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Schulze J, Schöne L, Ayoub AM, Librizzi D, Amin MU, Engelhardt K, Yousefi BH, Bender L, Schaefer J, Preis E, Schulz-Siegmund M, Wölk C, Bakowsky U. Modern Photodynamic Glioblastoma Therapy Using Curcumin- or Parietin-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles in a CAM Model Study. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5502-5514. [PMID: 38016693 PMCID: PMC10732153 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural photosensitizers, such as curcumin or parietin, play a vital role in photodynamic therapy (PDT), causing a light-mediated reaction that kills cancer cells. PDT is a promising treatment option for glioblastoma, especially when combined with nanoscale drug delivery systems. The curcumin- or parietin-loaded lipid nanoparticles were prepared via dual asymmetric centrifugation and subsequently characterized through physicochemical analyses including dynamic light scattering, laser Doppler velocimetry, and atomic force microscopy. The combination of PDT and lipid nanoparticles has been evaluated in vitro regarding uptake, safety, and efficacy. The extensive and well-vascularized chorioallantois membrane (CAM) of fertilized hen's eggs offers an optimal platform for three-dimensional cell culture, which has been used in this study to evaluate the photodynamic efficacy of lipid nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells. In contrast to other animal models, the CAM model lacks a mature immune system in an early stage, facilitating the growth of xenografts without rejection. Treatment of xenografted U87 glioblastoma cells on CAM was performed to assess the effects on tumor viability, growth, and angiogenesis. The xenografts and the surrounding blood vessels were targeted through topical application, and the effects of photodynamic therapy have been confirmed microscopically and via positron emission tomography and X-ray computed tomography. Finally, the excised xenografts embedded in the CAM were analyzed histologically by hematoxylin and eosin and KI67 staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schulze
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Lisa Schöne
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Strasse 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany
| | - Abdallah M. Ayoub
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Damiano Librizzi
- Center
for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Core Facility Molecular Imaging,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University
of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Muhammad Umair Amin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Konrad Engelhardt
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Behrooz H. Yousefi
- Center
for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Core Facility Molecular Imaging,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University
of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Lena Bender
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Jens Schaefer
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Eduard Preis
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Strasse 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany
| | - Christian Wölk
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Strasse 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
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2
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Ayoub AM, Atya MS, Abdelsalam AM, Schulze J, Amin MU, Engelhardt K, Wojcik M, Librizzi D, Yousefi BH, Nasrullah U, Pfeilschifter J, Bakowsky U, Preis E. Photoactive Parietin-loaded nanocarriers as an efficient therapeutic platform against triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123217. [PMID: 37429562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of photodynamic therapy has become more and more important in combating cancer. However, the high lipophilic nature of most photosensitizers limits their parenteral administration and leads to aggregation in the biological environment. To resolve this problem and deliver a photoactive form, the natural photosensitizer parietin (PTN) was encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PTN NPs) by emulsification diffusion method. PTN NPs displayed a size of 193.70 nm and 157.31 nm, characterized by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy, respectively. As the photoactivity of parietin is essential for therapy, the quantum yield of PTN NPs and the in vitro release were assessed. The antiproliferative activity, the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial potential depolarization, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization were evaluated in triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 cells). At the same time, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry were used to investigate the cellular uptake profile. In addition, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was employed to evaluate the antiangiogenic effect microscopically. The spherical monomodal PTN NPs show a quantum yield of 0.4. The biological assessment on MDA-MB-231 cells revealed that free PTN and PTN NPs inhibited cell proliferation with IC50 of 0.95 µM and 1.9 µM at 6 J/cm2, respectively, and this can be attributed to the intracellular uptake profile as proved by flow cytometry. Eventually, the CAM study illustrated that PTN NPs could reduce the number of angiogenic blood vessels and disrupt the vitality of xenografted tumors. In conclusion, PTN NPs are a promising anticancer strategy in vitro and might be a tool for fighting cancer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M Ayoub
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Muhammed S Atya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed M Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jan Schulze
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Muhammad U Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Engelhardt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wojcik
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Damiano Librizzi
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Core Facility Molecular Imaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Behrooz H Yousefi
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Core Facility Molecular Imaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Usman Nasrullah
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany.
| | - Eduard Preis
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Germany.
