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Wang M, Liang H, Yan Y, Bian R, Huang W, Zhang X, Nie J. Distribution of HPV types among women with HPV-related diseases and exploration of lineages and variants of HPV 52 and 58 among HPV-infected patients in China: A systematic literature review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2343192. [PMID: 38745409 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2343192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To summarize the distribution of types of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated with HPV-related diseases and investigate the potential causes of high prevalence of HPV 52 and 58 by summarizing the prevalence of lineages, sub-lineages, and mutations among Chinese women. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, and WanFang from January, 2012 to June, 2023 to identify all the eligible studies. We excluded patients who had received HPV vaccinations. Data were summarized in tables and cloud/rain maps. A total of 102 studies reporting HPV distribution and 15 studies reporting HPV52/HPV58 variants were extracted. Among Chinese women, the top five prevalent HPV types associated with cervical cancer (CC) were HPV16, 18, 58, 52, and 33. In patients with vaginal cancers and precancerous lesions, the most common HPV types were 16 and 52 followed by 58. For women with condyloma acuminatum (CA), the most common HPV types were 11 and 6. In Chinese women with HPV infection, lineage B was the most prominently identified for HPV52, and lineage A was the most common for HPV58. In addition to HPV types 16, which is prevalent worldwide, our findings revealed the unique high prevalence of HPV 52/58 among Chinese women with HPV-related diseases. HPV 52 variants were predominantly biased toward lineage B and sub-lineage B2, and HPV 58 variants were strongly biased toward lineage A and sub-lineage A1. Further investigations on the association between the high prevalent lineage and sub-lineage in HPV 52/58 and the risk of cancer risk are needed. Our findings underscore the importance of vaccination with the nine-valent HPV vaccine in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Liang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yan
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Bian
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
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Lan Z, Zhang J, Li H, He R, Zhao Q, Yang F. Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes and related cervical morphological results in southern Hunan Province of China, 2018-2020: Baseline measures at a tertiary institution prior to mass human papillomavirus vaccination. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1094560. [PMID: 36687652 PMCID: PMC9845708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1094560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is closely correlated with cervical lesions. However, the HPV prevalence varies among different districts. This retrospective study investigated the HPV genotype distribution and its relationship with cervical lesions in southern Hunan Province. Methods The database at our Pathology Department was searched for HPV and morphological results during 2018-2020 were reviewed. A total of 49,955 gynaecological inpatients and outpatients, each of whom underwent HPV testing based on the amplification of L1 sequence and reverse dot blot hybridization, were included in this study. Available cytology and relevant histological examination results were reviewed. Enrolled cases were categorized into seven groups based on their age. Household registry and educational level were evaluated. Results Seven thousand two hundred eighty-six females were positive for HPV and the overall HPV positivity rate was 14.59%. The top five most prevalent HPV genotypes were HPV52, 16, 58, 53 and 51 (22.98%, 17.54%, 14.29%, 7.47%, and 5.70%, respectively). The HPV prevalence curve specific to the seven age groups showed a bimodal distribution. High school education or blow and rural residence served as risk factors for HPV infection. Single infection was the main type of HPV infection, and multiple infections occurred in 21.92% of the infected women. Of 3,148 cases had cytological results, 1,149 (36.50%) had abnormal cytological abnormalities. Among 2,833 participants with histological examination, 2000 (70.60%) had cervical abnormalities. Cytological and pathological abnormalities were mainly associated with infection with HPV16, 52 and 58. Further analysis found that HPV16, 58, 52 and 33 were the main genotypes associated with high-grade squamous lesions (HSIL) and that HPV16, 31, 33 and 58 were independent risk factors for