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Dos Santos RC, Estrela-Lima A, Conrado-Dos-Santos WL, Oriá A, de Sousa Gonçalves R, Silva DN, Larangeira DF, do Socorro Pires E Cruz M, de Pinho FA, Barrouin-Melo SM. A compared histopathological study on kidneys and eye bulbs in distinct clinical presentations of canine leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2243-2261. [PMID: 38717733 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum commonly progresses with renal and ophthalmic lesions associated with active systemic disease. As chronic inflammation related to immune complex deposits is a pathophysiological factor in the development of both glomerulonephritis and uveitis, we aimed to evaluate renal and ocular histopathological lesions and analyze whether they were related to each other and the clinical degree of the disease. For that, we evaluated 15 dogs from CanL-endemic areas. L. infantum PCR-positive dogs were studied according to disease severity into two different groups: Group-1 (G1) had data from seven dogs with mild to moderate CanL and no history of treatment, and G2 was formed with eight dogs with severe to terminal disease that had not responded to CanL treatment. Histopathological analysis of kidneys showed higher frequencies and intensities of glomerular basement membrane thickening (p = 0.026), deposits in glomeruli (p = 0.016), epithelial necrosis (p = 0.020), tubular dilatation (p = 0.003) and interstitial fibrosis (p = 0.04) in G2 dogs than in G1 dogs. Surprisingly, the histopathology of eye bulbs showed a higher frequency and intensity of retinitis (p = 0.019) in G1 dogs than in G2 dogs. The comparative analysis showed that there was no correspondence between histopathological findings in kidneys versus eyes in milder or more severe CanL. Our findings suggested that (1) clinically undetectable eye alterations can be more precocious than those in kidneys in the development of CanL, and (2) the lower frequency of eye lesions and higher frequency of renal lesions in dogs with terminal disease even after treatment indicate that therapy may have been effective in reducing CanL-associated ophthalmic disease but not proportionally in reducing kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseclea Chagas Dos Santos
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, HOSPMEV, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Milton Santos, 500, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, CEP 40170-110.
| | | | - Arianne Oriá
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rafaela de Sousa Gonçalves
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Danielle Nascimento Silva
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniela Farias Larangeira
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectiology - Zoonotic Leishmaniasis Clinic, HOSPMEV, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria do Socorro Pires E Cruz
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), University Campus Minister Petrônio Portella, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectiology - Zoonotic Leishmaniasis Clinic, HOSPMEV, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectiology - Zoonotic Leishmaniasis Clinic, HOSPMEV, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Milton Santos, 500, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, CEP 40170-110.
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Chen Y, Ye Z, Chen H, Li Z. Breaking Barriers: Nanomedicine-Based Drug Delivery for Cataract Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4021-4040. [PMID: 38736657 PMCID: PMC11086653 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s463679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cataract is a leading cause of blindness globally, and its surgical treatment poses a significant burden on global healthcare. Pharmacologic therapies, including antioxidants and protein aggregation reversal agents, have attracted great attention in the treatment of cataracts in recent years. Due to the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye, the effectiveness of traditional eye drops for delivering drugs topically to the lens is hindered. The advancements in nanomedicine present novel and promising strategies for addressing challenges in drug delivery to the lens, including the development of nanoparticle formulations that can improve drug penetration into the anterior segment and enable sustained release of medications. This review introduces various cutting-edge drug delivery systems for cataract treatment, highlighting their physicochemical properties and surface engineering for optimal design, thus providing impetus for further innovative research and potential clinical applications of anti-cataract drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi Ye
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixu Chen
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Li J, Ge R, Lin K, Wang J, He Y, Lu H, Dong H. Advances in the Application of Microneedles in the Treatment of Local Organ Diseases. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306222. [PMID: 37786290 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microneedles (MNs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their microscale sizes and high surface area (500-1000 µm in length), allowing pain-free and efficient drug delivery through the skin. In addition to the great success of MNs based transdermal drug delivery, especially for skin diseases, increasing studies have indicated the expansion of MNs to diverse nontransdermal applications, including the delivery of therapeutics for hair loss, ocular diseases, and oral mucosal. Here, the current treatment of hair loss, eye diseases, and oral disease is discussed and an overview of recent advances in the application of MNs is provided for these three noncutaneous localized organ diseases. Particular emphasis is laid on the future trend of MNs technology development and future challenges of expanding the generalizability of MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Li
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Rujiao Ge
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kai Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Junren Wang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Huiting Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
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4
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Pimple P, Sawant A, Nair S, Sawarkar SP. Current Insights into Targeting Strategies for the Effective Therapy of Diseases of the Posterior Eye Segment. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:1-50. [PMID: 37938189 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023044057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The eye is one a unique sophisticated human sense organ with a complex anatomical structure. It is encased by variety of protective barriers as responsible for vision. There has been a paradigm shift in the prevalence of several major vision threatening ocular conditions with enhanced reliance on computer-based technologies in our workaday life and work-from-home modalities although aging, pollution, injury, harmful chemicals, lifestyle changes will always remain the root cause. Treating posterior eye diseases is a challenge faced by clinicians worldwide. The clinical use of conventional drug delivery systems for posterior eye targeting is restricted by the ocular barriers. Indeed, for overcoming various ocular barriers for efficient delivery of the therapeutic moiety and prolonged therapeutic effect requires prudent and target-specific approaches. Therefore, for efficient drug delivery to the posterior ocular segment, advancements in the development of sustained release and nanotechnology-based ocular drug delivery systems have gained immense importance. Therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance are of paramount importance in clinical translation of these investigative drug delivery systems. This review provides an insight into the various strategies employed for improving the treatment efficacies of the posterior eye diseases. Various drug delivery systems such as systemic and intraocular injections, implants have demonstrated promising outcomes, along with that they have also exhibited side-effects, limitations and strategies employed to overcome them are discussed in this review. The application of artificial intelligence-based technologies along with an appreciation of disease, delivery systems, and patient-specific outcomes will likely enable more effective therapy for targeting the posterior eye segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Pimple
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Apurva Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Sujit Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Sujata P Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400 056, India
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Rupenthal ID, Agarwal P. Progress in Ocular Drug Delivery: Challenges and Constraints. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:267-288. [PMID: 37620616 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The eye has several dynamic and static barriers in place to limit the entry of foreign substances including therapeutics. As such, efficient drug delivery, especially to posterior segment tissues, has been challenging. This chapter describes the anatomical and physiological challenges associated with ocular drug delivery before discussing constraints with regard to formulation parameters. Finally, it gives an overview of advanced drug delivery technologies with a specific focus on recently marketed and late-stage clinical trial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Priyanka Agarwal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abdalkader RK, Fujita T. Corneal epithelium models for safety assessment in drug development: Present and future directions. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109697. [PMID: 37890755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The human corneal epithelial barrier plays a crucial role in drug testing studies, including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as toxicity testing during the preclinical stages of drug development. However, despite the valuable insights gained from animal and current in vitro models, there remains a significant discrepancy between preclinical drug predictions and actual clinical outcomes. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on adhering to the 3R principles (refine, reduce, replace) to minimize the use of animals in testing. To tackle these challenges, there is a rising demand for alternative in vitro models that closely mimic the human corneal epithelium. Recently, remarkable advancements have been made in two key areas: microphysiological systems (MPS) or organs-on-chips (OoCs), and stem cell-derived organoids. These cutting-edge platforms integrate four major disciplines: stem cells, microfluidics, bioprinting, and biosensing technologies. This integration holds great promise in developing powerful and biomimetic models of the human cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodi Kado Abdalkader
