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Souza PMDE, Rossi MF, Dias RJP. Systematic review of the genera Rhabdostyla Kent 1880 and Orborhabdostyla Foissner et al. 2010 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Epistylididae). Zootaxa 2024; 5399:201-230. [PMID: 38221161 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5399.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The genus Rhabdostyla is one of the oldest of the family Epistylididae, it was described over 120 years ago and has more than 40 species considered valid. This group went through several systematic changes throughout its existence and due to the lack of taxonomic information, said to be essential, for most species that compose it, some of these changes are still questioned. In order to better understand and validate the species and relationships identified for this genus, the present work makes a brief review for the genus Rhabdostyla and its related genera, Opisthostyla and Orborhabdostyla. A 18S-rDNA phylogenetic analysis was also performed to understand the relationship between these groups. As a result of this review, 45 diagnoses were compiled and reorganized for the current model, accompanied by new graphical representations for the species considered valid for the genus Rhabdostyla and its associates. The major changes that the genus underwent, such as synonymy and separation to a new genus, were discussed in light of new phylogenetic information, but despite this, other information is still needed for a better validation of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mendes DE Souza
- Laboratrio de Protozoologia; Programa de Ps-Graduao em Biodiversidade e Conservao da Natureza; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Martelos; 36036-900; Juiz de Fora; Brazil.
| | - Mariana Fonseca Rossi
- Laboratrio de Protozoologia; Programa de Ps-Graduao em Biodiversidade e Conservao da Natureza; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Martelos; 36036-900; Juiz de Fora; Brazil.
| | - Roberto Jnio Pedroso Dias
- Laboratrio de Protozoologia; Programa de Ps-Graduao em Biodiversidade e Conservao da Natureza; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Martelos; 36036-900; Juiz de Fora; Brazil.
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2
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Melekhin M, Yakovleva Y, Lebedeva N, Nekrasova I, Nikitashina L, Castelli M, Mayén-Estrada R, Romanovich AE, Petroni G, Potekhin A. Cryptic Diversity in Paramecium multimicronucleatum Revealed with a Polyphasic Approach. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050974. [PMID: 35630417 PMCID: PMC9143557 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramecium (Ciliophora) systematics is well studied, and about twenty morphological species have been described. The morphological species may include several genetic species. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the species diversity within Paramecium could be even higher and has raised a problem of cryptic species whose statuses remain uncertain. In the present study, we provide the morphological and molecular characterization of two novel Paramecium species. While Paramecium lynni n. sp., although morphologically similar to P. multimicronucleatum, is phylogenetically well separated from all other Paramecium species, Paramecium fokini n. sp. appears to be a cryptic sister species to P. multimicronucleatum. The latter two species can be distinguished only by molecular methods. The number and structure of micronuclei, traditionally utilized to discriminate species in Paramecium, vary not only between but also within each of the three studied species and, thus, cannot be considered a reliable feature for species identification. The geographic distribution of the P. multimicronucleatum and P. fokini n. sp. strains do not show defined patterns, still leaving space for a role of the geographic factor in initial speciation in Paramecium. Future findings of new Paramecium species can be predicted from the molecular data, while morphological characteristics appear to be unstable and overlapping at least in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Melekhin
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute RAS, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Yakovleva
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Lebedeva
- Centre for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Nekrasova
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Liubov Nikitashina
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michele Castelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosaura Mayén-Estrada
- Laboratorio de Protozoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Ext. s/núm. Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Anna E Romanovich
- Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Giulio Petroni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexey Potekhin
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute RAS, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Zhang T, Shao C, Zhang T, Song W, Vd’ačný P, Al-Farraj SA, Wang Y. Multi-Gene Phylogeny of the Ciliate Genus Trachelostyla (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), With Integrative Description of Two Species, Trachelostyla multinucleata Spec. nov. and T. pediculiformis (Cohn, 1866). Front Microbiol 2022; 12:775570. [PMID: 35178037 PMCID: PMC8844511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.775570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many hypotrich genera, including Trachelostyla, are taxonomically challenging and in a need of integrative revision. Using morphological data, molecular phylogenetic analyses, and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) secondary structures, we attempt to cast more light on species relationships within the genus Trachelostyla. The present multifaceted approach reveals that (1) a large-sized species with numerous macronuclear nodules, isolated from sandy littoral sediments in southern China, is new to science and is endowed here with a name, T. multinucleata spec. nov.; (2) two other Chinese populations previously identified as T. pediculiformis represent undescribed species; and (3) multigene phylogeny is more robust than single-gene trees, recovering the monophyly of the genus Trachelostyla with high bootstrap frequency. Additionally, ITS2 secondary structures and the presence of compensatory base changes in helices A and B indicate the presence of four distinct taxa within the molecularly studied members of the genus Trachelostyla. Molecular data are more suitable for delimitation of Trachelostyla species than morphological characters as interspecific pairwise genetic distances of small subunit (18S) rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and large subunit (28S) rDNA sequences do not overlap, whereas ranges of multiple morphometric features might transcend species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyue Zhang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter Vd’ačný