HSIL (odd ratio [OR] = 1.70, 1.99, 2.59, 2.29; 95% CI = 1.41-2.03, 1.17-3.41, 1.88-3.59, 1.85-2.82; all p < 0.05). HPV16, 58, 52, 18 and 33 were the most frequent genotypes detected in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients, and HPV16 and 18 were independent risk factors for cervical carcinomas (OR = 6.72;95% CI = 5.48-8.25; p < 0.001; OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.22-2.30; p = 0.001). Conclusion This retrospective study demonstrated the prevalence and the distribution characteristics of HPV infection and its correlation with cervical lesions in southern Hunan Province. The comprehensive results of this survey can guide HPV vaccine research to protect against some common genotypes in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Lan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Rongfang He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China,*Correspondence: Fang Yang, ✉
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Lin X, Chen L, Zheng Y, Yan F, Li J, Zhang J, Yang H. Age-specific prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus in women from Northwest China. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4366-4373. [PMID: 35365956 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer with more than 200 genotypes. Different genotypes have different potentials in causing premalignant lesions and cervical cancers. In this study, we investigated the age-specific prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV genotypes in Northwest China. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 145,918 unvaccinated women from Northwest China for population-based HPV DNA screening test during June 2015 to December 2020. And a lab-based test was performed for each volunteer by flow fluorescent technology to identify the genotypes of HPV. RESULTS The overall infection rate of HPV was 22.97%. With the participants divided into 12 groups according to age, a bimodal curve of infection rate was obtained. And the two peaks appeared in the younger than 20 group and 61-65 group, respectively. The five most common HPV genotypes included HPV 16, 58, 52, 53 and 61 in all participants, which were in descending order of frequency. Among women younger than 25 years old, HPV 6 and 11 were more common and even higher than some genotypes mentioned above. Among women older than 65 years old, HPV 18 and 66 were more common than or as high as the six most common genotypes in all populations. Additionally, the distribution of single and multiple infections in each age group was also different. CONCLUSION The baseline prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV in Northwest China was uncovered for the first time. Age was related to the epidemiology of different HPV genotypes. All the results would be of great significance for future healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunyun Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianfang Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Human papillomavirus genotyping on Reunion Island: A cross-sectional study of stored tissue samples. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 252:294-299. [PMID: 32650188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to illustrate and evaluate the prevalence and distribution pattern of cervical human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes on La Réunion Island, a French overseas territory, with the aim to guide future vaccination policies. STUDY DESIGN Between January 2008 and July 2012, files of women undergoing gynaecological examination were retrospectively evaluated at the University Hospital, Reunion Island. Inclusion criteria required cervical biopsies with histopathological diagnosis of high-grade lesions or cancer and ASCUS Pap Smears (atypical squamous cells undetermined significance) results. The INNO-LIPA HPV Genotyping Extra® test was used for HPV genotyping. RESULTS A total of 401 ASCUS Pap Smears and 94 cervical biopsies were analyzed, of which 162 smears and 63 biopsies were HPV DNA positive (40.4 % and 67 % respectively). Detailed breakdowns of HPV genotype-specific distribution reported prevalence of HPV 16, 31, 33, 51 and 52. Of the 63 HPV-positive biopsies, 61 (96.8 %) contained at least one HPV genotype that is contained in the 9-valent HPV vaccine. The incremental preventable fraction of HPV infections that could have been added by the new 9-valent vaccine to the current bivalent vaccine was estimated at 26.2 %. CONCLUSIONS Immunization with 9-valent vaccine should be effective, and in the long term, may reduce cervical cancer incidence in Reunion Island. Nevertheless, vaccination rates and coverage need to be maintained and improved.