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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7
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Ran S, Shu Q, Gao X. Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus 1 (DerP1) May Trigger NLRP3-Mediated Corneal Epithelial Cell Pyroptosis by Elevating Interleukin-33 Expression Levels. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:1100-1111. [PMID: 37615401 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2250583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the in vivo effects of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1 (DerP1) in mice and determine the underlying NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis signaling mechanisms in the human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). METHODS DerP1 was used to induce allergic conjunctivitis in C57 mice. HCECs were sensitized with DerP1 in vitro to mimic their condition observed in allergic conjunctivitis in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate pyroptosis in the HCECs, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to assess interleukin (IL)-33, IL-1β and IL-4 levels, flow cytometry to detect the proportion of Th2 cells, MTT assays to assess cell metabolic activity, immunofluorescence to evaluate the effects of DerP1 on functional HCEC phenotypes, and Western blot assays to detect the expression of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), gasdermin D (GSDMD), N-terminal fragment of GSDMD (GSDMD-N), pro-caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-33. IL-33 expression in the HCECs was knocked down via lentivirus transfection. RESULTS In vivo, DerP1 promotes pyroptosis, production of Th2 inflammatory cytokines and IL-33, and NLRP3 activation in mouse corneas. In vitro, pyroptotic bodies were found in the HCECs after sensitization with DerP1. Various concentrations of DerP1 increased the expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, pro-caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, and IL-1β in the HCECs, with the largest increase observed after exposure to 20 µM DerP1. In vitro, recombinant human IL-33 mediated the expression of pyroptotic biomarkers in the HCECs, whereas IL-33 silencing diminished 20 µM DerP1-induced increase in their expression levels. CONCLUSIONS DerP1 induces pyroptosis and allergic conjunctivitis, the expression of Th2 inflammatory cytokines, NLRP3 activation, and IL-33 in mouse corneas in our model. These effects would attribute to its activating NLRP3-GSDMD signaling pathway axis via enhancing IL-33 expression in HCECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Ran
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinxin Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Li SY, Xue RY, Wu H, Pu N, Wei D, Zhao N, Song ZM, Tao Y. Novel Role of Molecular Hydrogen: The End of Ophthalmic Diseases? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1567. [PMID: 38004433 PMCID: PMC10674431 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas which displays non-toxic features at high concentrations. H2 can alleviate oxidative damage, reduce inflammatory reactions and inhibit apoptosis cascades, thereby inducing protective and repairing effects on cells. H2 can be transported into the body in the form of H2 gas, hydrogen-rich water (HRW), hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) or H2 produced by intestinal bacteria. Accumulating evidence suggest that H2 is protective against multiple ophthalmic diseases, including cataracts, dry eye disease, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other fields. In particular, H2 has been tested in the treatment of dry eye disease and corneal endothelial injury in clinical practice. This medical gas has brought hope to patients suffering from blindness. Although H2 has demonstrated promising therapeutic potentials and broad application prospects, further large-scale studies involving more patients are still needed to determine its optimal application mode and dosage. In this paper, we have reviewed the basic characteristics of H2, and its therapeutic effects in ophthalmic diseases. We also focus on the latest progress in the administration approaches and mechanisms underlying these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zong-Ming Song
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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Das T, Joseph J, Simunovic MP, Grzybowski A, Chen KJ, Dave VP, Sharma S, Staropoli P, Flynn H. Consensus and controversies in the science of endophthalmitis management: Basic research and clinical perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101218. [PMID: 37838286 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Infectious endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection caused by bacteria, or less commonly by fungi. It can occur after penetrating eye procedures, trauma, or the spread of infection from contiguous structures or via emboli from distant organs. Because of the time-critical nature of the treatment, endophthalmitis is treated with the clinical diagnosis and modified by the microbiological report of the intraocular contents. The current strategy for managing endophthalmitis relies on pre-clinical literature, case series, and one large multi-center randomized clinical trial on post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis. Culture-susceptibility of the microorganisms from undiluted vitreous guides the definitive treatment in non-responsive cases. Strategies to reduce the incidence of endophthalmitis after penetrating eye procedures have been developed concurrently with refined means of treatment. Despite these advances, outcomes remain poor for many patients. Although consensus articles have been published on managing endophthalmitis, treatment patterns vary, and controversies remain. These include (1) the use of newer methods for early and precise microbiological diagnosis; (2) the choice of intravitreal antibiotics; (3) the need for systemic therapy; (4) early and complete vitrectomy. Here, we review the current consensus and address controversies in diagnosing and managing endophthalmitis. This review is intended to familiarize physicians and ophthalmologists with different aspects of endophthalmitis management to make informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraprasad Das
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Disease, L V, Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Joveeta Joseph
- Jhaveri Microbiology Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Matthew P Simunovic
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie St., Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Kuan-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Vivek Pravin Dave
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Disease, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Patrick Staropoli
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Disease, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Harry Flynn
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA.
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10
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Liu LC, Chen YH, Lu DW. Overview of Recent Advances in Nano-Based Ocular Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15352. [PMID: 37895032 PMCID: PMC10607833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases profoundly impact patients' vision and overall quality of life globally. However, effective ocular drug delivery presents formidable challenges within clinical pharmacology and biomaterial science, primarily due to the intricate anatomical and physiological barriers unique to the eye. In this comprehensive review, we aim to shed light on the anatomical and physiological features of the eye, emphasizing the natural barriers it presents to drug administration. Our goal is to provide a thorough overview of various characteristics inherent to each nano-based drug delivery system. These encompass nanomicelles, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, nanofibers, dendrimers, liposomes, niosomes, nanowafers, contact lenses, hydrogels, microneedles, and innovative gene therapy approaches employing nano-based ocular delivery techniques. We delve into the biology and methodology of these systems, introducing their clinical applications over the past decade. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and challenges illuminated by recent studies. While nano-based drug delivery systems for ophthalmic formulations are gaining increasing attention, further research is imperative to address potential safety and toxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
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11
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Gabai A, Zeppieri M, Finocchio L, Salati C. Innovative Strategies for Drug Delivery to the Ocular Posterior Segment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1862. [PMID: 37514050 PMCID: PMC10385847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative and new drug delivery systems (DDSs) have recently been developed to vehicle treatments and drugs to the ocular posterior segment and the retina. New formulations and technological developments, such as nanotechnology, novel matrices, and non-traditional treatment strategies, open new perspectives in this field. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight promising strategies reported in the current literature based on innovative routes to overcome the anatomical and physiological barriers of the vitreoretinal structures. The paper also describes the challenges in finding appropriate and pertinent treatments that provide safety and efficacy and the problems related to patient compliance, acceptability, effectiveness, and sustained drug delivery. The clinical application of these experimental approaches can help pave the way for standardizing the use of DDSs in developing enhanced treatment strategies and personalized therapeutic options for ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Lucia Finocchio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, 59100 Prato, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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12