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Xu W, Ma J, Li Y, Bourland WA, Petroni G, Luo X, Song W. Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hypotrichs comprise a highly differentiated and diversified group of ciliates with an evolutionary history characterized by an exceptional number of convergences and reversions. A new hypotrich ciliate from a freshwater fishpond is investigated based on morphological, morphogenetic and molecular data. The phylogenetic analyses reveal that the new species is closely related to Simplicitergida despite the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs, a common feature of simplicitergids. The phylogenetic position of this atypical simplicitergid species is strongly supported by the conserved features of dorsal ciliature and nuclear apparatus, which are probably more informative than cirral patterns for higher-rank classification. The close phylogenetic relationships among those Simplicitergida with varied cirral patterns could be explained by evolutionary convergences and reversions. The new species is recognized mainly by three frontoventral rows, several short midventral rows, two long midventral rows and the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses, together with detailed morphological and morphogenetic comparisons, a new family, Clampidae fam. nov., is proposed for the new genus and species, Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. In addition, an emended diagnosis of the morphologically similar family Epiclintidae is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiyang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - William A Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Giulio Petroni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Italy
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Song W, Zhang T, Zhang X, Warren A, Song W, Zhao Y, Luo X. Taxonomy, Ontogenesis and Evolutionary Relationships of the Algae-Bearing Ciliate Bourlandella viridis () comb. nov., With Establishment of a New Genus and New Family (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Front Microbiol 2021; 11:560915. [PMID: 33584556 PMCID: PMC7875870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.560915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypotrichs are the most complex and highly differentiated ciliate lineages and have great potential for evolutionary novelties. Problems in hypotrich systematics are mainly due to discordance between the morphological and genetic data (mainly small subunit rRNA gene). Species with morphologies that are characteristic of two or more higher rank taxa are probably a major contributing factor to these conflicts. The present study describes a Chinese population of a poorly known organism with numerous endosymbiotic zoochlorellae, the morphology of which corresponds well with the type population of Limnoholosticha viridis (Kahl, 1932) Li et al., 2017. Newly obtained information shows this species has a zigzag midventral cirral pattern that is diagnostic of urostylids, whereas the dorsal ciliature shares features (presence of dorsomarginal kinety and dorsal kinety 3 fragmentation) that are typical of oxytrichids. Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal a close relationship with oxytrichids. An integrative approach combining morphological, morphogenetic, phylogenetic and ecological analyses indicates that L. viridis represents a new genus and new family which might be an intermediate form between uorstylids and dorsomarginalians. Thus, Bourlandellidae fam. nov. and Bourlandella gen. nov. are here established. Lastly, we speculate that phenotypic convergence and mixtrophy might confer on the new combination, Bourlandella viridis (Kahl, 1932) comb. nov., the ability to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tengyue Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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6
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Xu J, Wilkinson M, Chen M, Zhang Q, Yang R, Yi Z. Concatenated data and dense taxon sampling clarify phylogeny and ecological transitions within Hypotricha. ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK
| | - Miaoying Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Ran Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhenzhen Yi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou China
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Chen L, Liu Y, Long Y, Lyu J, Feng C, Ning Y, Yi Z. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new soil ciliates, Hemiurosomoida warreni nov. spec. and Hemiurosoma clampi nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from Tibet. Eur J Protistol 2020; 77:125746. [PMID: 33276198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two novel hypotrichous ciliates, Hemiurosomoida warreni nov. spec. and Hemiurosoma clampi nov. spec., isolated from soil in the Lhalu Wetland and Motuo Virgin Forest in Tibet, respectively, were investigated using live observation and protargol staining. Hemiurosomoida warreni nov. spec. strongly resembles the type species H. longa but can be distinguished by its body size in vivo (110-145 × 30-40 μm vs. 50-100 × 18-40 μm), number of adoral membranelles (25-38 vs. 15-22), and numbers of right (29-39 vs. 14-23) and left (26-35 vs. 13-23) marginal cirri, transverse cirri (3 vs. 4 or 5) and macronuclear nodules (4-8 vs. 2). Hemiurosoma clampi nov. spec. is characterized by its vermiform body shape, colourless cortical granules distributed in irregular rows, two macronuclear nodules, three frontal cirri, one buccal cirrus, four frontoventral cirri ranged in a line, two transverse cirri, lacking postoral ventral and pretransverse ventral cirri, and marginal rows that are not posteriorly confluent. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA gene sequences suggest that Hemiurosomoida is not monophyletic. A close relationship is revealed between Hemiurosomoida warreni nov. spec., Parakahilella macrostoma, Hemiurosoma clampi nov. spec., and the type species Hemiurosoma terricola. As expected, all these species are classified within the "non-oxytrichid Dorsomarginalia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Chen
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yongli Long
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunyan Feng
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yingzhi Ning
- Laboratory of Microbiota, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Yi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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8
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Weisse T. Wilhelm Foissner and the European Journal of Protistology. Eur J Protistol 2020; 76:125739. [PMID: 32890854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weisse
- University of Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, Austria.