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He L, He J. Distribution of high-risk HPV types among women in Sichuan province, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:390. [PMID: 31068141 PMCID: PMC6505120 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a major cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer. We investigated the prevalence of HR-HPV infection and distribution of viral genotypes among women in this area. METHODS Women in Sichuan older than 20 years were screened for cervical cancer between January 2015 and December 2016 using liquid-based cytology testing and a flow cytometry-fluorescence hybridization test for HPV-DNA. Frequency tables were evaluated using the chi-squared test (χ2). RESULTS Of the 17,319 women aged 20-85 years who participated in the study, Overall prevalence of HR-HPV infection was 12.6% (2178/17,319). The most prevalent viral type was HPV-52, which was present in 2.5% of individuals, followed by HPV-53 (1.6%), HPV-58 (1.5%), HPV-16 (1.1%), HPV-56 (0.9%), HPV-39 (0.8%). In HSIL, the five most common HR-HPV types were HPV52, 16, 58, 33 and 56. HPV16/18 in HSIL only makes up 25.9% of HSIL, whereas HPV31/33/45/52/58 make up 56.8%. Overall HR-HPV prevalence among women older than 65 years was 15.2%, significantly higher than the prevalence in other age groups (P < 0.05). Infection with dual or multiple HR-HPV types was associated with greater risk of abnormal cytology. CONCLUSION Overall HR-HPV prevalence in Sichuan is as high as in large cities in China. The HR-HPV types 52, 16, 58, 33 and 56 predominated in this sample of HSIL women primarily from the banking and public sector in Sichuan. High prevalence among women older than 65 years needed pay attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia He
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Junyong He
- Health Management Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
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Tian Y, Yuan Wu NY, Liou YL, Yeh CT, Cao L, Kang YN, Wang HJ, Li Y, Chu TY, Li W, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y. Utility of gene methylation analysis, cytological examination, and HPV-16/18 genotyping in triage of high-risk human papilloma virus-positive women. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62274-62285. [PMID: 28977944 PMCID: PMC5617504 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology and the Society of Gynecologic Oncology issued interim guidance for the use of a human papillomavirus (HPV) test for primary screening, suggesting triage of women positive for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) by HPV-16/18 genotyping and cytology for women positive for non-16/18 hrHPV. The design of the present study was based on this interim guidance and analysis of the methylation status of specific candidate genes, which has been proposed as a tool to reduce unnecessary referral following primary HPV screening for cervical cancer. We performed a hospital-based case-control study including 312 hrHPV-positive women. hrHPV genotyping was performed by nested multiplex PCR assay with type-specific primers.Residual cervical cells from liquid-based cytology were used for extraction of genomic DNA for assessment of the methylation status of PAX1, ZNF582, SOX1, and NKX6-1 and HPV genotyping. Combined with HPV-16/18 genotyping, both a dual methylation test for PAX1/ZNF582 and testing for ZNF582 methylation demonstrated 100% association of methylation with pathology results, indicating carcinoma in situ or squamous cell carcinoma. The sensitivity and specificity of the dual methylation test for PAX1/ZNF582 as a reflex test for identification of CIN3+ lesions were 78.85% and 73.55% (odds ratio = 10.37, 95% confidence interval = 4.76-22.58), respectively. This strategy could reduce the number of patients referred for colposcopic examination by 31.3% compared with cytology, and thus provide a feasible follow-up solution in regions where colposcopy is not readily available. This strategy could also prevent unnecessary anxiety in women with hrHPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tian
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Na-Yi Yuan Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ligh Liou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
- iStat Biomedical Co. Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Lanqin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Kang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, P. R. China
| | | | - Yichen Li
- iStat Biomedical Co. Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, P. R. China