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3
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Butler K, Brinker CJ, Leong HS. Bridging the In Vitro to In Vivo gap: Using the Chick Embryo Model to Accelerate Nanoparticle Validation and Qualification for In Vivo studies. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19626-19650. [PMID: 36453753 PMCID: PMC9799072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We postulate that nanoparticles (NPs) for use in therapeutic applications have largely not realized their clinical potential due to an overall inability to use in vitro results to predict NP performance in vivo. The avian embryo and associated chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has emerged as an in vivo preclinical model that bridges the gap between in vitro and in vivo, enabling rapid screening of NP behavior under physiologically relevant conditions and providing a rapid, accessible, economical, and more ethical means of qualifying nanoparticles for in vivo use. The CAM is highly vascularized and mimics the diverging/converging vasculature of the liver, spleen, and lungs that serve as nanoparticle traps. Intravital imaging of fluorescently labeled NPs injected into the CAM vasculature enables immediate assessment and quantification of nano-bio interactions at the individual NP scale in any tissue of interest that is perfused with a microvasculature. In this review, we highlight how utilization of the avian embryo and its CAM as a preclinical model can be used to understand NP stability in blood and tissues, extravasation, biocompatibility, and NP distribution over time, thereby serving to identify a subset of NPs with the requisite stability and performance to introduce into rodent models and enabling the development of structure-property relationships and NP optimization without the sacrifice of large populations of mice or other rodents. We then review how the chicken embryo and CAM model systems have been used to accelerate the development of NP delivery and imaging agents by allowing direct visualization of targeted (active) and nontargeted (passive) NP binding, internalization, and cargo delivery to individual cells (of relevance for the treatment of leukemia and metastatic cancer) and cellular ensembles (e.g., cancer xenografts of interest for treatment or imaging of cancer tumors). We conclude by showcasing emerging techniques for the utilization of the CAM in future nano-bio studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly
S. Butler
- Molecular
and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Comprehensive Cancer
Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Hon Sing Leong
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
- Biological
Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
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Nanoemulsion applications in photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2022; 351:164-173. [PMID: 36165834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsion, or nanoscaled-size emulsions, is a thermodynamically stable system formed by blending two immiscible liquids, blended with an emulsifying agent to produce a single phase. Nanoemulsion science has advanced rapidly in recent years, and it has opened up new opportunities in a variety of fields, including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food, and cosmetics. Nanoemulsion has been recognized as a potential drug delivery technology for various drugs, such as photosensitizing agents (PS). In photodynamic therapy (PDT), PSs produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species under specific light irradiation, which oxidize the surrounding tissues. Over the past decades, the idea of PS-loaded nanoemulsions has received researchers' attention due to their ability to overcome several limitations of common PSs, such as limited permeability, non-specific phototoxicity, hydrophobicity, low bioavailability, and self-aggregation tendency. This review aims to provide fundamental knowledge of nanoemulsion formulations and the principles of PDT. It also discusses nanoemulsion-based PDT strategies and examines nanoemulsion advantages for PDT, highlighting future possibilities for nanoemulsion use.