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9
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da Silva Paiva T. Systematic Redefinition of the Hypotricha (Alveolata, Ciliophora) Based on Combined Analyses of Morphological and Molecular Characters. Protist 2020; 171:125755. [PMID: 32858402 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The systematics of Hypotricha is one of the most puzzling problems in ciliate biology, having spanned numerous conflicting hypotheses with unstable relationships at various levels in molecular trees, for which the constant addition of newly discovered species has only increased the confusion. The hypotrichs comprise a remarkable morphologically diversified group of ciliates, and the phylogenetic potential of morphological traits is generally recognized. However, such characters were rarely used in phylogenetic reconstructions, and congruence with molecular data never assessed from simultaneous analyses. To properly reconciliate morphological and molecular information, maximum-likelihood and parsimony analyses of 79 morphological characters and 18S rDNA sequences were performed for 130 ingroup terminals, broadly sampled to represent the known hypotrich diversity. As result, well-supported and relatively stable clades were recovered, based on which the redefined Hypotricha comprises at least six higher taxa: The "arcuseriids", Holostichida, Parabirojimida, and the "amphisiellids", plus the two large clades Kentrurostylida nov. tax. (Hispidotergida nov. tax. and Simplicitergida nov. tax.) and Diatirostomata nov. tax. ("bistichellids", "kahliellids", Gonostomatida and Dorsomarginalia [Postoralida nov. tax. and Uroleptida]). Each taxon was circumscribed by synapomorphies, of which most were homoplastic, as the natural history of hypotrichs is portrayed by an outstanding quantity of convergences and reversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago da Silva Paiva
- Laboratório de Protistologia, Dept. de Zoologia, Inst. de Biologia, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CEP: 21941-590 Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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10
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Lu X, Wang Y, Al-Farraj SA, El-Serehy H, Huang J, Shao C. The insights into the systematic relationship of Gastrostyla-affinitive genera, with report on a new saline soil ciliate genus and new species (Protozoa, Ciliophora). BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:92. [PMID: 32727367 PMCID: PMC7391492 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypotrichia are a group with the most complex morphology and morphogenesis within the ciliated protists. The classification of Gastrostyla-like species, a taxonomically difficult group of hypotrichs with a common ventral cirral pattern but various dorsal and ontogenetic patterns, is poorly understood. Hence, systematic relationships within this group and with other taxa in the subclass Hypotrichia remain unresolved. Results 18S rRNA gene sequence of a new Gastrostyla-like taxon was obtained. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene sequences indicate that this ciliate represents a new genus that is closely related to Heterourosomoida and Kleinstyla within the oxytrichid clade of the Hypotrichia. However, the position of this cluster remains unresolved. All three genera deviate from the typical oxytrichids by their incomplete (or lack of) dorsal kinety fragmentation during morphogenesis. Morphology and morphogenesis of this newly discovered form, Heterogastrostyla salina nov. gen., nov. spec., are described. Heterogastrostyla nov. gen., is characterised as follows: more than 18 fronto-ventral-transverse cirri, cirral anlagen V and VI develop pretransverse cirri, and dorsal ciliature in Urosomoida-like pattern. Conclusions Similar to the CEUU-hypothesis about convergent evolution of urostylids and uroleptids, we speculate that the shared ventral cirral patterns of Gastrostyla-like taxa might have resulted from convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Lu
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.,Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310, Mondsee, Austria.,Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Saleh A Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed El-Serehy
- Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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11
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Kabir AS, Bharti D, Kumar S, Shazib SUA, Shin MK. Redescription of Rigidohymena inquieta (Stokes, 1887) Berger, 2011 as Metahymena inquieta gen. nov., comb. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:541-554. [PMID: 32396978 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and morphogenesis of Rigidohymena inquieta (Stokes, 1887) Berger, 2011, isolated from a lawn soil in the campus of the University of Ulsan, Korea, was studied, using live observation and protargol impregnation. The molecular phylogeny was studied based on the SSU rRNA gene sequences. The morphology of the Korean population of R. inquieta matches the previously known populations; however, the morphogenetic pattern shows differences to the species R. candens in the involvement of cirrus V/3 in the anlagen formation. A novel genus namely Metahymena gen. nov. has been erected for the present species based on the ontogenetic difference, and the new combination Metahymena inquieta gen. nov., comb. nov. is proposed. The morphology, morphogenesis, distribution, and phylogeny of M. inquieta are presented. The morphologic and morphogenetic data corroborate the phylogenetic analyses as M. inquieta clusters among the stylonychid ciliates in a clade distant from Rigidohymena candens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salahuddin Kabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Daizy Bharti
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.,Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700053, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.,Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700053, India
| | - Shahed Uddin Ahmed Shazib
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Mann Kyoon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
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12
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Documentation of a new hypotrich species in the family Amphisiellidae, Lamtostyla gui n. sp. (Protista, Ciliophora) using a multidisciplinary approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3763. [PMID: 32111909 PMCID: PMC7048753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An integrated approach considering both morphologic and molecular data is now required to improve biodiversity estimations and provide more robust systematics interpretations in hypotrichs, a highly differentiated group of ciliates. In present study, we document a new hypotrich species, Lamtostyla gui n. sp., collected from Chongming wetland, Shanghai, China, based on investigations using living observation, protargol staining, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and gene sequencing. The new species is mainly recognized by having a short amphisiellid median cirral row composed of four cirri, three frontoventral cirri, three dorsal kinetids, four to eight macronuclear nodules, and small colorless cortical granules distributed as rosettes around dorsal bristles. Transmission electron microscope observation finds the associated microtubules of cirri and pharyngeal discs of L. gui are distinct from those in other hypotrichs. Morphogenesis of this species indicates that parental adoral membranelles retained intact or partial renewed is a potential feature to separate Lamtostyla granulifera-group and Lamtostyla lamottei-group. Phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene shows that this molecular marker is not useful to resolve phylogenetic relationships of the genus Lamtostyla, as well as many other hypotrichous taxa. We additionally characterize the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region and the almost complete large subunit rRNA, which will be essential for future studies aimed at solving phylogenetic problems of Lamtostyla, or even the family Amphisiellidae. As a final remark, the critical screening of GenBank using ITS genes of our organism allows us to recognize a large amount of hypotrichous sequences have been misclassified as fungi. This observation suggests that hypotrichs could be frequently found in fungi-rich environment and overlooked by fungal specialists.