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Peng J, Yuan Y, Shen F, Wang Y, Chen L, Liao DJ, Tan Y. Cervical Cancers Manifest a High Rate of Infection by a High-Risk Human Papilloma Virus Subtype but a Very Low Rate of Infection by a Low-Risk Subtype in the Guiyang District of China. J Cancer 2017; 8:1263-1270. [PMID: 28607602 PMCID: PMC5463442 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of infection by different genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) varies among different geographic areas. We studied the prevalence of infection by 21 HPV genotypes in cervical tissue specimens from 4213 women in the Guiyang district, that is located in the southwest of China and is dominated by minor ethnicities of Chinese, and 2074 cases in our cohort had pathological diagnosis available. The overall infection rate was 36.98%. Most (72.08%) infectors were positive for only one HPV subtype, with the remaining being cases infected by two or more subtypes. Infections by the HPV subtypes 16, 52 and 58 were the most prevalent, having rates of 34.66%, 16.03%% and 15.53%, respectively. The most common cervical lesions in HPV infections were genital warts, cervical cancer (CC) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Age and age at first sexual activity were independent risk factors for HPV infections that in turn cause certain cervical lesions. Intriguingly, while 94.90% of the CC patients were infected by oncogenically high-risk (HR) HPV subtypes, only 2.75% and 2.29% of these patients were infected by oncogenically low-risk (LR) subtypes or other-subtypes with their oncogenicity unclear. The rates of infection by LR-HPVs and other-HPVs were also low, being 4.63% and 6.76%, respectively, in the patients with CIN that is a precursor lesion of CC, lower than the 8.54% and 18.20%, respectively, in the women without a cervical lesion. Our data provides an important foundation for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HPV infection in Guiyang district and suggests that development of vaccines for prevention and treatment of CC in this area should first target the HPV subtypes 16, 52 and 58, but not subtype 18 as for many other places. It deserves study whether infections by certain LR-HPVs and other-HPVs may serve as attenuated live vaccines for prevention of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Peng
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China.,Blood Transfusion Department, TaiHe Hospital Affiliated to HuBei University of Medicine, ShiYan, HuBei 442000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China.,Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P. R. China
| | - Feng Shen
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Lichan Chen
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Tan
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China.,Laboratory Medicine, Baiyun Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, P. R. China
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Cao D, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Wei X, Zhao M, Ma Q, Li Y, Wang L, Pei M, Yang T, Zhao J, Yang X. Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women in Shaanxi province of China: A hospital-based investigation. J Med Virol 2016; 89:1281-1286. [PMID: 27935120 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of female high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in Shaanxi province of China. A total of 14 111 women were enrolled for HPV genotyping test, and a cytology, and/or cervix biopsy were performed in partial women. Of these women, the HPV infection rate was 30.21%, and 26.73% were caused by HR-HPV. The most common HR-HPV genotypes were HPV-16, HPV-58, HPV-52, HPV-18, and HPV-31. The prevalence of HR-HPV among women older than 50 years was significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). The main carcinogenic genotypes were HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-58, HPV-52, and HPV-31. HPV-16 and HPV-18 combined caused 80.79% of cervical cancer cases. The infection with multiple HR-HPVs was not a risk factor for cervical lesions. In conclusion, HPV infection was common among women in Shaanxi province. Women older than 50 years were a high-risk group for HR-HPV infection and cervical cancer. HPV-16 and HPV-18 were the main carcinogenic genotypes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Cao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minyi Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yan An Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meili Pei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Zhu X, Liu H, Wu H, Liu W, Yin L, Sun X. Carcinogenic ability quantification of human papilloma virus subtypes in eastern China. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2106-13. [PMID: 26112600 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is a precursor of cervical cancer. This study aimed to introduce a method to quantify the risk of cervical cancer resulting from infection by different HPV subtypes, to help guide patient treatment. Nucleic acid molecule flow-through hybridization and gene chip technology were used to test 6,510 non-cervical cancer healthy volunteers (≤CIN-I) and 204 cervical cancer patients (≥CIN-III) from Dongying City for 21 HPV subtypes (HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 66 and CP8304) in exfoliated cervical cells. The positive proportion of HPV subtypes was calculated, excluding or including patients with multiple subtype infections. The lower (L) and upper (H) limits of the carcinogenic risk score range were calculated, respectively. The values of carcinogenic index ± uncertainty in the carcinogenic ability (CI ± U) were also calculated. CI = (H + L)/2 represents the carcinogenic risk of the different subtypes, and U =(H - L)/2 represents the probability of each subtype being present in multiple infections. Infection rates were 15.87 and 96.57%, and HPV subtypes with high infection rates were HPV-16, 52, 58, 33, 18, and 31 and HPV-16, 31, 58, 18, 68, and 33 in the non-cervical cancer and cervical cancer groups, respectively. HPV subtypes with high risk of cervical cancer were HPV-31 (3.71 ± 0.68), 51 (2.65 ± 0.44), 18 (2.03 ± 0.43), 68 (1.76 ± 0.40), 58 (1.68 ± 0.49), and 16 (1.39 ± 0.33). We have provided a quantitative method for expressing HPV subtype carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Hongguang Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Likui Yin