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De Hoon I, Boukherroub R, De Smedt SC, Szunerits S, Sauvage F. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models for Assessing Drug Permeation across the Cornea. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37314950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug permeation across the cornea remains a major challenge due to its unique and complex anatomy and physiology. Static barriers such as the different layers of the cornea, as well as dynamic aspects such as the constant renewal of the tear film and the presence of the mucin layer together with efflux pumps, all present unique challenges for effective ophthalmic drug delivery. To overcome some of the current ophthalmic drug limitations, the identification and testing of novel drug formulations such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles began to be considered and widely explored. In the early stages of corneal drug development reliable in vitro and ex vivo alternatives, are required, to be in line with the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), with such methods being in addition faster and more ethical alternatives to in vivo studies. The ocular field remains limited to a handful of predictive models for ophthalmic drug permeation. In vitro cell culture models are increasingly used when it comes to transcorneal permeation studies. Ex vivo models using excised animal tissue such as porcine eyes are the model of choice to study corneal permeation and promising advancements have been reported over the years. Interspecies characteristics must be considered in detail when using such models. This review updates the current knowledge about in vitro and ex vivo corneal permeability models and evaluates their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès De Hoon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Agarwal P, Rupenthal ID. Non-aqueous formulations in topical ocular drug delivery - a paradigm shift? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114867. [PMID: 37178927 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Topical eyedrop application is the preferred route for drug delivery to anterior segment tissues; however, the challenge of overcoming the eye's anatomical and physiological barriers while minimising tissue toxicity has restricted developments in this field. Aqueous vehicles have traditionally been used, which typically require several additives and preservatives to achieve physiologically compatible and sterile eyedrops, elevating their toxicity potential. Non-aqueous vehicles have been suggested as efficient alternatives for topical drug delivery as they can address many of the limitations associated with conventional aqueous eyedrops. However, despite their obvious advantages, non-aqueous eyedrops remain poorly researched and few non-aqueous formulations are currently available in the market. This review challenges the conventional hypothesis that aqueous solubility is a prerequisite to ocular drug absorption and establishes a rationale for using non-aqueous vehicles for ocular drug delivery. Recent advances in the field have been detailed and future research prospects have been explored, pointing towards a paradigm shift in eyedrop formulation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Agarwal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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14
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Agarwal P, Korward J, Krösser S, Rupenthal ID. Preclinical characterization of water-free cyclosporine eye drops - factors impacting ocular penetration ex vivo and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00119-4. [PMID: 37178940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the efficacy of Cyclosporine A (CsA) in the management of ocular inflammation is well-demonstrated, ocular delivery remains challenging due to its hydrophobic nature. The semifluorinated alkane, perfluorobutylpentane (F4H5) has previously been suggested as an efficient vehicle for preparation of CsA eyedrops. Here we evaluated the influence of drop volume and the formulation aid, ethanol (EtOH), on ocular penetration of CsA and compared it to that of the commercial eyedrop, Ikervis, ex vivo and in vivo. Moreover, conjunctival and corneal tolerability after EtOH addition were evaluated ex vivo. The F4H5/EtOH vehicle was well tolerated and resulted in better corneal CsA penetration (AUC(0 - 4h): 63,008 ± 3,946 ng.h.g-1) than Ikervis (AUC(0 - 4h): 10,328 ± 1,462 ng.h.g-1) or F4H5 alone (AUC(0 - 4h): 50,734 ± 3,472 ng.h.g-1) ex vivo. Interestingly, in vivo the CsA concentration in cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal glands observed after administration of the F4H5 formulation (AUC(0.133-24 h): 7,741 ± 1,334 ng.h.g-1, 1,313 ± 291 ng.h.g-1, 48.2 ± 26.3 ng.h.g-1) and F4H5/EtOH both at a reduced dose of 11 µl (AUC(0.133-24 h): 9,552 ± 1,738 ng.h.g-1, 1,679 ± 285 ng.h.g-1, 50.3 ± 21.1 ng.h.g-1) was similar or even greater than what was observed on administration of 50 µl Ikervis (AUC(0.133-24 h): 9,943 ± 1,413 ng.h.g-1, 2,069 ± 263 ng.h.g-1, 30.6 ± 18.4 ng.h.g-1). Thus, F4H5-based eyedrops were shown to deliver CsA more efficiently to anterior ocular tissues at a reduced dose in comparison to Ikervis, reducing dose wastage and minimizing any potential systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Agarwal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Młynek M, Trzciński JW, Ciach T. Recent Advances in the Polish Research on Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles in the Context of Various Administration Routes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051307. [PMID: 37238978 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the most abundant polymers in nature. They exhibit robust biocompatibility, reliable non-toxicity, and biodegradable character; thus, they are employed in multiple biomedical applications. The presence of chemically accessible functional groups on the backbone of biopolymers (amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, etc.) makes them suitable materials for chemical modification or drug immobilisation. Among different drug delivery systems (DDSs), nanoparticles have been of great interest in scientific research in the last decades. In the following review, we want to address the issue of rational design of nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems in reference to the specificity of the medication administration route and resulting requirements. In the following sections, readers can find a comprehensive analysis of the articles published by authors with Polish affiliations in the last few years (2016-2023). The article emphasises NP administration routes and synthetic approaches, followed by in vitro and in vivo attempts toward pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. The 'Future Prospects' section was constructed to address the critical observations and gaps found in the screened studies, as well as to indicate good practices for polysaccharide-based nanoparticle preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Młynek
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Waldemar Trzciński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Ren W, Duan S, Dai C, Xie C, Jiang L, Shi Y. Nanotechnology Lighting the Way for Gene Therapy in Ophthalmopathy: From Opportunities toward Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083500. [PMID: 37110734 PMCID: PMC10141718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ophthalmopathy is a well-described threat to human visual health affecting millions of people. Gene therapy for ophthalmopathy has received widespread attention with the increasing understanding of pathogenic genes. Effective and safe delivery of accurate nucleic acid drugs (NADs) is the core of gene therapy. Efficient nanodelivery and nanomodification technologies, appropriate targeted genes, and the choice of drug injection methods are the guiding lights of gene therapy. Compared with traditional drugs, NADs can specifically change the expression of specific genes or restore the normal function of mutant genes. Nanodelivery carriers can improve targeting and nanomodification can improve the stability of NADs. Therefore, NADs, which can fundamentally solve pathogeny, hold great promise in the treatment of ophthalmopathy. This paper reviews the limitations of ocular disease treatment, discusses the classification of NADs in ophthalmology, reveals the delivery strategies of NADs to improve bioavailability, targeting, and stability, and summarizes the mechanisms of NADs in ophthalmopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Suyang Duan
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Chao Dai
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Chunbao Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
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17
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Ting MYL, Kim SE, Anguita R. Endophthalmitis in Silicone Oil-Filled Eyes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040736. [PMID: 37107098 PMCID: PMC10135016 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidences of post pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) endophthalmitis vary between 0.02% and 0.13%, and infectious endophthalmitis in silicone oil-filled eyes is even rarer. We performed a literature review to describe the incidence, protective and predisposing factors, causative pathogens, management options, and prognosis of infectious endophthalmitis in silicone oil-filled eyes. Various studies have elucidated different aspects of this condition. Causative pathogens commonly include commensals. Traditional management involves the removal of silicone oil (SO), intravitreal antibiotics and then SO re-injection. Alternatively, injecting intravitreal antibiotics into silicone oil-filled eyes has also been reported. Visual prognoses are uniformly guarded. Due to the uncommon nature of this condition, studies are limited either by their retrospective design or by small sample sizes. However, observational studies, case series, and case reports can play an important role in rare conditions until larger studies are conducted. This comprehensive review aims to summarise the information available in the literature, to act as a good source for ophthalmologists looking for answers on this topic, and to suggest areas for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soyang Ella Kim
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Rodrigo Anguita