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Dong J, Li L, Fan X, Ma H, Warren A. Two Urosoma species (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia): A multidisciplinary approach provides new insights into their ultrastructure and systematics. Eur J Protistol 2019; 72:125661. [PMID: 31841799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The general morphology and ultrastructure of two soil hypotrichous ciliates, Urosoma emarginata and U. salmastra, were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the newly sequenced small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rRNA genes, were conducted on three U. emarginata populations and one U. salmastra population. Our findings support for the validity of Perilemmaphora Berger, 2008, a rankless taxon comprising spirotrich ciliates having a perilemma. The cortical granules of both species are extrusomes representing a new type of mucocyst in U. emarginata and possibly a new type of pigmentocyst in U. salmastra. Additionally, the lithosomes were revealed as subglobose structures composed of a low electron-dense, homogeneous inner part and an electron-dense outer part. The ultrastructural features of the cortical granules, together with ontogenetic and molecular phylogenetic data, suggest that the genus Urosoma might need to be divided. It is posited that ultrastructural features of hypotrichous ciliates in general may have important taxonomic value warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Dong
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xinpeng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Obert T, Vďačný P. Evolutionary Origin and Host Range of Plagiotoma lumbrici (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), an Obligate Gut Symbiont of Lumbricid Earthworms. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 67:176-189. [PMID: 31603571 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four common earthworm species, the anecic Lumbricus terrestris, the endogeic Octolasion tyrteum as well as the epigeic Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta, were examined for the presence of the microbial gut symbiont Plagiotoma lumbrici. The evolutionary origin of this endobiotic microbe was reconstructed, using the 18S rRNA gene, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, and the first two domains of the 28S rRNA gene. Plagiotoma lumbrici was exclusively detected in the anecic Lumbricus terrestris. Multigene analyses and the ITS2 secondary structure robustly determined the phylogenetic home of Plagiotoma lumbrici populations within the oxytrichid Dorsomarginalia (Spirotrichea: Hypotrichia) as a sister taxon of the free-living Hemiurosomoida longa. This indicates that earthworms obtained their gut endosymbiont by ingesting soil/leaf litter containing oxytrichine ciliates that became adapted to the intestinal tract of earthworms. Interestingly, according to the literature data, Plagiotoma lumbrici was detected in multiple anecic and some epigeic but never in endogeic earthworms. These observations suggest that Plagiotoma lumbrici might be adapted to certain gut conditions and the lifestyle of anecic Lumbricidae, such as Lumbricus, Aporrectodea, and Scherotheca, as well as of some co-occurring epigeic Lumbricus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Obert
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Vďačný
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Wang C, Yan Y, Chen X, Al‐Farraj SA, El‐Serehy HA, Gao F. Further analyses on the evolutionary “key‐protist”
Halteria
(Protista, Ciliophora) based on transcriptomic data. ZOOL SCR 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chundi Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education Qingdao China
| | - Ying Yan
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education Qingdao China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education Qingdao China
- Department of Genetics and Development Columbia University Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Saleh A. Al‐Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A. El‐Serehy
- Zoology Department, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education Qingdao China
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Vďačný P, Foissner W. A huge diversity of metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in soil from the Murray River floodplain, Australia. III. Morphology, ontogenesis and conjugation of Metopus boletus nov. spec., with implications for the phylogeny of the SAL supercluster. Eur J Protistol 2019; 69:117-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Vd’ačný P, Foissner W. Re-analysis of the 18S rRNA gene phylogeny of the ciliate class Colpodea. Eur J Protistol 2019; 67:89-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Lyu Z, Wang J, Huang J, Warren A, Shao C. Multigene-based phylogeny of Urostylida (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of a novel family. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Hydrobiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
| | - Chen Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
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Morphologic and phylogenetic studies of two hypotrichous ciliates, with notes on morphogenesis in Gastrostyla steinii Engelmann, 1862 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2017; 60:119-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Park KM, Chae N, Jung JH, Min GS, Kim S, Berger H. Redescription of Keronopsis helluo Penard, 1922 from Antarctica and Paraholosticha pannonica Gellért and Tamás, 1959 from Alaska (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Eur J Protistol 2017; 60:102-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of Uroleptus ( Caudiholosticha ) stueberi (Foissner, 1987) comb. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha), and reclassification of the remaining Caudiholosticha species. Eur J Protistol 2017; 59:82-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Castro LAMD, Silva-Neto IDD, Paiva TDS. Physiological reorganization in the hypotrich ciliate Apoamphisiella vernalis (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotricha). IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2017012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Rigidosticha italiensis n. gen., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a novel large hypotrich ciliate from the soil of Lombardia, Italy. Eur J Protistol 2016; 56:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Huang J, Luo X, Bourland WA, Gao F, Gao S. Multigene-based phylogeny of the ciliate families Amphisiellidae and Trachelostylidae (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Hypotrichia). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 101:101-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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de Castro LAM, Küppers GC, Fernandes NM, Schlegel M, Paiva TDS. Ontogeny and Molecular Phylogeny of Apoamphisiella vernalis Reveal Unclear Separation between Genera Apoamphisiella and Paraurostyla (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotricha). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155825. [PMID: 27196427 PMCID: PMC4873121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphology and divisional morphogenesis of the hypotrich ciliate Apoamphisiella vernalis are investigated based on two populations from Brazil. Typical specimens of A. vernalis replicates its ventral ciliature from six fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) anlagen independently formed for proter and opisthe, plus one or more short anlagen located between IV and V, which form surplus transverse cirri. Dorsal morphogenesis occurs as in typical oxytrichid dorsomarginalians, viz., with formation of three anlagen and fragmentation of the rightmost one. Dorsomarginal kineties are formed near anterior end of right marginal cirral row anlagen. Various anomalous specimens exhibiting more than two long ventral rows were found, which are explained by increasing the number of FVT anlagen and/or the number of cirri produced by anlagen. Comparative ontogeny and phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rDNA reveal that Apoamphisiella vernalis is closely affine to North American and European strains of the Paraurostyla weissei complex. Their reduced genetic distances and conspicuous morphological variability show that both genera can overlap, which implies the necessity of re-evaluating the contextual relevance of some morphological characters commonly used for genus-level separation within hypotrich taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Araguaia Monteiro de Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular “Francisco Mauro Salzano”, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina Küppers
