hospitals and pharmaceutical companies involved in this field of applied biomedicine. Genetic testing approaches to perform diagnosis consist of molecular techniques, which should be absolutely reproducible, fast, sensitive, cheap, and portable. AREAS COVERED Biological tests analyzed involve adult/newborn subjects, whereas genetic analyses involve adult thalassemia patients, newborns, embryos/fetuses (including non-invasive prenatal diagnosis), pre-implantation embryos, and pre-fertilization oocytes. EXPERT OPINION The most recent findings in the diagnostic approach for β-thalassemias are related to three major fields of investigation: moving towards ultrasensitive methodologies for effective detection of the primary causative mutation of β-thalassemia, including the development of polymerase chain reaction-free approaches and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis; comparing analyses of the genotype of β-thalassemia patients to high-HbF-associated polymorphisms; introducing whole genome association assays and next-generation sequencing. All these issues should be considered and discussed in the context of several aspects, including regulatory, ethical and social issues. DNA sequence data aligned with the identification of genes central to the induction, development, progression, and outcome of β-thalassemia will be a key point for directing personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Breveglieri
- a 1 University of Ferrara, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- a 1 University of Ferrara, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- a 1 University of Ferrara, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- b 2 University of Ferrara, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121 Ferrara, Italy +39 05 32 97 44 43 ; +39 05 32 97 45 00 ;
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Use of reproductive technology for sex selection for nonmedical reasons. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1418-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Winkelman WD, Missmer SA, Myers D, Ginsburg ES. Public perspectives on the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:665-75. [PMID: 25758988 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the perspectives of the United States population towards the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in various clinical scenarios. METHODS Online cross-sectional population based questionnaire of a nationally representative sample according to age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education and religion. RESULTS A total of 1006 completed the questionnaire with an overall response rate of 94%. A majority supported PGD for diseases fatal early in life or those causing lifelong disability (72.9 and 66.7%, respectively); only 48.0% supported PGD for diseases that manifest late in life. Respondents were more supportive of PGD for genetic diseases if they were aware of PGD prior to the survey (OR = 1.64; CI = 1.13-2.39). However, a small proportion were in favor of genetically-based trait selection: 21.1% supported PGD for sex selection, 14.6% for physical traits and 18.9% for personality traits. Compared to women, men were nearly two- to three-fold more supportive of PGD for sex selection (OR = 1.65; CI = 1.20-2.78), physical traits (OR = 2.38; CI = 1.60-3.48) and personality traits (OR = 2.31; CI = .64-3.26). Compared to Caucasians, Asians (OR = 3.87; CI = 1.71-8.78) and African Americans (OR = 1.61; CI = 1.04-2.74) were more supportive of PGD for sex selection. CONCLUSIONS In a nationally representative sample, a majority supported PGD to identify early onset diseases. We noted significant variation in opinions by sex, race, and education. There was more support among those with prior knowledge of PGD suggesting that education about PGD may foster favorable opinions. This study identifies public knowledge and attitudes that may be used to shape future research hypotheses and clinical policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Winkelman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., M1483, Box 0132, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA,
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Winter C, Van Acker F, Bonduelle M, Desmyttere S, Nekkebroeck J. Psychosocial development of full term singletons, born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) at preschool age and family functioning: a prospective case-controlled study and multi-informant approach. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:1122-36. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Shojaei Saadi HA, Vigneault C, Sargolzaei M, Gagné D, Fournier É, de Montera B, Chesnais J, Blondin P, Robert C. Impact of whole-genome amplification on the reliability of pre-transfer cattle embryo breeding value estimates. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:889. [PMID: 25305778 PMCID: PMC4201692 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide profiling of single-nucleotide polymorphisms is receiving increasing attention as a method of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in humans and of commercial genotyping of pre-transfer embryos in cattle. However, the very small quantity of genomic DNA in biopsy material from early embryos poses daunting technical challenges. A reliable whole-genome amplification (WGA) procedure would greatly facilitate the procedure. Results Several PCR-based and non-PCR based WGA technologies, namely multiple displacement amplification, quasi-random primed library synthesis followed by PCR, ligation-mediated PCR, and single-primer isothermal amplification were tested in combination with different DNA extractions protocols for various quantities of genomic DNA inputs. The efficiency of each method was evaluated by comparing the genotypes obtained from 15 cultured cells (representative of an embryonic biopsy) to unamplified reference gDNA. The gDNA input, gDNA extraction method and amplification technology were all found to be critical for successful genome-wide genotyping. The selected WGA platform was then tested on embryo biopsies (n = 226), comparing their results to that of biopsies collected after birth. Although WGA inevitably leads to a random loss of information and to the introduction of erroneous genotypes, following genomic imputation the resulting genetic index of both sources of DNA were highly correlated (r = 0.99, P<0.001). Conclusion It is possible to generate high-quality DNA in sufficient quantities for successful genome-wide genotyping starting from an early embryo biopsy. However, imputation from parental and population genotypes is a requirement for completing and correcting genotypic data. Judicious selection of the WGA platform, careful handling of the samples and genomic imputation together, make it possible to perform extremely reliable genomic evaluations for pre-transfer embryos. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-889) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claude Robert
