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Lucas-Osma AM, Li Y, Murray K, Lin S, Black S, Stephens MJ, Ahn AH, Heckman CJ, Fenrich KK, Fouad K, Bennett DJ. 5-HT 1D receptors inhibit the monosynaptic stretch reflex by modulating C-fiber activity. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1591-1608. [PMID: 30625007 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00805.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The monosynaptic stretch reflex (MSR) plays an important role in feedback control of movement and posture but can also lead to unstable oscillations associated with tremor and clonus, especially when increased with spinal cord injury (SCI). To control the MSR and clonus after SCI, we examined how serotonin regulates the MSR in the sacrocaudal spinal cord of rats with and without a chronic spinal transection. In chronic spinal rats, numerous 5-HT receptor agonists, including zolmitriptan, methylergonovine, and 5-HT, inhibited the MSR with a potency highly correlated to their binding affinity to 5-HT1D receptors and not other 5-HT receptors. Selective 5-HT1D receptor antagonists blocked this agonist-induced inhibition, although antagonists alone had no action, indicating a lack of endogenous or constitutive receptor activity. In normal uninjured rats, the MSR was likewise inhibited by 5-HT, but at much higher doses, indicating a supersensitivity after SCI. This supersensitivity resulted from the loss of the serotonin transporter SERT with spinal transection, because normal and injured rats were equally sensitive to 5-HT after SERT was blocked or to agonists not transported by SERT (zolmitriptan). Immunolabeling revealed that the 5-HT1D receptor was confined to superficial lamina of the dorsal horn, colocalized with CGRP-positive C-fibers, and eliminated by dorsal rhizotomy. 5-HT1D receptor labeling was not found on large proprioceptive afferents or α-motoneurons of the MSR. Thus serotonergic inhibition of the MSR acts indirectly by modulating C-fiber activity, opening up new possibilities for modulating reflex function and clonus via pain-related pathways. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Brain stem-derived serotonin potently inhibits afferent transmission in the monosynaptic stretch reflex. We show that serotonin produces this inhibition exclusively via 5-HT1D receptors, and yet these receptors are paradoxically mostly confined to C-fibers. This suggests that serotonin acts by gating of C-fiber activity, which in turn modulates afferent transmission to motoneurons. We also show that the classic supersensitivity to 5-HT after spinal cord injury results from a loss of SERT, and not 5-HT1D receptor plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Lucas-Osma
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Yaqing Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Katie Murray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Shihao Lin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Sophie Black
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Marilee J Stephens
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Andrew H Ahn
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Development, North Wales, Pennsylvania
| | - C J Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Keith K Fenrich
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - David J Bennett
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
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Jeffrey-Gauthier R, Piché M, Leblond H. H-reflex disinhibition by lumbar muscle inflammation in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:36-41. [PMID: 30292718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common comorbidity in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent reports indicate that inflammation hinders functional recovery in animal models of SCI. However, the spinal mechanisms underlying this alteration are currently unknown. Considering that spinal plasticity is a therapeutic target in patients and animal models of SCI, these mechanisms remain to be clarified. Using injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in lumbar muscles as a model of persistent inflammation, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of inflammation on spinal reflex excitability after a complete midthoracic spinal transection in mice. To this end, the excitability of spinal reflexes was examined by measuring H-reflex frequency-dependent depression (FDD) on days 7, 14 and 28 following a complete spinal transection. H-reflex parameters were compared between spinal mice with CFA and control spinal mice. On day 7, lumbar muscle inflammation disinhibited the H-reflex, reflected by an attenuation of H-reflex FDD (p < 0.01), although this effect did not persist later on, either on day 14 or day 28. These results indicate that lumbar muscle inflammation alters spinal reflex excitability transiently in spinal mice. Considering that changes in spinal reflex excitability are associated with poor functional recovery after SCI, this implies that inflammation should be treated effectively to promote optimal recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Jeffrey-Gauthier
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada; CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Piché
- CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada; Department of Chiropractic, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Hugues Leblond