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Astolfi G, Ciavarella C, Valente S, Coslovi C, Iannetta D, Fontana L, Pasquinelli G, Versura P. Human glial müller and umbilical vein endothelial cell coculture as an in vitro model to investigate retinal oxidative damage. A morphological and molecular assessment. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:439-451. [PMID: 36579625 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize a coculture in vitro model established between the human Müller glial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, mimicking the inner blood-retinal barrier, and to explore its resistance to damage induced by oxidative stress. A spontaneously immortalized human Müller cell line MIO-M1 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were plated together at a density ratio 1:1 and maintained up to the 8th passage (p8). The MIO-M1/HUVECs p1 through p8 were treated with increasing concentrations (range 200-800 μM) of H2 O2 to evaluate oxidative stress induced damage and comparing data with single cell cultures. The following features were assayed p1 through p8: doubling time maintenance, cell viability using MTS assay, ultrastructure of cell-cell contacts, immunofluorescence for Vimentin and GFAP, molecular biology (q-PCR) for GFAP and CD31 mRNA. MIO-M1/HUVECs cocultures maintained distinct cell cytotype up to p8 as shown by flow cytometry analysis, without evidence of cross activation, displaying cell-cell tight junctions mimicking those found in human retina, only acquiring a slight resistance to oxidative stress induction over the passages. This MIO-M1/HUVECs coculture represents a simple, reproducible and affordable model for in vitro studies on oxidative stress-induced retinal damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Astolfi
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmen Ciavarella
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Valente
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Coslovi
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Danilo Iannetta
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Piera Versura
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
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19
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Ban Y, Yoshida Y, Aziza Y, Kinoshita S, Sotozono C. Strengthening of the barrier function in human telomerase reverse transcription (hTERT) immortalized corneal and conjunctival epithelium by double-stranded RNA. Exp Eye Res 2023; 227:109357. [PMID: 36572167 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a double-stranded RNA Toll-like receptor 3 agonist that mimics viral infection, in the barrier function of two established human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized cell lines, termed HCLE for the human corneal-limbal epithelial line and HCjE for the human conjunctival-epithelial line. In this study, HCLE and HCjE cells were used to evaluate the underlying mechanism of epithelial-cell barrier function regulation. Briefly, HCLE and HCjE cells were first cultured on 12-well Transwell® (Corning®) filter-plates, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemical examinations were then performed to assess tight junction (TJ)-related protein expression and cellular distribution. Next, the barrier function of the cells was measured via transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular molecular flux. The cells were then stimulated with poly(I:C) and the TEER and TJ-related protein expressions were analyzed. Similar to that in in vivo epithelium, the expression of claudin (CLDN) subtypes CLDN-1, -4, and -7 was observed in the HCLE and HCjE cells, and the barrier function in the HCLE cells was tighter than that in the HCjE cells. Post stimulation with poly(I:C), TEER of the HCLE and HCjE cells increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner, the production of TJ-related protein mRNA and CLDN-4 protein were elevated, and the barrier function of the HCLE and HCjE cells increased, thus possibly indicating that the increased barrier function is a defense mechanism against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Chubu Medical Center, Nantan, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yulia Aziza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Development of In Vitro Dry Eye Models to Study Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Allogeneic Serum Eye Drops. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021567. [PMID: 36675083 PMCID: PMC9864688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop valid in vitro models for preclinical evaluation of proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of human allogeneic serum eye drops for dry eye disease (DED) treatment. A DED wound healing model was developed by analyzing the influence of coating and serum concentrations on human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) wound closure. Further, intralaboratory variance, freeze-thaw cycle effects, donor variability and stability assays were conducted. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were used to induce the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and IL-1β. MMP9 induction was optimized using a design-of-experiments (DoE) approach and applied to examine serum under static and dynamic conditions. MMP9 protein expression was analyzed by ELISA. The DED wound healing model detected proliferative effects of serum down to 1% with a small intralaboratory variance. Serum stability was shown over six months, donor variance could be detected, and freeze-thaw cycle effects did not affect wound closure. Serum decreased MMP9 expression on the gene and protein levels. The induction method was successfully optimized using DoE modeling and transferred to a dynamic setting mimicking tear film fluidics. The DED wound healing and inflammatory DED model present useful in vitro models for the preclinical evaluation of allogeneic serum eye drops without the use of animal experiments.
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21
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Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169158. [PMID: 36012421 PMCID: PMC9409455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations.
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22
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Fernandes AR, Vidal LB, Sánchez-López E, Dos Santos T, Granja PL, Silva AM, Garcia ML, Souto EB. Customized cationic nanoemulsions loading triamcinolone acetonide for corneal neovascularization secondary to inflammatory processes. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121938. [PMID: 35728716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Customized cationic oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) have been produced to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as triamcinolone acetonide (TA). TA is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic therapeutic properties and it is widely used as an effective treatment in ocular disorders. In this work, TA-NEs were characterized using two different custom-made cationic surfactants, showing a high positive surface charge favouring corneal penetration and a particle size below 300 nm. Both TA-NE formulations demonstrated to be stable at 4 °C during the first months of storage. Furthermore, TA-NEs were able to produce antiangiogenic effects in chicken membranes. The TA-NEs safety profile was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo ocular tolerance tests. Out of the two formulations, the one showing no irritant effects was screened in vivo demonstrating capacity to ameliorate ocular inflammation in New Zealand rabbits significantly, specially to reduce the risk of ocular inflammation processes, with antiangiogenic activity, and can therefore be exploited as a suitable formulation to avoid inflammatory reactions upon ocular surgical procedures, such as cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Fernandes
- i3s - Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena B Vidal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiago Dos Santos
- i3s - Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Granja
- i3s - Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amelia M Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Maria L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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23
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Zingale E, Romeo A, Rizzo S, Cimino C, Bonaccorso A, Carbone C, Musumeci T, Pignatello R. Fluorescent Nanosystems for Drug Tracking and Theranostics: Recent Applications in the Ocular Field. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050955. [PMID: 35631540 PMCID: PMC9147643 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest challenge associated with topical drug delivery for the treatment of diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye is to overcome the poor bioavailability of the carried molecules. Nanomedicine offers the possibility to overcome obstacles related to physiological mechanisms and ocular barriers by exploiting different ocular routes. Functionalization of nanosystems by fluorescent probes could be a useful strategy to understand the pathway taken by nanocarriers into the ocular globe and to improve the desired targeting accuracy. The application of fluorescence to decorate nanocarrier surfaces or the encapsulation of fluorophore molecules makes the nanosystems a light probe useful in the landscape of diagnostics and theranostics. In this review, a state of the art on ocular routes of administration is reported, with a focus on pathways undertaken after topical application. Numerous studies are reported in the first section, confirming that the use of fluorescent within nanoparticles is already spread for tracking and biodistribution studies. The first section presents fluorescent molecules used for tracking nanosystems’ cellular internalization and permeation of ocular tissues; discussions on the classification of nanosystems according to their nature (lipid-based, polymer-based, metallic-based and protein-based) follows. The following sections are dedicated to diagnostic and theranostic uses, respectively, which represent an innovation in the ocular field obtained by combining dual goals in a single administration system. For its great potential, this application of fluorescent nanoparticles would experience a great development in the near future. Finally, a brief overview is dedicated to the use of fluorescent markers in clinical trials and the market in the ocular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elide Zingale
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.R.); (S.R.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.)
| | - Alessia Romeo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.R.); (S.R.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.)
| | - Salvatore Rizzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.R.); (S.R.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.)
| | - Cinzia Cimino
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.R.); (S.R.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.)
| | - Angela Bonaccorso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.R.); (S.R.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.)
- NANO-i—Research Center for Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.R.); (S.R.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.)
- NANO-i—Research Center for Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.R.); (S.R.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.)