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Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, de Azevedo RB, Amorim CA. Secure transplantation by tissue purging using photodynamic therapy to eradicate malignant cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 234:112546. [PMID: 36029759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating various malignant neoplasms has been given researchers' attention due to its ability to be a selective and minimally invasive cancer therapy strategy. The possibility of tumor cell infection and hence high recurrence rates in cancer patients tends to restrict autologous transplantation. So, the photodynamic tissue purging process, which consists of selective photoinactivation of the malignant cells in the graft, is defined as a compromising strategy to purify contaminated tissues before transplantation. In this strategy, the direct malignant cells' death results from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through the activation of a photosensitizer (PS) by light exposure in the presence of oxygen. Since new PS generations can effectively penetrate the tissue, PDT could be an ideal ex vivo tissue purging protocol that eradicates cancer cells derived from various malignancies. The challenge is that the applied pharmacologic ex vivo tissue purging should efficiently induce tumor cells with minor influence on normal tissue cells. This review aims to provide an overview of the current status of the most effective PDT strategies and PS development concerning their potential application in ex vivo purging before hematopoietic stem cell or ovarian tissue transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Moghassemi
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arezoo Dadashzadeh
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília DF, Brazil
| | - Christiani A Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Joniová J, Wagnières G. The Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane as an In Vivo Model for Photodynamic Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:107-125. [PMID: 35505014 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For many decades the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been used for research as an in vivo model in a large number of different fields, including toxicology, bioengineering, and cancer research. More specifically, the CAM is also a suitable and convenient model system in the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT), mainly due to the easy access of its membrane and the possibility of grafting or growing tumors on the membrane and, interestingly, to study the PDT effects on its dense vascular network. In addition, the CAM is simple to handle and cheap. Since the CAM is not innervated until later stages of the embryo development, its use in research is simplified compared to other in vivo models as far as ethical and regulatory issues are concerned. In this review different incubation and drug administration protocols of relevance for PDT are presented. Moreover, data regarding the propagation of light at different wavelengths and CAM development stages are provided. Finally, the effects induced by photobiomodulation on the CAM angiogenesis and its impact on PDT treatment outcome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Joniová
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Georges Wagnières
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, Azevedo RB, Feron O, Amorim CA. Photodynamic cancer therapy using liposomes as an advanced vesicular photosensitizer delivery system. J Control Release 2021; 339:75-90. [PMID: 34562540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The multidisciplinary field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a combination of photochemistry and photophysics sciences, which has shown tremendous potential for cancer therapy application. PDT employs a photosensitizing agent (PS) and light to form cytotoxic reactive oxygen species and subsequently oxidize light-exposed tissue. Despite numerous advantages of PDT and enormous progress in this field, common PSs are still far from ideal treatment because of their poor permeability, non-specific phototoxicity, side effects, hydrophobicity, weak bioavailability, and tendency to self-aggregation. To circumvent these limitations, PS can be encapsulated in liposomes, an advanced drug delivery system that has demonstrated the ability to enhance drug permeability into biological membranes and loading both hydrophobic and lipophilic agents. Moreover, liposomes can also be coated by targeting agents to improve delivery efficiency. The present review aims to summarize the principles of PDT, various PS generations, PS-loaded nanoparticles, liposomes, and their impact on PDT, then discuss recent photodynamic cancer therapy strategies using liposomes as PS-loaded vectors, and highlight future possibilities and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Moghassemi
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arezoo Dadashzadeh
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Bentes Azevedo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Olivier Feron
- Pôle de Pharmacologie et thérapeutique, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiani A Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Kirar S, Thakur NS, Reddy YN, Banerjee UC, Bhaumik J. Insights on the polypyrrole based nanoformulations for photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621300032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review is written to endow updated information on polypyrrole based photosensitizers for the treatment of deadly diseases such as cancer and microbial infection. Tetrapyrrolic macromolecules such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines hold unique photophysical properties which make them very useful compounds for various biomedical applications. Besides their properties, they also have some limitations such as low water solubility, bioavailability, biocompatibility and lack of specificity, etc. Researchers are trying to overcome these limitations by incorporating photosensitizers into the different types of nanoparticles and improve the quality of photodynamic therapy. We have contributed to this field by synthesizing and developing polypyrrolic photosensitizer based nanoparticles for potential applications in antimicrobial and anticancer photodynamic activity. Throughout this review, newly synthesized and existing PSs conjugated/encapsulated/doped/incorporated with nanoparticles are emphasized, which are essential for current and future research themes. Also in this review, we briefly summarized the research work carried over the past few years by considering the porphyrin based photosensitizers as alternative therapeutic entities for the treatment of microbial infections, cancers, and many other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kirar
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar-140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Singh Thakur
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar-140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Yeddula Nikhileshwar Reddy