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada; CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Jeffrey-Gauthier R, Piché M, Leblond H. Lumbar muscle inflammation alters spinally mediated locomotor recovery induced by training in a mouse model of complete spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2017; 359:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and Fos-immunoreactivity within the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of cats submitted to acute muscle inflammation induced by injection of carrageenan. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:659-664. [PMID: 27692234 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH-diaphorase activity and Fos-immunoreactivity within the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord were studied in cats with acute unilateral myositis following injection of carrageenan into the m.m. gastrocnemius-soleus. In carrageenan-injected cats maximum in the mean number of intensely stained NADPH-diaphorase reactive (NADPH-dr) neurons was found in lamina VII (+100%) and VIII (+33%) of the contralateral ventral horn of the L6/L7 segments as compared with control animals. The maximumal level of Fos-immunoreactivity was registered in the same laminae with ipsilateral predominance (39.3±4.6 and 7.6±0.9 cells), in comparison with the contralateral side (13.6±0.8 and 5.5±0.6 cells, respectively; P<0.05). We also visualized low-intensely stained and double labelled (Fos immunoreactive+low-intensely stained NADPH-dr) multipolar and fusiform Renshaw-like cells (RLCs) within the ventral horn on both sides of the L6/L7 segments in carrageenan-injected cats. We visualized the double labelled (Fos-ir+NADPH-dr) multipolar and fusiform Renshaw-like cells (RLCs) within the ventral horn on both sides of the L6/L7 segments in carrageenan-injected cats. A significant difference in the mean number of RLCs was recorded between the ipsi- and contralateral sides in the lamina VII (13.6±2.5 vs. 4.9±0.7 cells, respectively). We suppose that activation of inhibitory RLCs in ipsilateral lamina VII could be directed on attenuation of activation of motoneurons during muscle pain development. Our study showed that a significant contralateral increase in the number of NADPH-dr cells is accompanied by an ipsilateral increase in c-Fos expression in lamina VII. These data may suggest that NADPH-dr neurons of the contralateral ventral horn through commissural connections also involved in the maintenance of the neuronal activity associated with acute muscle inflammation. It is also hypothesized, that during acute myositis, plastic changes in the ventral horn activate the processes of disinhibition due to an increase in the number of NADPH-d-reactive neurons in the spinal gray matter.
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Laurin J, Pertici V, Dousset E, Marqueste T, Decherchi P. Group III and IV muscle afferents: Role on central motor drive and clinical implications. Neuroscience 2015; 290:543-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schomburg ED, Steffens H, Pilyavskii AI, Maisky VA, Brück W, Dibaj P, Sears TA. Long lasting activity of nociceptive muscular afferents facilitates bilateral flexion reflex pattern in the feline spinal cord. Neurosci Res 2015; 95:51-8. [PMID: 25615850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic muscular limb pain requires the adoption of motor patterns distinct from the classic ipsilateral flexion, crossed extension and corresponding reciprocal inhibitions to acute exteroceptive stimulation. Using selective chemical activation of group III/IV afferents in gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscles we investigated bilaterally their reflex responses conditioned by (a) acute 'myositis' induced by intramuscular carrageenan; and (b) sub-acute 'myositis' induced by infusion of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Reflex transmission was detected by monosynaptic testing and c-fos staining used to identify increased neuronal activity. In all control experiments with chemical stimulation of group III/IV afferents, ipsilateral responses conformed to the flexor reflex pattern. However, the expected contralateral facilitation of GS motoneurones occurred in fewer than 50% trials while only 9% of trials induced contralateral inhibition of flexor posterior-biceps-semitendinosus (PBSt) motoneurones. During carrageenan acute myositis contralateral PBSt was transiently facilitated by selective activation of group III/IV afferents. During CFA-induced myositis, contralateral only inhibition of GS motoneurones occurred instead of any facilitation, while bidirectionally a crossed facilitation of PBST dominated. These reflex changes were mirrored in an enhanced number of neurones with enhanced c-fos expression. Muscle pain, particularly if chronically persistent, requires another behavioural response pattern than acute exteroceptive pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Schomburg
- Institute of Physiology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
| | - H Steffens
- Institute of Physiology, University of Göttingen, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A I Pilyavskii
- Department of Movement Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - V A Maisky
- Department of Movement Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - W Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Dibaj
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T A Sears
- Wolfson CARD, Guy's Campus, King's College London, UK
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Man'kovskaya YP, Maznychenko AV, Pil'kevych NO, Maisky VO, Vlasenko OV, Dovgan OV. [NADPH-DIAPHORASE REACTIVITY IN THE VENTRAL HORN OF THE FELINE SPINAL CORD DURING ACUTE MUSCLE INFLAMMATION]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:46-52. [PMID: 27025044 DOI: 10.15407/fz61.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to reveal the changes in the NADPH-d reactivity in the lumbal spinal cord (L6/L7) of cats with unilateral acute myositis of the mm. gastrocnemius-soleus after intramuscular injections of carrageenan. The effect of unilateral muscle inflammation was expressed in a significant increase in the number of NADPH-d-reactive neurons in ipsilateral and contralateral intermediate (lamina VII; 17.62 ± 2.7 and 20.67 ± 13.3) and medial (lamina VIII; 7.3 ± 1.9 and 6.0 ± 2.1 respectively) zones of the ventral horns. However, a clear decline of the reactive cells was recorded on the ipsilateral side within the area around the central canal (lamina X). An increase in the NADPH-d reactivity within the ventral horns on both sides on the spinal cord and the induction of such reactivity (contralaterally) in large multipolar neurons localized in the dorsal part of the intermediate zone were revealed in cats with unilateral acute muscle inflammation. It is hypothesized, that during acute myositis, plastic changes in different layers of the dorsal and ventral horns activate the processes of disinhibition due to an increase in the number of NOS-containing/NADPH-d-reactive neurons in the spinal gray matter.