- NANO-i—Research Center for Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Pignatello
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.R.); (S.R.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.)
- NANO-i—Research Center for Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Bai L, Lei F, Luo R, Fei Q, Zheng Z, He N, Gui S. Development of a thermosensitive in-situ gel formulations of vancomycin hydrochloride: design, preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2552-2561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Martinelli I, Tayebati SK, Tomassoni D, Nittari G, Roy P, Amenta F. Brain and Retinal Organoids for Disease Modeling: The Importance of In Vitro Blood–Brain and Retinal Barriers Studies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071120. [PMID: 35406683 PMCID: PMC8997725 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain and retinal organoids are functional and dynamic in vitro three-dimensional (3D) structures derived from pluripotent stem cells that spontaneously organize themselves to their in vivo counterparts. Here, we review the main literature data of how these organoids have been developed through different protocols and how they have been technically analyzed. Moreover, this paper reviews recent advances in using organoids to model neurological and retinal diseases, considering their potential for translational applications but also pointing out their limitations. Since the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–retinal barrier (BRB) are understood to play a fundamental role respectively in brain and eye functions, both in health and in disease, we provide an overview of the progress in the development techniques of in vitro models as reliable and predictive screening tools for BBB and BRB-penetrating compounds. Furthermore, we propose potential future directions for brain and retinal organoids, in which dedicated biobanks will represent a novel tool for neuroscience and ophthalmology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Martinelli
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.K.T.); (G.N.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.K.T.); (G.N.); (F.A.)
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Giulio Nittari
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.K.T.); (G.N.); (F.A.)
| | - Proshanta Roy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Francesco Amenta
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.K.T.); (G.N.); (F.A.)
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Fernandes AR, Dos Santos T, Granja PL, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, Silva AM, Souto EB. Permeability, anti-inflammatory and anti-VEGF profiles of steroidal-loaded cationic nanoemulsions in retinal pigment epithelial cells under oxidative stress. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121615. [PMID: 35217072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is defined as a degenerative, progressive and multifactorial disorder that affects the macula with a complex etiology. The retinal pigment epithelium is a monolayer of cells that has the function to separate the surface of the choroid from the neural retina that is involved in the signal transduction leading to vision. The blood-aqueous barrier and the blood retinal barrier limit the permeation of drugs into the retina and thereby reducing their efficacy. Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is widely used as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drug that promotes the inhibition of the inflammatory processes. The factors that stimulate or inhibit angiogenesis in AMD create a local balance that is responsible for the growth of sub-retinal neovascularization. In AMD, the main angiogenic stimulus is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this work, nanoemulsions with cationic surfactants (mono- and dicationic DABCO and quinuclidine) were produced to deliver TA, and were found to reduce the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which stimulates the choroidal neovascularization development by upregulating the VEGF production, and consequently decreased the VEGF levels. Our results support the potential use of mono- and dicationic DABCO and quinuclidine-based cationic nanoemulsions for the delivery of TA in the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Fernandes
- i3S - Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Biomedical Engineering National Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tiago Dos Santos
- i3S - Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Biomedical Engineering National Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Granja
- i3S - Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Biomedical Engineering National Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria L Garcia
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amelia M Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Singh V, Garg A, Dewangan HK. Recent Advances in Drug Design and Delivery Across Biological Barriers using Computational Models. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819999220204110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The systemic delivery of pharmacological substances generally exhibits several significant limitations associated with the bio-distribution of active drugs in the body. As per consequence, human body’s defense mechanisms become impediments to drug delivery. Various technologies to overcome these limitations have been evolved including computational approaches and advanced drug delivery. As the body of human has evolved to defend itself from hostile biological as well as chemical invaders, along with that these biological barriers such as ocular barriers, blood-brain barriers, intestinal and skin barriers also limit the passage of drugs across desired sites. Therefore, efficient delivery remains an utmost challenge for researchers and scientists. The present review focuses on the techniques to deliver the drugs with efficient therapeutic efficacy at the targeted sites. This review article considered the insights into main biological barriers along with the application of computational or numerical methods dealing with different barriers by determining the drug flow, temperature and various other parameters. It also summarizes the advanced implantable drug delivery system to circumvent the inherent resistance showed by these biological barriers and in turn to improve the drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshita Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, NH-2 Delhi Mathura Road, PO-Chaumuhan, Mathura, UttarPradesh, India 281406
| | - Akash Garg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, NH-2 Delhi Mathura Road, PO-Chaumuhan, Mathura, UttarPradesh, India 281406
| | - Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University NH-95, Chandigarh Ludhiyana Highway, Mohali Punjab, India
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Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsions for Ophthalmic Applications: Role of Cationic Surfactants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247541. [PMID: 34947136 PMCID: PMC8706710 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a very complex organ comprising several physiological and physical barriers that compromise drug absorption into deeper layers. Nanoemulsions are promising delivery systems to be used in ocular drug delivery due to their innumerous advantages, such as high retention time onto the site of application and the modified release profile of loaded drugs, thereby contributing to increasing the bioavailability of drugs for the treatment of eye diseases, in particular those affecting the posterior segment. In this review, we address the main factors that govern the development of a suitable nanoemulsion formulation for eye administration to increase the patient’s compliance to the treatment. Appropriate lipid composition and type of surfactants (with a special emphasis on cationic compounds) are discussed, together with manufacturing techniques and characterization methods that are instrumental for the development of appropriate ophthalmic nanoemulsions.
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30
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Chauhan A, Khan T. Prodrugs - Current development and applications in ocular drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Plössl K, Milenkovic A, Weber BHF. Challenges and opportunities for modeling monogenic and complex disorders of the human retina via induced pluripotent stem cell technology. MED GENET-BERLIN 2021; 33:221-227. [PMID: 38835692 PMCID: PMC11007631 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2021-2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The human retina is a highly structured and complex neurosensory tissue central to perceiving and processing visual signals. In a healthy individual, the close interplay between the neuronal retina, the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium and the underlying blood supply, the choriocapillaris, is critical for maintaining eyesight over a lifetime. An impairment of this delicate and metabolically highly active system, caused by genetic alteration, environmental impact or both, results in a multitude of pathological phenotypes of the retina. Understanding and treating these disease processes are motivated by a marked medical need in young as well as in older patients. While naturally occurring or gene-manipulated animal models have been used successfully in ophthalmological research for many years, recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell technology have opened up new avenues to generate patient-derived retinal model systems. Here, we explore to what extent these cellular models can be useful to mirror human pathologies in vitro ultimately allowing to analyze disease mechanisms and testing treatment options in the cell type of interest on an individual patient-specific genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Plössl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Milenkovic
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Human Genetics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Wang L, Zhou MB, Zhang H. The Emerging Role of Topical Ocular Drugs to Target the Posterior Eye. Ophthalmol Ther 2021; 10:465-494. [PMID: 34218424 PMCID: PMC8319259 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-021-00365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic fundus diseases is increasing with the aging of the general population. The treatment of these intraocular diseases relies on invasive drug delivery because of the globular structure and multiple barriers of the eye. Frequent intraocular injections bring heavy burdens to the medical care system and patients. The use of topical drugs to treat retinal diseases has always been an attractive solution. The fast development of new materials and technologies brings the possibility to develop innovative topical formulations. This article reviews anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye which affect the bioavailability of topical drugs. In addition, we summarize innovative topical formulations which enhance the permeability of drugs through the ocular surface and/or extend the drug retention time in the eye. This article also reviews the differences of eyes between different laboratory animals to address the translational challenges of preclinical models. The fast development of in vitro eye models may provide more tools to increase the clinical translationality of topical formulations for intraocular diseases. Clinical successes of topical formulations rely on continuous and collaborative efforts between different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Hui Zhang
- Yuanpu Eye Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China.