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics of Early Embryonic Development, Institut des nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Pavillon des services, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Winter C, Van Acker F, Bonduelle M, Desmyttere S, De Schrijver F, Nekkebroeck J. Cognitive and psychomotor development of 5- to 6-year-old singletons born after PGD: a prospective case-controlled matched study. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:1968-77. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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29
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Drazba KT, Kelley MA, Hershberger PE. A qualitative inquiry of the financial concerns of couples opting to use preimplantation genetic diagnosis to prevent the transmission of known genetic disorders. J Genet Couns 2014; 23:202-11. [PMID: 23949612 PMCID: PMC3925761 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-013-9638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an innovative prenatal testing option because the determination of whether a genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality is evident occurs prior to pregnancy. However, PGD is not covered financially under the majority of private and public health insurance institutions in the United States, leaving couples to decide whether PGD is financially feasible. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the role of finances in the decision-making process among couples who were actively considering PGD. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were completed with 18 genetic high-risk couples (36 individual partners). Grounded theory guided the analysis, whereby three themes emerged: 1) Cost is salient, 2) Emotions surrounding affordability, and 3) Financial burden and sacrifice. Ultimately, couples determined that the opportunity to avoid passing on a genetic disorder to a future child was paramount to the cost of PGD, but expressed financial concerns and recognized financial access as a major barrier to PGD utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Drazba
- Population Science, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA,
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Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS), a relatively common autosomal dominant hereditary disorder of connective tissue with prominent manifestations in the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems, is caused by mutations in the glycoprotein gene fibrillin-1 (FBN1). Aortic root dilation and mitral valve prolapse are the main presentations among the cardiovascular malformations of MFS. The revised Ghent diagnostics nosology of Marfan syndrome is established in accordance with a combination of major and minor clinical manifestations in various organ systems and the family history. The pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome has not been fully elucidated. However, fibrillin-1 gene mutations are believed to exert a dominant negative effect. The treatment includes prophylactic β-blockers and angiotensin II-receptor blockers in order to slow down the dilation of the ascending aorta and prophylactic aortic surgery. Importantly, β-blocker therapy may reduce TGF-β activation, which has been recognized as a contributory factor in MFS. The identification of a mutation allows for early diagnosis, prognosis, genetic counseling, preventive management of carriers and reassurance for unaffected relatives. The importance of knowing in advance the location of the putative family mutation is highlighted by its straightforward application to prenatal and postnatal screening. The present article aims to provide an overview of this rare hereditary disorder. The revised Ghent diagnostics nosology is used for MFS detection. β-Blockers and angiotensin II-receptor blockers are used in the prophylaxis of MFS. MFS mutation identification involve in genetic counseling family members and relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Genetics Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Sarita Agarwal
- Department of Genetics Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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32
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Farra C, Nassar A, Arawi T, Ashkar H, Monsef C, Awwad J. The utilization of pre-implantation genetic testing in the absence of governance: a real-time experience. Clin Genet 2013; 86:177-80. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Farra
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - A. Nassar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - T. Arawi
- Salim El-Hoss Bioethics and Professionalism Program; American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine; Beirut Lebanon
| | - H. Ashkar
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - C. Monsef
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - J. Awwad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Drazba KT, Kelley MA, Hershberger PE. A qualitative inquiry of the financial concerns of couples opting to use preimplantation genetic diagnosis to prevent the transmission of known genetic disorders. J Genet Couns 2013. [PMID: 23949612 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-013-9638-7.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an innovative prenatal testing option because the determination of whether a genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality is evident occurs prior to pregnancy. However, PGD is not covered financially under the majority of private and public health insurance institutions in the United States, leaving couples to decide whether PGD is financially feasible. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the role of finances in the decision-making process among couples who were actively considering PGD. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were completed with 18 genetic high-risk couples (36 individual partners). Grounded theory guided the analysis, whereby three themes emerged: 1) Cost is salient, 2) Emotions surrounding affordability, and 3) Financial burden and sacrifice. Ultimately, couples determined that the opportunity to avoid passing on a genetic disorder to a future child was paramount to the cost of PGD, but expressed financial concerns and recognized financial access as a major barrier to PGD utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Drazba
- Population Science, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA,
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34
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Kumar A, Agarwal S. WITHDRAWN: Marfan syndrome: An eyesight of syndrome. Gene 2013:S0378-1119(13)00998-0. [PMID: 23954223 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Genetics Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India.