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Man’kovskaya YP, Maisky VA, Vlasenko OV, Maznychenko AV. 7-Nitroindazole enhances c-Fos expression in spinal neurons in rats realizing operant movements. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1427-33. [PMID: 25306252 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The expression of c-Fos and NADPH-diaphorase reactivity (NADPH-dr) in the cervical spinal cord was studied in adult male Wistar rats that realized operant reflexes after inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Fos-immunoreactive neurons were visualized immunohistochemically in the C6/C7 spinal segments in the control, realized operant movements animals, and/or 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) injected rats. The mean numbers of immunoreactive interneurons and motoneurons (per section) were significantly greater in the Nucleus proprius (+240%) and motor nuclei (+600%) in rats of the 7-NI-pretreated and operant reflex realized group than in the isolated operant reflex realized group. Our study showed intensive staining of NADPH-dr axon terminals on the somata and initial parts of dendrites of motoneurons in experimental rats when the disodium salt of malic acid was added to the staining solution. Suppression of NO release is associated with potentiation of neuronal activation induced by descending supraspinal and proprioceptive signaling within the spinal cord.
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Pilyavskii AI, Maisky VA, Maznychenko AV, Kostyukov AI. 7-Nitroindazole potentiates c-fos expression induced by muscle tendon vibration in the spinal cord. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:597-602. [PMID: 22431094 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Expression of c-fos initiated by muscle proprioceptive signaling was studied in rats after inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with administration of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). METHODS Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons were visualized immunohistochemically in the lumbar cord after vibration of the Achilles tendon and/or 7-NI systemic injections. RESULTS The total number of Fos-ir interneurons and motoneurons (per slice) was significantly greater in the 7-NI-pretreated and tendon-vibrated (7-NI + Tv) group than in the isolated tendon vibration group (Tv group). The greatest increases in the number of Fos-ir neurons were found in the L4 (+100%) and L5 (+105%) segments (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Suppression of NO release after introduction of 7-NI was associated with potentiation of Fos immunoreactivity induced by muscle proprioceptive signaling within distinctive regions of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Pilyavskii
- Department of Movement Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Bogomoletz Str. 4, Kiev 01024, Ukraine.
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Schomburg ED, Steffens H, Dibaj P, Sears TA. Major contribution of Aδ-fibres to increased reflex transmission in the feline spinal cord during acute muscle inflammation. Neurosci Res 2012; 72:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Changes in the levels of activity of spinal neurons after long-lasting vibrational stimulation of the shin muscles in rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-011-9217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 21:615-24. [PMID: 18769258 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32830fb782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dina OA, Levine JD, Green PG. Muscle inflammation induces a protein kinase Cepsilon-dependent chronic-latent muscle pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2008; 9:457-62. [PMID: 18342576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.01.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skeletal muscle injuries can induce chronic pain, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. One possible cause has been suggested to be an increased sensitivity to inflammatory mediators. We demonstrate that self-limited inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by intramuscular carrageenan (lasting approximately 5 days) results in a state of chronic-latent hyperalgesia, revealed by injection of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) 10 days after carrageenan at the same site. In carrageenan-pretreated muscle, PGE(2) produced hyperalgesia that was unattenuated even 14 days after injection, markedly longer than the 4-hour hyperalgesia induced by PGE(2) in naive rats. This chronic-latent hyperalgesia was reversed as well as prevented by spinal intrathecal injection of oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to protein kinase Cepsilon, a second messenger implicated in long-lasting plasticity in cutaneous nociceptors. PERSPECTIVE We describe a novel experimental model for chronic muscle pain, produced by mild acute muscle inflammation, that has clinical significance since it has the potential to reveal cellular processes by which acute inflammation or muscle trauma underlies chronic muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka A Dina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Steffens H, Schomburg ED, Maznychenko AV, Maisky VA, Kostyukov AI, Pilyavskii AI. Monosynaptic reflexes, c-fos expression, and NADPH-diaphorase activity in the cat spinal cord: Changes induced by chronic muscle inflammation. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-007-0026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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