- , No. 14 Jiuxing Avenue, Gaoxin District, Chengdu, China.
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Spatiotemporal determination of metabolite activities in the corneal epithelium on a chip. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108646. [PMID: 34102209 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The corneal epithelial barrier maintains the metabolic activities of the ocular surface by regulating membrane transporters and metabolic enzymes responsible for the homeostasis of the eye as well as the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs. Despite its importance, no established biomimetic in vitro methods are available to perform the spatiotemporal investigation of metabolism and determine the transportation of endogenous and exogenous molecules across the corneal epithelium barrier. This study introduces multiple corneal epitheliums on a chip namely, Corneal Epithelium on a Chip (CEpOC), which enables the spatiotemporal collection as well as analysis of micro-scaled extracellular metabolites from both the apical and basolateral sides of the barriers. Longitudinal samples collected during 48 h period were analyzed using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics method, and 104 metabolites were annotated. We observed the spatiotemporal secretion of biologically relevant metabolites (i.e., antioxidant, glutathione and uric acid) as well as the depletion of essential nutrients such as amino acids and vitamins mimicking the in vivo molecules trafficking across the human corneal epithelium. Through the shifts of extracellular metabolites and quantitative analysis of mRNA associated with transporters, we were able to investigate the secretion and transportation activities across the polarized barrier in a correlation with the expression of corneal transporters. Thus, CEpOC can provide a non-invasive, simple, yet effectively informative method to determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as well as to discover novel biomarkers for drug toxicological and safety tests as advanced experimental model of the human corneal epithelium.
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Navarro-Partida J, Castro-Castaneda CR, Santa Cruz-Pavlovich FJ, Aceves-Franco LA, Guy TO, Santos A. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers as Topical Drug Delivery Systems for Intraocular Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050678. [PMID: 34065059 PMCID: PMC8151015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective drug delivery to intraocular tissues remains a great challenge due to complex anatomical and physiological barriers that selectively limit the entry of drugs into the eye. To overcome these challenges, frequent topical application and regular intravitreal injections are currently used to achieve the desired drug concentrations into the eye. However, the repetitive installation or recurrent injections may result in several side effects. Recent advancements in the field of nanoparticle-based drug delivery have demonstrated promising results for topical ophthalmic nanotherapies in the treatment of intraocular diseases. Studies have revealed that nanocarriers enhance the intraocular half-life and bioavailability of several therapies including proteins, peptides and genetic material. Amongst the array of nanoparticles available nowadays, lipid-based nanosystems have shown an increased efficiency and feasibility in topical formulations, making them an important target for constant and thorough research in both preclinical and clinical practice. In this review, we will cover the promising lipid-based nanocarriers used in topical ophthalmic formulations for intraocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Navarro-Partida
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rodrigo Castro-Castaneda
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Francisco J. Santa Cruz-Pavlovich
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Luis Abraham Aceves-Franco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
| | - Tomer Ori Guy
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Arturo Santos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(33)-36-69-30-00 (ext. 2540)
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El Sayeh F Abou El Ela A, Abbas Ibrahim M, Alqahtani Y, Almomen A, Sfouq Aleanizy F. Fluconazole nanoparticles prepared by antisolvent precipitation technique: Physicochemical, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo ocular evaluation. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:576-585. [PMID: 34194264 PMCID: PMC8233650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research was to prepare and characterize nanonized particles of the antifungal drug, fluconazole (FLZ) using antisolvent precipitation nanonization technique to improve its ocular permeation. The impact of various concentrations of different stabilizers, namely Pluronic F-127 (PL F 127), Kollicoat IR (KL), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E3 (HPMC), xanthan gum (XG), polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP), and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) upon the resulting nanoparticles was investigated. Additionally, the ex vivo release of the FLZ nanonized particles from ophthalmic gel bases was studied by using goat cornea, and the ocular pharmacokinetics of appropriate ophthalmic gel base containing optimized drug nanoparticle formula compared to the untreated drug were studied in rabbits. FLZ nanoparticles were successfully prepared with different concentrations of stabilizers. However, the effects of these stabilizers on nanoparticle size and zeta potential values varied according to the concentration and type of stabilizer used. Based on differential scanning calorimetry, the drug was in its amorphous state in the tested nanoparticle formulations. The results of ex vivo ocular diffusion of the FLZ nanoparticle gel formulations revealed an improvement compared to that with the FLZ untreated gel. Nanoparticle formula (F3) prepared by using 5% PL F127 showed small particle size (352 ± 6.1 nm) with zeta potential value of −18.3 mV with highest ex vivo release rate from goat cornea (100% after 6 h). Moreover, the AUC0-8h from ocular application of FLZ from sodium alginate gel containing nanoparticle formula F3 was 1.4-fold higher than that after its administration in the untreated formula. Based on our findings, the ophthalmic gel formulations containing FLZ nanoparticles enhanced drug corneal permeation and improved the ocular pharmacokinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal El Sayeh F Abou El Ela
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abbas Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yara Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aliyah Almomen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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In vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models for ocular toxicology and ophthalmic drug development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:207-237. [PMID: 33544359 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Testing of all manufactured products and their ingredients for eye irritation is a regulatory requirement. In the last two decades, the development of alternatives to the in vivo Draize eye irritation test method has substantially advanced due to the improvements in primary cell isolation, cell culture techniques, and media, which have led to improved in vitro corneal tissue models and test methods. Most in vitro models for ocular toxicology attempt to reproduce the corneal epithelial tissue which consists of 4-5 layers of non-keratinized corneal epithelial cells that form tight junctions, thereby limiting the penetration of chemicals, xenobiotics, and pharmaceuticals. Also, significant efforts have been directed toward the development of more complex three-dimensional (3D) equivalents to study wound healing, drug permeation, and bioavailability. This review focuses on in vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models and their utilization in ocular toxicology as well as their application to pharmacology and ophthalmic research. Current human 3D corneal epithelial cell culture models have replaced in vivo animal eye irritation tests for many applications, and substantial validation efforts are in progress to verify and approve alternative eye irritation tests for widespread use. The validation of drug absorption models and further development of models and test methods for many ophthalmic and ocular disease applications is required.
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37
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Swetledge S, Jung JP, Carter R, Sabliov C. Distribution of polymeric nanoparticles in the eye: implications in ocular disease therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:10. [PMID: 33413421 PMCID: PMC7789499 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advantages of polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery systems include controlled release, enhanced drug stability and bioavailability, and specific tissue targeting. Nanoparticle properties such as hydrophobicity, size, and charge, mucoadhesion, and surface ligands, as well as administration route and suspension media affect their ability to overcome ocular barriers and distribute in the eye, and must be carefully designed for specific target tissues and ocular diseases. This review seeks to discuss the available literature on the biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles and discuss the effects of nanoparticle composition and administration method on their ocular penetration, distribution, elimination, toxicity, and efficacy, with potential impact on clinical applications. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Swetledge
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jangwook P Jung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Renee Carter
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University and LSU Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Cristina Sabliov
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Niu L, Li L, Xing C, Luo B, Hu C, Song M, Niu J, Ruan Y, Sun X, Lei Y. Airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5) triggers cornea inflammation and pyroptosis via NLRP3 activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111306. [PMID: 32949934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have demonstrated that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) induces ocular surface damage, PM2.5 exposure causes cornea toxicity is not entirely clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing three (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in PM2.5-related corneal toxicity. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were exposed to different concentrations of PM2.5, and the cell viability, expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome mediated pyroptosis axis molecules and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were measured in HCECs. Animal experiments were undertaken to topically apply PM2.5 suspension to mouse eyes for three months and the pyroptosis related molecules in the mouse corneas were measured. RESULTS: Our results showed a dose-dependent decrease of HCEC viability in the PM2.5-treated cells. NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis axis (NLRP3, ASC, GSDMD, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18) were activated in the PM2.5-treated HCECs, accompanied by increased ROS formation. Further in vivo study confirmed the activation of this pathway in the mouse corneas exposed to PM2.5. In conclusion, this study provids novel evidence that PM2.5 induces corneal toxicity by triggering cell pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chao Xing
- Animal research center, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chunchun Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Maomao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jingping Niu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Ye Ruan
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), And Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), And Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, China.