- División Invertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noemi Mendes Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Martin Schlegel
- Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thiago da Silva Paiva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular “Francisco Mauro Salzano”, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Protistology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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Gao F, Warren A, Zhang Q, Gong J, Miao M, Sun P, Xu D, Huang J, Yi Z, Song W. The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata). Sci Rep 2016; 6:24874. [PMID: 27126745 PMCID: PMC4850378 DOI: 10.1038/srep24874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylum Ciliophora plays important roles in a wide range of biological studies. However, the evolutionary relationships of many groups remain unclear due to a lack of sufficient molecular data. In this study, molecular dataset was expanded with representatives from 55 orders and all major lineages. The main findings are: (1) 14 classes were recovered including one new class, Protocruziea n. cl.; (2) in addition to the two main branches, Postciliodesmatophora and Intramacronucleata, a third branch, the Mesodiniea, is identified as being basal to the other two subphyla; (3) the newly defined order Discocephalida is revealed to be a sister clade to the euplotids, strongly suggesting the separation of discocephalids from the hypotrichs; (4) the separation of mobilids from the peritrichs is not supported; (5) Loxocephalida is basal to the main scuticociliate assemblage, whereas the thigmotrichs are placed within the order Pleuronematida; (6) the monophyly of classes Phyllopharyngea, Karyorelictea, Armophorea, Prostomatea, Plagiopylea, Colpodea and Heterotrichea are confirmed; (7) ambiguous genera Askenasia, CyclotrichiumParaspathidium and Plagiocampa show close affiliation to the well known plagiopyleans; (8) validity of the subclass Rhynchostomatia is supported, and (9) the systematic positions of Halteriida and Linconophoria remain unresolved and are thus regarded as incertae sedis within Spirotrichea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Institute of Evolution &Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Miao Miao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dapeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution &Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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27
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Resting cysts of Parentocirrus hortualis Voß, 1997 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with preliminary notes on encystation and various types of excystation. Eur J Protistol 2016; 53:45-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Chen L, Lv Z, Shao C, Al-Farraj SA, Song W, Berger H. Morphology, Cell Division, and Phylogeny of Uroleptus longicaudatus
(Ciliophora, Hypotricha), a Species of the Uroleptus limnetis
Complex. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 63:349-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Chen
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Zhao Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Chen Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Helmut Berger
- Consulting Engineering Office for Ecology; Radetzkystrasse 10 5020 Salzburg Austria
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Fernandes NM, Paiva TDS, da Silva-Neto ID, Schlegel M, Schrago CG. Expanded phylogenetic analyses of the class Heterotrichea (Ciliophora, Postciliodesmatophora) using five molecular markers and morphological data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 95:229-46. [PMID: 26549427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of the molecular evolution of Heterotrichea have been based solely on the 18S-rDNA gene, which were inconsistent with morphological classification. Because of the limitations of single locus phylogenies and the recurring problem of lack of resolution of deeper nodes found in previous studies, we present hypotheses of the evolution of internal groups of the class Heterotrichea based on multi-loci analyses (18S-rDNA, 28S-rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, COI and alpha-tubulin) and morphological data. Phylogenetic trees from protein coding gene data are presented for Heterotrichea for the first time. Phylogenetic analyses included Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony methods, and optimal trees were statistically compared to alternative topologies from the literature. Additionally, the Bayesian concordance approach (BCA algorithm) was used to assess the concordance factor between topologies obtained from isolated analyses. Because different loci may evolve at different rates, resulting in different gene topologies, we also estimated a species tree for Heterotrichea using the STAR coalescence-based method. The results show that: (1) single gene trees are inconsistent regarding the position of some heterotrichean families; (2) the concatenation of all data in a total-evidence tree improved the resolution of deep nodes among the heterotrichean families and genera; (3) the coalescent-based species tree is consistent with phylogenies based on the 18S-rDNA gene and shows Spirostomidae as the stem group of Heterotrichea; (4) however, the total-evidence tree suggests that the large Heterotrichea cluster is divided into nine lineages in which Peritromidae diverges at the base of the Heterotrichea tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi M Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Thiago da Silva Paiva
- Laboratório de Protistologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular "Francisco Mauro Salzano", Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil
| | - Inácio D da Silva-Neto
- Laboratório de Protistologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Schlegel
- Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carlos G Schrago
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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30
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Bourland WA. Morphology, ontogenesis and molecular characterization of Atractos contortus Vörösváry, 1950 and Stichotricha aculeata Wrzesniowskiego, 1866 (Ciliophora, Stichotrichida) with consideration of their systematic positions. Eur J Protistol 2015; 51:351-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Chen X, Gao F, Al-Farraj SA, Al-Rasheid KAS, Xu K, Song W, Song W. Morphology and morphogenesis of a novel mangrove ciliate, Sterkiella subtropica sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with phylogenetic analyses based on small-subunit rDNA sequence data. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2292-2303. [PMID: 25872955 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel marine hypotrichous ciliate, Sterkiella subtropica sp. nov., was recently isolated from a mangrove wetland in Hong Kong. Its morphology, morphogenesis and systematic position have been investigated. The novel species is diagnosed by combined features of morphology, ciliature and nuclear apparatus, while its ontogenetic events present a stable pattern: (i) the six streaks of the undulating membrane (UM) and cirral anlagen are segmented in a 1 : 3 : 3 : 3 : 4 : 4 pattern from left to right, and form three frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, five ventral and five transverse cirri; (ii) the dorsal structure is similar to most other oxytrichids; that is, in a '4+2' pattern with three caudal cirri being formed. Based on the small-subunit rDNA sequence, the novel species is different from its congeners by between 21 and 35 bp, with sequence identities from 0.978 to 0.987. All molecular trees exhibited a similar topology: the monophyly of species of the genus Sterkiella is not completely supported in our analyses, and approximately unbiased tests (both including and excluding the novel species) also reject the possibility that Sterkiella is a monophyletic lineage, as indicated by the morphology-based classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumiao Chen