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35
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Use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for serious adult onset conditions: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:54-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Qiao J, Wang ZB, Feng HL, Miao YL, Wang Q, Yu Y, Wei YC, Yan J, Wang WH, Shen W, Sun SC, Schatten H, Sun QY. The root of reduced fertility in aged women and possible therapentic options: current status and future perspects. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 38:54-85. [PMID: 23796757 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that maternal ageing not only causes increased spontaneous abortion and reduced fertility, but it is also a high genetic disease risk. Although assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been widely used to treat infertility, the overall success is still low. The main reasons for age-related changes include reduced follicle number, compromised oocyte quality especially aneuploidy, altered reproductive endocrinology, and increased reproductive tract defect. Various approaches for improving or treating infertility in aged women including controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with intrauterine insemination (IUI), IVF/ICSI-ET, ovarian reserve testing, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and screening (PGD/PGS), oocyte selection and donation, oocyte and ovary tissue cryopreservation before ageing, miscarriage prevention, and caloric restriction are summarized in this review. Future potential reproductive techniques for infertile older women including oocyte and zygote micromanipulations, derivation of oocytes from germ stem cells, ES cells, and iPS cells, as well as through bone marrow transplantation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai-Liang Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Hospital Queens, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Reproductive Medicine Group, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Chang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Houston Fertility Institute, Tomball Regional Hospital, Tomball, TX 77375, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology, Department of Animal Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Abotalib Z. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in Saudi Arabia. Bioinformation 2013; 9:388-93. [PMID: 23750087 PMCID: PMC3670120 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) testing is the practice of obtaining a cellular biopsy sample from a developing human oocyte or embryo, acquired via a cycle of in vitro fertilization (IVF); evaluating the genetic composition of this sample; and using this information to determine which embryos will be optimal for subsequent uterine transfer. PGD has become an increasingly useful adjunct to IVF procedures. The ability to provide couples who are known carriers of genetic abnormalities the opportunity to deliver healthy babies has opened a new frontier in reproductive medicine. The purpose of the PGD is enables us to choose which embryos will be implanted into the mother. In the present study 137 families who had undergone IVF at Habib Medical Centre, were enrolled for the PGD analysis. The couple visited the clinic for the sex selection, recurrent fetal loss and with the recurrent IVF failure. 802 embryos were tested by the biopsy method and 512 are found to be normal and 290 were abnormal embryos. In this study only 24% of the embryos were transferred and the remaining was not transferred because of the abnormalities or undesired sex of the embryos. The structural and numerical abnormalities were found to be 16.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abotalib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University P.O. Box 60826, Riyadh 11555, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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38
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Greco E, Fabozzi G, Ruberti A, Zavaglia D, Giulia Minasi M. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the biopsy technique: Important considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/arsci.2013.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Coron F, Rousseau T, Jondeau G, Gautier E, Binquet C, Gouya L, Cusin V, Odent S, Dulac Y, Plauchu H, Collignon P, Delrue MA, Leheup B, Joly L, Huet F, Thevenon J, Mace G, Cassini C, Thauvin-Robinet C, Wolf JE, Hanna N, Sagot P, Boileau C, Faivre L. What do French patients and geneticists think about prenatal and preimplantation diagnoses in Marfan syndrome? Prenat Diagn 2012; 32:1318-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Coron
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - T. Rousseau
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Anténatal, Maternité; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - G. Jondeau
- Centre National de Référence pour le Syndrome de Marfan et Apparentés; Hôpital Bichat; Paris France
- INSERM U698; Faculté Paris 7; Paris France
| | - E. Gautier
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Epidémiologie Clinique; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - C. Binquet
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Epidémiologie Clinique; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - L. Gouya
- Centre National de Référence pour le Syndrome de Marfan et Apparentés; Hôpital Bichat; Paris France
- INSERM U698; Faculté Paris 7; Paris France
| | - V. Cusin
- Centre National de Référence pour le Syndrome de Marfan et Apparentés; Hôpital Bichat; Paris France
- INSERM U698; Faculté Paris 7; Paris France
| | - S. Odent
- Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs; Hôpital Pontchaillout; Rennes France
| | - Y. Dulac
- Cardiologie Pédiatrique; CHU Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - H. Plauchu