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García-Posadas L, Diebold Y. Three-Dimensional Human Cell Culture Models to Study the Pathophysiology of the Anterior Eye. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1215. [PMID: 33333869 PMCID: PMC7765302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the establishment of complex three-dimensional (3D) models of tissues has allowed researchers to perform high-quality studies and to not only advance knowledge of the physiology of these tissues but also mimic pathological conditions to test novel therapeutic strategies. The main advantage of 3D models is that they recapitulate the spatial architecture of tissues and thereby provide more physiologically relevant information. The eye is an extremely complex organ that comprises a large variety of highly heterogeneous tissues that are divided into two asymmetrical portions: the anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment consists of the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, sclera, aqueous humor, and the lens. Different diseases in these tissues can have devastating effects. To study these pathologies and develop new treatments, the use of cell culture models is instrumental, and the better the model, the more relevant the results. Thus, the development of sophisticated 3D models of ocular tissues is a significant challenge with enormous potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the development of 3D in vitro models of the anterior segment of the eye, with a special focus on those that use human primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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El Hoffy NM, Abdel Azim EA, Hathout RM, Fouly MA, Elkheshen SA. Glaucoma: Management and Future Perspectives for Nanotechnology-Based Treatment Modalities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 158:105648. [PMID: 33227347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, being asymptomatic for relatively late stage, is recognized as a worldwide cause of irreversible vision loss. The eye is an impervious organ that exhibits natural anatomical and physiological barriers which renders the design of an efficient ocular delivery system a formidable task and challenge scientists to find alternative formulation approaches. In the field of glaucoma treatment, smart delivery systems for targeting have aroused interest in the topical ocular delivery field owing to its potentiality to oppress many treatment challenges associated with many of glaucoma types. The current momentum of nano-pharmaceuticals, in the development of advanced drug delivery systems, hold promises for much improved therapies for glaucoma to reduce its impact on vision loss. In this review, a brief about glaucoma; its etiology, predisposing factors and different treatment modalities has been reviewed. The diverse ocular drug delivery systems currently available or under investigations have been presented. Additionally, future foreseeing of new drug delivery systems that may represent potential means for more efficient glaucoma management are overviewed. Finally, a gab-analysis for the required investigation to pave the road for commercialization of ocular novel-delivery systems based on the nano-technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M El Hoffy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt
| | - Engy A Abdel Azim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt
| | - Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Seham A Elkheshen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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41
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Vida RG, Merczel S, Jáhn E, Fittler A. Developing a framework regarding a complex risk based methodology in the evaluation of hazards associated with medicinal products sourced via the internet. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1733-1742. [PMID: 33424264 PMCID: PMC7783221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the increasing number of illicit internet pharmacies is a global phenomenon, however, the size of the online pharmaceutical market is still relatively unknown and the dubious quality of products is questionable and warrants investigation. Descriptive data from this black market channel are derived from studies analyzing the online availability of different medications procured over the internet and their methodology is quite heterogeneous. Our aim was to develop a comprehensive and specific risk assessment for selecting high patient safety risk medications from the online pharmaceutical market. A rapid tool was developed based upon the two quality and safety standard resolutions in pharmaceutical practice, published by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, and was illustrated on eye drops. We developed five dimensions in support of the risk assessment including intrinsic, extrinsic and potential risks of counterfeiting. The five criteria were integrated in a comprehensively weighted risk-scoring format. The probability of procuring the product from the internet was also assessed based on the number of relevant links within the first twenty search engine results and the cost of the products. With the application of the tool a dorzolamide & timolol combination eye drop represented the highest overall patient safety risk score. In consideration of our literature review of the past 20 years, there is no current, standardized methodology to effectively identify pharmaceutical products associated with high patient safety risks. Notably, the fully comprehensive analysis of the internet pharmaceutical market and the test purchase of all online available medicines is unrealistic. Therefore, we developed a method to aid online surveillance researches and targeted international organizational led joint actions against the uncontrolled sale of falsified and substandard medications (e.g.: Operation Pangea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert György Vida
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Central Clinical Pharmacy, Honvéd Street 3, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Corresponding author.
| | - Sára Merczel
- Department of Pharmacy, Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Tallián Gyula Street 20-32, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Eszter Jáhn
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Central Clinical Pharmacy, Honvéd Street 3, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Fittler
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Central Clinical Pharmacy, Honvéd Street 3, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Fu D, Yu JY, Connell AR, Hookham MB, McLeese RH, Lyons TJ. Effects of Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins and Fenofibrate on an Outer Blood-Retina Barrier Model: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:754-764. [PMID: 33107777 PMCID: PMC7757531 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: There is a lack of treatment for early diabetic retinopathy (DR), including blood-retina barrier (BRB) breakdown. The robust clinical benefit of fenofibrate in DR provides an opportunity to explore disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. We have previously found that modified lipoproteins contribute to DR and that fenofibrate protects the inner BRB. We now investigate (1) whether modified lipoproteins elicit outer BRB injury and (2) whether fenofibrate may alleviate such damage. Methods: Human retinal pigment epithelium ARPE-19 cells were cultured in semipermeable transwells to establish a monolayer barrier and then exposed to heavily oxidized, glycated low-density lipoprotein (HOG-LDL, 25–300 mg/L, up to 24 h) versus native (N)-LDL. Transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran permeability were measured. The effects of fenofibrate, its active metabolite fenofibric acid, and other peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) agonists (gemfibrozil, bezafibrate, and WY14643) were evaluated, with and without the PPARα antagonist GW6471 or the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor Compound C. Results: HOG-LDL induced concentration- and time-dependent barrier impairment, decreasing TEER and increasing dextran leakage, effects that were amplified by high glucose. Fenofibric acid, but not fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, bezafibrate, or WY14643, attenuated barrier impairment. This effect was reversed significantly by Compound C, but not by GW6471. Conclusions: Modified lipoproteins elicited outer BRB injury in an experimental model, which was reduced by fenofibric acid through a PPARα-independent, AMPK-mediated mechanism. These findings suggest a protective role of fenofibric acid on the outer BRB in diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Fu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Y Yu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anna R Connell
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle B Hookham
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca H McLeese
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Diabetes Free SC, BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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43