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.,Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Saleh A Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A S Al-Rasheid
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuidong Xu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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32
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Singh J, Kamra K. Molecular phylogeny of Urosomoida agilis, and new combinations: Hemiurosomoida longa gen. nov., comb. nov., and Heterourosomoida lanceolata gen. nov., comb. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Eur J Protistol 2015; 51:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Kumar S, Kamra K, Bharti D, La Terza A, Sehgal N, Warren A, Sapra GR. Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of Sterkiella tetracirrata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Oxytrichidae), from the Silent Valley National Park, India. Eur J Protistol 2014; 51:86-97. [PMID: 25625942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and morphogenesis during cell division of Sterkiella tetracirrata n. sp., isolated from a soil sample collected from the Silent Valley National Park, Kerala, India, were investigated using live observation, protargol staining and scanning electron microscopy. The new species differs from its congeners by the following combination of features: cell size in vivo 85-110×35-50μm, on average 84×37μm in protargol preparations; four ellipsoidal macronuclear nodules; 31 adoral membranelles; 17 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri consisting of three frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, three ventral, two pretransverse and invariably four transverse cirri; resting cyst with separate macronuclear nodules. Sterkiella tetracirrata differs from the similar species S. terricola in the number of transverse cirri (invariably 4 vs. 3) and in the number of adoral membranelles (24-35 vs. 22 or 23). Morphogenesis resembles that of its congeners S. nova and S. histriomuscorum. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA gene sequences consistently place the new species within the stylonychine oxytrichids, clustering closer to Gastrostyla steinii than to either S. cavicola or S. histriomuscorum. The analyses support the morphological evidence (e.g., similarity in the oral apparatus and the dorsal kinety pattern) that Gastrostyla and Pattersoniella evolved from a Sterkiella-like ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; School of Environmental Science, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.
| | - Komal Kamra
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Daizy Bharti
- School of Environmental Science, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Antonietta La Terza
- School of Environmental Science, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Neeta Sehgal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gulshan Rai Sapra
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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34
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Jung JH, Park KM, Min GS. Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudocyrtohymena koreana
n. g., n. sp. and Antarctic Neokeronopsis asiatica
Foissner et al., 2010 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida), with a Brief Discussion of the Cyrtohymena
Undulating Membranes Pattern. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 62:280-97. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 South Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Park
- Department of Biological Sciences; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 South Korea
| | - Gi-Sik Min
- Department of Biological Sciences; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 South Korea
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35
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Chen W, Chen X, Li L, Warren A, Lin X. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of an oxytrichid ciliate, Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma (Blatterer & Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 65:309-320. [PMID: 25269846 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.067801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and morphogenesis of an oxytrichid ciliate, Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma (Blatterer & Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999, collected from brackish and marine waters in China, were investigated using live observation and the protargol staining method. The main features of the morphogenetic process are: (i) the parental adoral zone of membranelles is retained completely in the proter and the anlage of undulating membranes originates from dedifferentiation of the old structures; (ii) three frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, five ventral and five transverse cirri are derived from the anlagen of the undulating membranes and the five streaks of frontal-ventral-transverse anlagen in the pattern of 1:3:3:3:4:4 from left to right; (iii) the morphogenesis of the dorsal kineties is simpler than the Oxytricha pattern, i.e. without fragmentation of the dorsal kinety 3 anlagen; (iv) the single caudal cirrus originates from the dorsal kinety 3 anlage on the right side; (v) the two macronuclear nodules fuse into a single mass during the mid-stage of morphogenesis. These features correspond well with Rubrioxytricha indica, indicating that the morphogenetic pattern of Rubrioxytricha is stable. Phylogenetic analysis based on small-subunit rRNA gene sequence data supports the monophyly of the genus Rubrioxytricha, which is nested within the non-Stylonychinae clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Chen
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Xumiao Chen
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Lifang Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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36
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Singh J, Kamra K. Molecular phylogeny of an Indian population of Kleinstyla dorsicirrata (Foissner, 1982) Foissner et al., 2002. comb. nov. (Hypotrichia, Oxytrichidae): an oxytrichid with incomplete dorsal kinety fragmentation. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:630-6. [PMID: 25040566 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kleinstyla dorsicirrata (Foissner, 1982) Foissner et al., 2002. comb. nov. (basionym: Gastrostyla dorsicirrata) is a slightly flexible oxytrichid, measuring about 88-115 × 27-46 μm in life and possesses cortical granules. Kleinstyla dorsicirrata is the only oxytrichid known so far with incompletely fragmented dorsal kinety. Morphological and morphogenetic data recognise K. dorsicirrata as nonstylonychine oxytrichid. Molecular phylogeny of an Indian population was inferred using 18S rRNA gene sequences and was examined with respect to oxytrichids exhibiting variation in dorsal kinety fragmentation. Kleinstyla dorsicirrata clusters with Oxytricha lanceolata; this proximity is quite significant as both show deviation from typical oxytrichid fragmentation of dorsal kinety. Molecular phylogeny of Indian population confirms its nonstylonychine oxytrichid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasbir Singh