- Service de Génétique; HFME, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - P. Collignon
- Service de Génétique; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille; Marseille France
| | - M.-A. Delrue
- Service de Génétique; CHU Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - B. Leheup
- Service de Génétique; CHU Nancy; Nancy France
| | - L. Joly
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - F. Huet
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
- Equipe d'Accueil GAD, IFR 100 Santé STIC; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - J. Thevenon
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
- Equipe d'Accueil GAD, IFR 100 Santé STIC; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - G. Mace
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Anténatal, Maternité; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - C. Cassini
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - C. Thauvin-Robinet
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
- Equipe d'Accueil GAD, IFR 100 Santé STIC; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - J. E. Wolf
- Service de Cardiologie; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | - N. Hanna
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire; Hôpital Ambroise Paré; Boulogne France
| | - P. Sagot
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Anténatal, Maternité; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - C. Boileau
- Service de Cardiologie; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | - L. Faivre
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
- Equipe d'Accueil GAD, IFR 100 Santé STIC; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon France
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HLINKA D, KAĽATOVÁ B, UHRINOVÁ I, DOLINSKÁ S, RUTAROVÁ J, ŘEZÁČOVÁ J, LAZAROVSKÁ S, DUDÁŠ M. Time-Lapse Cleavage Rating Predicts Human Embryo Viability. Physiol Res 2012; 61:513-25. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronology of three consecutive mitotic events in human pre-implantation embryos was examined by time-lapse imaging. In zygotes producing well-formed and pregnancy-yielding expanded blastocysts, uniform time-patterning of cleavage clusters (c) and interphases (i) was revealed: i2=11±1, i3=15±1, i4=23±1 h / c2=15±5, c3=40±10, c4=55±15 min. Oppositely, shortened or prolonged durations of one or more cell cycles were strongly predictive of poor implantation and development. Furthermore, trichotomic mitosis was discovered in 17 % of cases - zygotes cleaved into 3 blastomeres and 2-cell embryos into 5-6 cells (instead of normal 2 and 4). During conventional clinical assessment, such embryos are indistinguishable from normal, often considered just-in-course of the next cell cycle. Only detailed time-lapse monitoring paced at 10-minute intervals had proven all these embryos to be absolutely unviable, even in rare cases when they reduced their hypercellularity to normal cell counts via cell-cell fusion. Overall, we demonstrate that time-lapse embryo cleavage rating (ECR) as a standalone diagnostic procedure allows for effective identification of viable early embryos with 90 % specificity, while elimination of good-looking but unviable embryos can be assumed with a specificity of 100 %. Thus, making this non-invasive and contactless approach worth of addition to routine embryo screening in clinical IVF programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M. DUDÁŠ
- Fetal Medicine Program, Department of Cell Biology, Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
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41
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Stavropoulos-Giokas C, Dinou A, Papassavas A. The Role of HLA in Cord Blood Transplantation. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2012; 2012:485160. [PMID: 23097706 PMCID: PMC3477523 DOI: 10.1155/2012/485160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, umbilical cord blood (CB), a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), has been used successfully as an alternative HSC source to treat a variety of hematologic, immunologic, genetic, and oncologic disorders. CB has several advantages, including prompt availability of the transplant, decrease of graft versus host disease (GVHD) and better long-term immune recovery, resulting in a similar long-term survival. Studies have shown that some degree of HLA mismatches is acceptable. This review is intended to outline the main aspects of HLA matching in different settings (related, pediatric, adult, or double-unit HSCT), its effect on transplantation outcome and the role of HLA in donor selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Stavropoulos-Giokas
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 4 Soranou Efessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Dinou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 4 Soranou Efessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Papassavas
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 4 Soranou Efessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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42
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Yanagimachi R. Fertilization studies and assisted fertilization in mammals: their development and future. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:25-32. [PMID: 22450281 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of mammalian fertilization progressed very slowly in the beginning because of difficulties in obtaining a large quantity of fully mature eggs at one time. With progression of techniques to collect and handle eggs and spermatozoa, research in mammalian fertilization advanced rapidly. Today, far more papers are published on mammalian gametes and fertilization than those of all other animals combined. The development of assisted fertilization and related technologies revolutionized basic research as well as human reproductive medicine and animal husbandry. Reproduction is fundamental to human and animal lives. The author lists a few subjects of his personal interest for further development of basic and applied research of gametes and fertilization. Each reader will probably have more exciting subjects of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuzo Yanagimachi