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Xueqing Sun
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
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10
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Liou YL, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Cao L, Qin CZ, Zhang TL, Chang CF, Wang HJ, Lin SY, Chu TY, Zhang Y, Zhou HH. Comparison of HPV genotyping and methylated ZNF582 as triage for women with equivocal liquid-based cytology results. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:50. [PMID: 25945131 PMCID: PMC4419454 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The interpretation of equivocal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear results remains challenging, even with the addition of the high-risk human papillomavirus test (HPV-HR). Recently, methylated zinc finger protein 582 (ZNF582) (ZNF582m) was reported to be highly associated with cervical cancer. In this study, we compared the performance of ZNF582m detection and HPV-HR genotyping in the triage of cervical atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and atypical squamous cell - cannot exclude a high-grade lesion (ASC-H). Case description Two hundred and forty-two subjects with equivocal papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) results were recruited in this hospital-based and case-controlled study. The residual cervical cells in liquid-based cytological test (LBC) containers were used for genomic DNA extraction and then for ZNF582m and HPV-HR detection. The level of ZNF582m was quantified by real-time methylation-specific PCR after bisulfite conversion. The HPV-HR test was performed by using a nested multiplex PCR (NMPCR) assay that combines degenerate E6/E7 consensus primers and HPV type-specific primers. Discussion and evaluation Significant associations were observed between ZNF582m and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or higher (CIN3+; odds ratio = 15.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.73 to 31.18). The sensitivity and specificity of ZNF582m for women with CIN3+ were 82.43% and 76.79%, respectively. High sensitivity (99.33%) but low specificity (38.76%) was observed for HPV-HR. When combining both positive results of ZNF582m and HPV-HR, the sensitivity and specificity were 82.43% and 81.55%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ZNF582m or HPV-16/18 were 89.19% and 70.24%, respectively. However, the sensitivity and specificity of ZNF582m combined with HPV-16/18 (both ZNF582m and HPV-16/18 positive results) were 59.46% and 94.64%, respectively. Conclusions ZNF582m provides a promising triage tool for women with ASC. To effectively manage ASC patients, a new strategy co-testing for ZNF582m and HPV-16/18 genotyping was proposed. This strategy could reduce the number of patients referred for colposcopic examination and thus provide a feasible follow-up solution in the regions where colposcopy is not readily available. This strategy could also prevent women from experiencing unnecessary anxiety caused by HPV-HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ligh Liou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People's Republic of China ; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China ; iStat Biomedical Co. Ltd., 18F, No. 96, Sec.1, Xintai 5th Road, Xizhi Dist., Taipei, 22102 Taiwan
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzi Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People's Republic of China ; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Lanqin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Zhen Qin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Feng Chang
- iStat Biomedical Co. Ltd., 18F, No. 96, Sec.1, Xintai 5th Road, Xizhi Dist., Taipei, 22102 Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jen Wang
- iStat Biomedical Co. Ltd., 18F, No. 96, Sec.1, Xintai 5th Road, Xizhi Dist., Taipei, 22102 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, No.10, Sec. 4, Ren'ai Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei, 10629 Taiwan
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, No.707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien, 97002 Taiwan ; Institure of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, No.707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien, 97002 Taiwan ; Center for Cervical Cancer Prevention, Department of Research Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, No.707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People's Republic of China ; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
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11