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
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37
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Chen T, Yi Z, Huang J, Lin X. Evolution of the germline actin gene in hypotrichous ciliates: multiple nonscrambled IESs at extremely conserved locations in two urostylids. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 62:188-95. [PMID: 25106041 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In hypotrichous ciliates, macronuclear chromosomes are gene-sized, and micronuclear genes contain short, noncoding internal eliminated segments (IESs) as well as macronuclear-destined segments (MDSs). In the present study, we characterized the complete macronuclear gene and two to three types of micronuclear actin genes of two urostylid species, i.e. Pseudokeronopsis rubra and Uroleptopsis citrina. Our results show that (1) the gain/loss of IES happens frequently in the subclass Hypotrichia (formerly Stichotrichia), and high fragmentation of germline genes does not imply for gene scrambling; and (2) the micronuclear actin gene is scrambled in the order Sporadotrichida but nonscrambled in the orders Urostylida and Stichotrichida, indicating the independent evolution of MIC-actin gene patterns in different orders of hypotrichs; (3) locations of MDS-IES junctions of micronuclear actin gene in coding regions are conserved among closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbing Chen
- Laboratory of Protozoology, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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38
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Kim JH, Vďačný P, Shazib SUA, Shin MK. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Apoterritricha lutea n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Hypotrichia): a putative missing link connecting Cyrtohymena and Afrokeronopsis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:520-36. [PMID: 24961575 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new hypotrichous ciliate, Apoterritricha lutea n. g., n. sp., was discovered in a sample of a terrestrial liverwort from Korea. Its morphology was studied using detailed in vivo observation and protargol impregnation. Its phylogenetic relationships were revealed by analyses of the 18S rRNA gene. This new taxon is characterized by a combination of the following traits: (i) ellipsoidal to narrowly ellipsoidal body with an average size of 230 × 85 μm; (ii) two macronuclear nodules and two to five micronuclei; (iii) golden yellow cortical granules, forming small groups along the microtubular appendages of cirri, adoral membranelles, and dorsal kineties; (iv) typically three frontal cirri, one buccal cirrus, four frontoventral cirri, seven midventral cirri, two pretransverse cirri, seven transverse cirri, ca. 38 left, and ca. 36 right marginal cirri; and (v) on average six dorsal kineties, three dorsomarginal kineties, and three caudal cirri. In molecular phylogenies, A. lutea clusters with strong support within a clade containing Afrokeronopsis aurea and several "typical" oxytrichids having golden yellow to brown cortical granules. In this light we propose a hypothesis that is not unambiguously rejected by the present phylogenetic analyses, which shows how the Afrokeronopsis-like pattern could have evolved from a Rubrioxytricha-like ancestor via an Apoterritricha-like stage by cirri-multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, South Korea
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39
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Weisse T. Ciliates and the Rare Biosphere—Community Ecology and Population Dynamics. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:419-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weisse
- Research Institute for Limnology University of Innsbruck Mondseestraße 95310 Mondsee Austria
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40
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Dunthorn M, Stoeck T, Clamp J, Warren A, Mahé F. Ciliates and the Rare Biosphere: A Review. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:404-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micah Dunthorn
- Department of Ecology; University of Kaiserslautern; D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Department of Ecology; University of Kaiserslautern; D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - John Clamp
- Department of Biology; North Carolina Central University; Durham North Carolina 27707 USA
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences Department; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Mahé
- Department of Ecology; University of Kaiserslautern; D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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41
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Foissner W, Filker S, Stoeck T. Schmidingerothrix salinarum
nov. spec. is the Molecular Sister of the Large Oxytrichid Clade (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 61:61-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Foissner
- Department of Organismic Biology; University of Salzburg; Hellbrunnerstrasse 34 A-5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Sabine Filker
- Department of Ecology; University of Kaiserslautern; Erwin-Schrödingerstrasse 14 D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Department of Ecology; University of Kaiserslautern; Erwin-Schrödingerstrasse 14 D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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42
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Paraurosomoida indiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an oxytrichid (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, including note on non-oxytrichid Dorsomarginalia. Eur J Protistol 2013; 49:600-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Singh J, Kamra K, Sapra GR. Morphology, ontogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of an Indian population of Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) shii, including remarks on the subgenus. Eur J Protistol 2013; 49:283-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Multigene-based analyses of the phylogenetic evolution of oligotrich ciliates, with consideration of the internal transcribed spacer 2 secondary structure of three systematically ambiguous genera. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:430-7. [PMID: 23314963 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00270-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligotrichs are ciliates of great abundance, but their molecular systematics are rarely studied. In this study, nine species representing three genera (Strombidium, Novistrombidium, and Omegastrombidium) of marine oligotrich ciliates were collected from coastal waters of China. The small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of two species and the internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) for all nine species were sequenced for the first time. Phylogenetic trees using both the SSU rRNA gene and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequences were generated. In addition, the secondary structures of ITS2 RNA transcripts of 11 taxa representing four genera (Novistrombidium, Strombidium, Omegastrombidium, and Laboea) were investigated. The phylogenetic analyses show that (i) the family Strombidiidae is polyphyletic, (ii) the genus Novistrombidium is probably paraphyletic, containing at least two subclades, which is consistent with recent cladistic analyses based on morphological data, and (iii) the tail-less genus Laboea is separate from other genera of Strombidiidae, clustering instead with the tontoniids. Comparisons of the secondary structure of ITS2 regions also show that Laboea is clearly different from other strombidiids. These findings cast doubt on the monophyly of the family Strombidiidae.