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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43
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Maron BJ, Maron MS, Semsarian C. Genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after 20 years: clinical perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:705-15. [PMID: 22796258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common familial heart disease with vast genetic heterogeneity, demonstrated over the past 20 years. Mutations in 11 or more genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere (>1,400 variants) are responsible for (or associated with) HCM. Explosive progress achieved in understanding the rapidly evolving science underlying HCM genomics has resulted in fee-for-service testing, making genetic information widely available. The power of HCM mutational analysis, albeit a more limited role than initially envisioned, lies most prominently in screening family members at risk for developing disease and excluding unaffected relatives, which is information not achievable otherwise. Genetic testing also allows expansion of the broad HCM disease spectrum and diagnosis of HCM phenocopies with different natural history and treatment options, but is not a reliable strategy for predicting prognosis. Interfacing a heterogeneous disease such as HCM with the vast genetic variability of the human genome, and high frequency of novel mutations, has created unforeseen difficulties in translating complex science (and language) into the clinical arena. Indeed, proband diagnostic testing is often expressed on a probabilistic scale, which is frequently incompatible with clinical decision making. Major challenges rest with making reliable distinctions between pathogenic mutations and benign variants, and those judged to be of uncertain significance. Genotyping in HCM can be a powerful tool for family screening and diagnosis. However, wider adoption and future success of genetic testing in the practicing cardiovascular community depends on a standardized approach to mutation interpretation, and bridging the communication gap between basic scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Maron
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Benschop L, Seshadri S, Toulis KA, Vincent K, Child T, Granne IE, Goulis DG. Immune therapies for women with history of failed implantation undergoing IVF treatment. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Benschop
- University of Amsterdam; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | - Konstantinos A Toulis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology; Antheon 2, Agios Pavlos Thessaloniki Greece 55438
| | - Katy Vincent
- John Radcliffe Hospital; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Headley Way Oxford UK OX39DU
| | - Timothy Child
- John Radcliffe Hospital; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Headley Way Oxford UK OX39DU
| | - Ingrid E Granne
- John Radcliffe Hospital; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Headley Way Oxford UK OX39DU
| | - Dimitri G Goulis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology; Antheon 2, Agios Pavlos Thessaloniki Greece 55438
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Abstract
Up to 3% of UK pregnancies will be affected by congenital abnormality. Prenatal diagnosis allows the parents to make informed decisions about their pregnancy, healthcare professionals to optimise the antenatal care and families prepare for the birth of the baby. There are many techniques employed which range from the non-invasive ultrasonography to the highly invasive amniocentesis. This review explores the methods currently available in the UK as well as considering the newer minimally-invasive technologies available including cell-free fetal DNA and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Collins
- The Fetal Medicine Unit, Women's Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Genetics has fascinated societies since ancient times, and references to traits or behaviors that appear to be shared or different among related individuals have permeated legends, literature, and popular culture. Biomedical advances from the past century, and particularly the discovery of the DNA double helix, the increasing numbers of links that were established between mutations and medical conditions or phenotypes, and technological advances that facilitated the sequencing of the human genome, catalyzed the development of genetic testing. Genetic tests were initially performed in health care facilities, interpreted by health care providers, and included the availability of counseling. Recent years have seen an increased availability of genetic tests that are offered by companies directly to consumers, a phenomenon that became known as direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Tests offered in this setting range from the ones that are also provided in health care establishments to tests known as ‘recreational genomics,’ and consumers directly receive the test results. In addition, testing in this context often does not involve the availability of counseling and, when this is provided, it frequently occurs on-line or over the phone. As a field situated at the interface between biotechnology, biomedical research, and social sciences, direct-to-consumer genetic testing opens multiple challenges that can be appropriately addressed only by developing a complex, inter-disciplinary framework.