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Kantathavorn N, Mahidol C, Sritana N, Sricharunrat T, Phoolcharoen N, Auewarakul C, Teerayathanakul N, Taepisitpong C, Saeloo S, Sornsamdang G, Udomchaiprasertkul W, Krongthong W, Arnamwong A. Genotypic distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cytology findings in 5906 Thai women undergoing cervical cancer screening programs. Infect Agent Cancer 2015; 10:7. [PMID: 25737740 PMCID: PMC4347911 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-015-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Thai women. Nevertheless, the preventive strategy such as HPV vaccination program has not been implemented at the national level. This study explored the HPV prevalence and genotypic distribution in a large cohort of Thai women. Methods A hospital-based cervical cancer screening program at Chulabhorn Hospital, Bangkok and a population-based screening program at a rural Pathum Thani Province were conducted using liquid-based cytology and HPV genotyping. Results Of 5906 women aged 20–70 years, Pap smear was abnormal in 4.9% and the overall HPV prevalence was 15.1%, with 6.4% high-risk (HR), 3.5% probable high-risk (PR), and 8.4% low-risk (LR) HPV. The prevalence and genotypic distribution were not significantly different between the two cohorts. Among HR-HPV genotypes, HPV52 was the most frequent (1.6%), followed by HPV16 (1.4%), HPV51 (0.9%), HPV58 (0.8%), HPV18 (0.6%), and HPV39 (0.6%). Among LR-HPV genotypes, HPV72 and HPV62 were the most frequent while HPV6 and HPV11 were rare. HPV infection was found to be proportionately high in young women, aged 20–30 years (25%) and decreasing with age (11% in women aged >50). The more severe abnormal cytology results, the higher positivity of HR-HPV infection was observed. Conclusions In conclusion, HPV52, HPV16, and HPV51 were identified as the most common HR-HPV genotypes in Thai women. This study contributes genotypic evidence that should be essential for the development of appropriate HPV vaccination program as part of Thailand’s cervical cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttavut Kantathavorn
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand ; Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Chulabhorn Hospital, 54 Kamphaengphet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210 Thailand
| | - Chulabhorn Mahidol
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand ; Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand ; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Natacha Phoolcharoen
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand ; Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Chulabhorn Hospital, 54 Kamphaengphet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210 Thailand
| | - Chirayu Auewarakul
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand ; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Fu L, Wang D, Shah W, Wang Y, Zhang G, He J. Association of human papillomavirus type 58 with breast cancer in Shaanxi province of China. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1034-40. [PMID: 25676062 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of reports have identified HPV DNA in breast cancer specimens and HPV type 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, and 51 were more prevalent. HPV 58 was frequently detected in cervical cancer in Shaanxi China. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether HPV 58 present in breast cancer. 169 cases of breast cancer samples and 83 benign breast lesions were analyzed. Type specific primers and oligonucliotide probe were used for the detection of HPV 58 by conventional PCR and in situ hybridization techniques. The HPV 58 viral load were measured by qPCR. p16 protein expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. HPV 58 E7 DNA was detected in 25 out of 169 formalin fixed paraffin embedded breast cancer tissues (14.79%) by PCR, only 1 out of 83 non-malignant breast lesions showed positive (1.20%). The results of ISH showed that 17 out of 169 (10.06%) malignant samples were positive for HPV 58 E7, and only 1 out of 83 non-malignant lesions was positive. Positive p16 immunostaining was observed in all the HPV 58 E7 ISH positive cases, but 16 out of 98 cases with HPV negative were p16 positive. The presence of HPV 58 in both normal duct epithelial cells and carcinoma in situ along with its presence in the cancer cells of the same specimen indicated the possible causal role of HPV 58 in breast cancer. The findings provide a solid morphological evidence of the involvement of HPV 58 in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fu
- Center of Cancer Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Institute for Cancer Research, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Wang L, Wu B, Li J, Chen L. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and its genotype among 1336 invasive cervical cancer patients in Hunan province, central south China. J Med Virol 2014; 87:516-21. [PMID: 25604457 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linqian Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Hunan Cancer Hospital; the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha Hunan Province China
| | - Baiping Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Hunan Cancer Hospital; the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha Hunan Province China
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Pathology; Hunan Cancer Hospital; the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha Hunan Province China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology; Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha Hunan Province China
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14