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45
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Jiang J, Huang J, Li L, Shao C, Al-Rasheid KA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen Z. Morphology, ontogeny, and molecular phylogeny of two novel bakuellid-like hypotrichs (Ciliophora: Hypotrichia), with establishment of two new genera. Eur J Protistol 2013; 49:78-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Gao F, Katz LA, Song W. Insights into the phylogenetic and taxonomy of philasterid ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia) based on analyses of multiple molecular markers. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 64:308-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Zoller SD, Hammersmith RL, Swart EC, Higgins BP, Doak TG, Herrick G, Landweber LF. Characterization and taxonomic validity of the ciliate Oxytricha trifallax (Class Spirotrichea) based on multiple gene sequences: limitations in identifying genera solely by morphology. Protist 2012; 163:643-57. [PMID: 22325790 PMCID: PMC3433844 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxytricha trifallax - an established model organism for studying genome rearrangements, chromosome structure, scrambled genes, RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance, and other phenomena - has been the subject of a nomenclature controversy for several years. Originally isolated as a sibling species of O. fallax, O. trifallax was reclassified in 1999 as Sterkiella histriomuscorum, a previously identified species, based on morphological similarity. The proper identification of O. trifallax is crucial to resolve in order to prevent confusion in both the comparative genomics and the general scientific communities. We analyzed nine conserved nuclear gene sequences between the two given species and several related ciliates. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that O. trifallax and a bona fide S. histriomuscorum have accumulated significant evolutionary divergence from each other relative to other ciliates such that they should be unequivocally classified as separate species. We also describe the original isolation of O. trifallax, including its comparison to O. fallax, and we provide criteria to identify future isolates of O. trifallax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Zoller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Estienne C. Swart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brian P. Higgins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Thomas G. Doak
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, IN 47405, USA
| | - Glenn Herrick
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, UT 84112, USA
| | - Laura F. Landweber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
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48
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Agatha S, Strüder-Kypke MC. Reconciling Cladistic and Genetic Analyses in Choreotrichid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Spirotricha, Oligotrichea). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2012; 59:325-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Agatha
- Department of Organismic Biology; University of Salzburg; Hellbrunnerstraße 34; A-5020; Salzburg; Austria
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49
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Foissner W, Stoeck T, Agatha S, Dunthorn M. Intraclass evolution and classification of the Colpodea (Ciliophora). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2011; 58:397-415. [PMID: 21762424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using nine new taxa and statistical inferences based on morphological and molecular data, we analyze the evolution within the class Colpodea. The molecular and cladistic analyses show four well-supported clades: platyophryids, bursariomorphids, cyrtolophosidids, and colpodids. There is a widespread occurrence of homoplasies, affecting even conspicuous morphological characteristics, e.g. the inclusion of the micronucleus in the perinuclear space of the macronucleus. The most distinct changes in the morphological classification are the lack of a basal divergence into two subclasses and the split of the cyrtolophosidids into two main clades, differing mainly by the presence vs. absence of an oral cavity. The most complex clade is that of the colpodids. We partially reconcile the morphological and molecular data using evolutionary systematics, providing a scenario in which the colpodids evolved from a Bardeliella-like ancestor and the genus Colpoda performed an intense adaptive radiation, giving rise to three main clades: Colpodina n. subord., Grossglockneriina, and Bryophryina. Three new taxa are established: Colpodina n. subord., Tillinidae n. fam., and Ottowphryidae n. fam. Colpodean evolution and classification are far from being understood because sequences are lacking for most species and half of their diversity is possibly undescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Foissner
- FB Organismische Biologie, Universität Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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50
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Taxonomy and phylogeny of Tunicothrix (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia), with the description of two novel species, Tunicothrix brachysticha n. sp. and Tunicothrix multinucleata n. sp., and the establishment of Parabirojimidae n. fam. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:1487-1496. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.024463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and molecular phylogeny of two novel urostylid ciliates, Tunicothrix brachysticha n. sp. and Tunicothrix multinucleata n. sp., were investigated using the techniques of living observation, protargol impregnation and small-subunit rRNA gene sequencing. Both species were found to be frequent in muddy-sand sediment but very rare in sandy sediment of the intertidal zone of Qingdao Bay, China. Tunicothrix brachysticha is about 90 × 30 µm in vivo, with a broadly clavate body shape, and is characterized by a rather short midventral row terminating at 40 % of the body length and a right marginal row 1 terminating at mid-body. Tunicothrix multinucleata is about 190 × 30 µm in vivo, and is characterized by a clavate body shape and the presence of 7–10 macronuclear nodules. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Tunicothrix clustered robustly with Parabirojimia, forming a clade that branches from the Urostylida core clade with high bootstrap values. Based on the morphological and molecular data, we establish a new family, Parabirojimidae n. fam., which comprises Parabirojimia and Tunicothrix and is distinguished by a unique, roughly T-shaped bipartite adoral zone of membranelles, three enlarged frontal cirri and a midventral complex with midventral pairs confined to the buccal field.
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