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Ramón y Cajal T, Polo A, Martínez O, Giménez C, Arjona C, Llort G, Bassas L, Viscasillas P, Calaf J. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for inherited breast cancer: first clinical application and live birth in Spain. Fam Cancer 2011; 11:175-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-011-9497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Uchiyama N, Ogata T, Oka N, Wada T. Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate-promoted reductive 2'-O-arylmethylation of ribonucleoside derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2011; 30:446-56. [PMID: 21780910 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.592171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arylmethyl groups such as benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, and 1-pyrenylmethyl groups were introduced to the 2'-O-position of nucleosides by reductive etherification. Combining corresponding aromatic aldehydes with 2'-O-trimethylsilylnucleoside derivatives in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) resulted in moderate to good yields of the 2'-O-arylmethyluridine derivatives, whereas the corresponding cytidine and adenosine derivatives were obtained in low yields. The reaction of ribonucleosides with aliphatic aldehydes did not proceed smoothly. Anomerization of the uridine derivatives by TMSOTf was observed in CH(2)Cl(2), toluene, and CH(3)CN, but was completely suppressed when the reactions were conducted in 1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Uchiyama
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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Ly KD, Agarwal A, Nagy ZP. Preimplantation genetic screening: does it help or hinder IVF treatment and what is the role of the embryo? J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 28:833-49. [PMID: 21743973 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an ongoing debate over its efficacy, preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is increasingly being used to detect numerical chromosomal abnormalities in embryos to improve implantation rates after IVF. The main indications for the use of PGS in IVF treatments include advanced maternal age, repeated implantation failure, and recurrent pregnancy loss. The success of PGS is highly dependent on technical competence, embryo culture quality, and the presence of mosaicism in preimplantation embryos. Today, cleavage stage biopsy is the most commonly used method for screening preimplantation embryos for aneuploidy. However, blastocyst biopsy is rapidly becoming the more preferred method due to a decreased likelihood of mosaicism and an increase in the amount of DNA available for testing. Instead of using 9 to 12 chromosome FISH, a 24 chromosome detection by aCGH or SNP microarray will be used. Thus, it is advised that before attempting to perform PGS and expecting any benefit, extended embryo culture towards day 5/6 should be established and proven and the clinical staff should demonstrate competence with routine competency assessments. A properly designed randomized control trial is needed to test the potential benefits of these new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Dao Ly
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Oka N, Wada T. Stereocontrolled synthesis of oligonucleotide analogs containing chiral internucleotidic phosphorus atoms. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:5829-43. [PMID: 21720637 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides, in which one of the two nonbridging oxygen atoms of internucleotidic phosphates is replaced by a different type of atom or a substituent, are useful as therapeutic agents and probes to elucidate mechanisms of enzymatic reactions. The internucleotidic phosphorus atoms of these oligonucleotides are chiral, and the properties of these oligonucleotides are affected by the absolute configuration of the chiral phosphorus atoms. In order to address the issue of chirality, various methods have been developed to synthesize these P-chiral oligonucleotide analogs in a stereocontrolled manner. This critical review focuses on the recent progress in this field (123 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuhisa Oka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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