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Serrano B, Alemany L, Ruiz PAD, Tous S, Lima MA, Bruni L, Jain A, Clifford GM, Qiao YL, Weiss T, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. Potential impact of a 9-valent HPV vaccine in HPV-related cervical disease in 4 emerging countries (Brazil, Mexico, India and China). Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38:748-56. [PMID: 25305098 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We estimated the potential impact of an investigational 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (HPVs 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) in HPV-related cervical disease in Brazil, Mexico, India and China, to help to formulate recommendations on cervical cancer prevention and control. METHODS Estimations for invasive cervical cancer (ICC) were based on an international study including 1356 HPV-positive cases for the four countries altogether, and estimations for precancerous cervical lesions were extracted from a published meta-analysis including 6 025 HPV-positive women from the four mentioned countries. Globocan 2012 and 2012 World Population Prospects were used to estimate current and future projections of new ICC cases. RESULTS Combined proportions of the 9 HPV types in ICC were 88.6% (95%CI: 85.2-91.3) in Brazil, 85.7% (82.3-88.8) in Mexico, 92.2% (87.9-95.3) in India and 97.3% (93.9-99.1) in China. The additional HPV 31/33/45/52/58 proportions were 18.8% (15.3-22.7) in Brazil, 17.6% (14.2-21.2) in Mexico, 11.3% (7.5-16.1) in India and 11.9% (7.5-17.2) in China. HPV6 and 11 single types were not identified in any of the samples. Proportion of the individual 7 high risk HPV types included in the vaccine varied by cytological and histological grades of HPV-positive precancerous cervical lesions. HPV 16 was the dominant type in all lesions, with contributions in low grade lesions ranging from 16.6%(14.3-19.2) in Mexico to 39.8% (30.0-50.2) in India, and contributions in high grade lesions ranging from 43.8% (36.3-51.4) in Mexico to 64.1% (60.6-67.5) in Brazil. After HPV 16, variations in other majors HPV types were observed by country, with an under representation of HPV 18 and 45 compared to ICC. CONCLUSION The addition of HPVs 31/33/45/52/58 to HPV types included in current vaccines could increase the ICC preventable fraction in a range of 12 to 19% across the four countries, accounting the 9-types altogether 90% of ICC cases. Assuming the same degree of efficacy of current vaccines, the implementation of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in Brazil, Mexico, India and China would substantially impact on the reduction of the world cervical cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Serrano
- Unit of Infections and Cancer. Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Alemany
- Unit of Infections and Cancer. Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Sara Tous
- Unit of Infections and Cancer. Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Laia Bruni
- Unit of Infections and Cancer. Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Asha Jain
- Cancer Prevention and Relief Society, Raipur, India.
| | | | - You Lin Qiao
- National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Global Health Outcomes, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA USA.
| | - F Xavier Bosch
- Unit of Infections and Cancer. Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Unit of Infections and Cancer. Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Mai RQ, Huang B, Shen L, Zhang GH, Hong LL, Cai YM. Genotype distribution of human papillomavirus in women with abnormal cervical cytology in an esophageal carcinoma high incidence area of China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4945-50. [PMID: 24998569 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) could affect genesis of both cervical and esophageal cancers. The type-specific distribution of HPV in cervical cytology abnormalities of women has remained unclear in Shantou, an esophageal cancer high-incidence area of China. Data from 22,617 women who were subjected to cervical HPV DNA testing with simultaneous cervical cytological examination during 2009-2013 were therefore here retrospectively evaluated in a hospital-based study. Overall, 16.2% (3,584/22,114)of women with normal cytology were HR-HPV positive, with HPV-52 (4.07%) as the most common type followed by -16 (3.63%), and -58 (2.46%). Prevalence of HR-HPV was 50.3% (253/503) in women with cervical cytological abnormalities, of which in ASC-H 71.4%, ASC-US 39.1%, HSIL 80.3% and LSIL 73.7%. HPV-58 (14.12%) was the most common type for all cervical cytological abnormalities, followed by HPV-16 (13.72%), and -52 (12.72%), while the more common HPV-16 type in ASC-H (42.9%) and HSIL (36.1%), HPV-52 and -58 were the most common types for ASC-US (10.3%) and LSIL (25%), respectively. Multiple HPV co-infections were identified in 33.2% (84/253) cytology abnormalities with positive HR-HPV, and the highest prevalence of HPV-58/16 combination in HSIL (28.6%, 6/21) was observed. Our data indicated a relative high prevalence of HPV-58 and -52 in women with cervical cytological abnormalities, which should be considered in the development of next-generation vaccines for Shantou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qin Mai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China E-mail : ,
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