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Thomson K, Karouta C, Ashby R. Topical application of dopaminergic compounds can inhibit deprivation myopia in chicks. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108233. [PMID: 32919992 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal models have demonstrated a link between dysregulation of the retinal dopamine system and the development of experimental myopia (short-sightedness). However, pharmacological investigations of dopamine in animal models rely heavily on intravitreal or systemic administration, which have several limitations for longer-term experiments. We therefore investigated whether administration of dopamine as a topical eye drop can inhibit the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in chicks. We also examined whether chemical modification of dopamine through deuterium substitution, which might enhance stability and bioavailability, can increase dopamine's effectiveness against FDM when given topically. METHODS Dopamine or deuterated dopamine (Dopamine-1,1,2,2-d4 hydrochloride) was administered as a daily intravitreal injection or as daily topical eye drops to chicks developing FDM over an ascending dose range (min. n = 6 per group). Axial length and refraction were measured following 4 days of treatment. RESULTS Both intravitreal (ED50 = 0.002μmoles) and topical application (ED50 = 6.10μmoles) of dopamine inhibited the development of FDM in a dose-dependent manner. Intravitreal injections, however, elicited a significantly higher level of protection relative to topical eye drops (p < 0.01). Deuterated dopamine inhibited FDM to a similar extent as unmodified dopamine when administered as intravitreal injections (p = 0.897) or topical eye drops (p = 0.921). CONCLUSIONS Both intravitreal and topical application of dopamine inhibit the development of FDM in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that topical administration may be an effective avenue for longer-term dopamine experiments. Deuterium substitution does not alter the protection afforded by dopamine against FDM when given as either an intravitreal injection or topical eye drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
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Ma Q, Luo R, Zhang H, Dai M, Bai L, Fei Q, Lei F, He N. Design, Characterization, and Application of a pH-Triggered In Situ Gel for Ocular Delivery of Vinpocetine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:253. [PMID: 32888086 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a pH-triggered in situ gel (ISG) for ocular delivery of vinpocetine to achieve systemic absorption and a brain-targeting effect in rats. Carbopol acted as a gelling agent combined with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a viscosity-enhancing agent. The concentration of Carbopol (0.2%, w/v) and HPMC (1.5%, w/v) was optimized for the ISG system. The optimized formulation was evaluated for studies on release in vitro, rheology, differential scanning calorimetry, ocular irritation, residence time, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. The vinpocetine ISG stayed longer in rabbit eyes than vinpocetine ointment. In vivo pharmacokinetics showed that compared with vinpocetine ointment, vinpocetine ISG attained a peak plasma concentration and area under the curve that was 1-2 folds greater in rat plasma. The Drug Targeting Index (DTI) was 1.06 and 1.26 for vinpocetine ointment and vinpocetine ISG, respectively, after ocular administration, showing that vinpocetine ISG had better distribution in rat brain. These results revealed that a pH-triggered ISG system via ocular administration could be an alternative approach compared with traditional ophthalmic formulations.
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45
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Li F, Fei Q, Mao D, Si Q, Dai M, Ma Q, Zhang H, Bai L, He N. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Nimodipine in Rat Plasma and Tissues Following Intraocular, Intragastric, and Intravenous Administration. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:234. [PMID: 32794077 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pharmacokinetics of nimodipine (NMD) in rats plasma and tissues following intraocular (io), intragastric (ig), and intravenous (iv) administration at doses of 5.0 mg/kg io and iv and 10.0 mg/kg ig. After a single dose of NMD, plasma, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain samples were collected at the scheduled time points. The concentration of NMD in rat plasma and tissues was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared. NMD was rapidly absorbed and reached the maximum plasma concentration in approximately 5 min after io administration. The absolute bioavailability after io administration was higher than that after ig administration (40.05% vs. 5.67%). There were significant differences in the tissue distribution of NMD with different administration routes. After io administration, NMD was distributed more in the lung, spleen, and brain tissues, and less in the kidney. The maximum drug concentration after io administration in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain was 1.00, 0.47, 2.02, 1.47, 0.22, and 5.79 times higher than that after via ig administration, and the area under the curve value was 0.59, 0.78, 1.71, 1.84, 0.25, and 4.59 times greater, respectively. Nimodipine appears to achieve systemic effects via io administration. Compared with ig, io administration could significantly increase NMD distribution in the brain tissue, indicating that NMD could be delivered to the brain via io administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China.,College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Qingsong Fei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Dan Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Qiaoyun Si
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Manman Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Qun Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Luyu Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China. .,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei, 230012, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei, 230012, China.
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Levodopa inhibits the development of lens-induced myopia in chicks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13242. [PMID: 32764736 PMCID: PMC7413395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have demonstrated a link between dysregulation of the retinal dopamine system and the development of myopia (short-sightedness). We have previously demonstrated that topical application of levodopa in chicks can inhibit the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in a dose-dependent manner. Here, we examine whether this same protection is observed in lens-induced myopia (LIM), and whether levodopa’s protection against FDM and LIM occurs through a dopamine D1- or D2-like receptor mechanism. To do this, levodopa was first administered daily as an intravitreal injection or topical eye drop, at one of four ascending doses, to chicks developing LIM. Levodopa’s mechanism of action was then examined by co-administration of levodopa injections with D1-like (SCH-23390) or D2-like (spiperone) dopamine antagonists in chicks developing FDM or LIM. For both experiments, levodopa’s effectiveness was examined by measuring axial length and refraction after 4 days of treatment. Levodopa inhibited the development of LIM in a dose-dependent manner similar to its inhibition of FDM when administered via intravitreal injections or topical eye drops. In both FDM and LIM, levodopa injections remained protective against myopia when co-administered with SCH-23390, but not spiperone, indicating that levodopa elicits its protection through a dopamine D2-like receptor mechanism in both paradigms.
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Sharma PK, Sandal N, Chauhan MK. Evaluation of precorneal residence time of brimonidine tartrate nanoparticles loaded in situ gel using gamma scintigraphy. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2020.1802756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Sharma
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Sandal
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Kanwar Chauhan
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, India
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Preclinical challenges for developing long acting intravitreal medicines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:130-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Kapadia R, Parikh K, Jain M, Sawant K. Topical instillation of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded emulsomes for posterior ocular delivery: statistical optimization and in vitro-in vivo studies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:984-999. [PMID: 32567039 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to formulate and characterize a novel lipid-based carrier-emulsomes loaded with triamcinolone acetonide (TA)/Nile red (NR) for non-invasive delivery to the posterior segment of the eye upon topical application. To optimize and delineate the effect of independent variables on dependent variables, Box-Behnken design (BBD) was adopted. The optimized batch was characterized for size, zeta potential, surface morphology by transmission electron microscopy, drug-excipient interaction by differential scanning calorimetry, osmolarity, pH, ex vivo transcorneal permeation, and stability studies. A short-term exposure (STE) test was performed on Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Corneal (SIRC) cell lines to evaluate the in vitro ocular irritation. Precorneal retention study was performed in rabbit eyes. Confocal microscopy was used for ocular distribution studies in mice eye by preparing dye (Nile red)-loaded formulations. The surface response and contour plots along with ANOVA results demonstrated an interaction between the factors. The optimized batch had particle size of 131.17 ± 3.17 nm and entrapment efficiency of 71.56 ± 4.19%. TEM image showed unimodal, nano-sized emulsomes. TA-loaded emulsomes exhibited higher transcorneal permeation as compared to drug solution. In vitro irritation studies confirmed the safety of excipients for ophthalmic use. Fluorescence microscopic images obtained after ocular distribution studies showed strong fluorescence in inner and outer plexiform layers of the retina in comparison to dye solution confirming the delivery of dye to the posterior segment of mice eye after topical ocular instillation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Kapadia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 001, India
| | - Kinjal Parikh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 001, India
| | - Mahendra Jain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 001, India
| | - Krutika Sawant
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 001, India.
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50
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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