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar-140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar-140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Uttam Chand Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar-140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
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9
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Mapanao AK, Che PP, Sarogni P, Sminia P, Giovannetti E, Voliani V. Tumor grafted - chick chorioallantoic membrane as an alternative model for biological cancer research and conventional/nanomaterial-based theranostics evaluation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:947-968. [PMID: 33565346 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1879047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Advancements in cancer management and treatment are associated with strong preclinical research data, in which reliable cancer models are demanded. Indeed, inconsistent preclinical findings and stringent regulations following the 3Rs principle of reduction, refinement, and replacement of conventional animal models currently pose challenges in the development and translation of efficient technologies. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a system for the evaluation of treatment effects on the vasculature, therefore suitable for studies on angiogenesis. Apart from vascular effects, the model is now increasingly employed as a preclinical cancer model following tumor-grafting procedures.Areas covered: The broad application of CAM tumor model is highlighted along with the methods for analyzing the neoplasm and vascular system. The presented and cited investigations focus on cancer biology and treatment, encompassing both conventional and emerging nanomaterial-based modalities.Expert opinion: The CAM tumor model finds increased significance given the influences of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment in cancer behavior, then providing a qualified miniature system for oncological research. Ultimately, the establishment and increased employment of such a model may resolve some of the limitations present in the standard preclinical tumor models, thereby redefining the preclinical research workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Katrina Mapanao
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy.,NEST-Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pei Pei Che
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Sarogni
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | - Peter Sminia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Voliani
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
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Victorelli FD, Cardoso VMDO, Ferreira NN, Calixto GMF, Fontana CR, Baltazar F, Gremião MPD, Chorilli M. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane as a suitable in vivo model to evaluate drug delivery systems for cancer treatment: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:273-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Abstract
The current chapter highlights the use of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of fertilized chicken egg for the characterization of nanoparticles applied in cancer nanomedicine. The CAM assay represents a promising alternative to mouse models in term of costs, ease of use, rapidity and ethical issues in particular for the screening of nanoformulations. Hence, the features of nanoparticles including blood retention, biocompatibility, active targeting or tumor accumulation, angiogenic activity, drug delivery and tumor elimination might be simply evaluated via the CAM model. In particular, in this model, embryo organs and morphology, CAM vasculature and blood cells, transplanted tumors on CAM were typically monitored and used for the evaluation of the nanomaterials. With the above advantages, the CAM assay, as highly valuable in vivo model, could be used regularly in pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontaree Grace Intasa-Ard
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, Thailand; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences-Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Research Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Albane Birault
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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12
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Buzzá HH, Fialho de Freitas LC, Moriyama LT, Teixeira Rosa RG, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C. Vascular Effects of Photodynamic Therapy with Curcumin in a Chorioallantoic Membrane Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1084. [PMID: 30832361 PMCID: PMC6429090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a treatment that requires light, a photosensitizing agent, and molecular oxygen. The photosensitizer is activated by light and it interacts with the oxygen that is present in the cellular microenvironment. The molecular oxygen is transformed into singlet oxygen, which is highly reactive and responsible for the cell death. Therefore, PS is an important element for the therapy happens, including its concentration. Curcumin is a natural photosensitizer and it has demonstrated its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects that inhibit several signal transduction pathways. PDT vascular effects of curcumin at concentrations varying from 0.1 to 10 mM/cm² and topical administration were investigated in a chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) model. The irradiation was performed at 450 nm, irradiance of 50 mW/cm² during 10 min, delivering a total fluence of 30 J/cm². The vascular effect was followed after the application of curcumin, with images being obtained each 30 min in the first 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h. Those images were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with a MatLAB®. Curcumin was expected to exhibit a vascular effect due to its angio-inhibitory effect. Using curcumin as photosensitizer, PDT induced a higher and faster vascular effect when compared to the use of this compound alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Harb Buzzá
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Cruz Fialho de Freitas
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Tan Moriyama
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ramon Gabriel Teixeira Rosa
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mironov AF, Zhdanova KA, Bragina NA. Nanosized vehicles for delivery of photosensitizers in photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of cancer. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Bouilloux J, Yuschenko O, Dereka B, Boso G, Zbinden H, Vauthey E, Babič A, Lange N. Cyclopeptidic photosensitizer prodrugs as proteolytically triggered drug delivery systems of pheophorbide A: part I – self-quenched prodrugs. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1728-1738. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RAFTs bearing multiple copies of pheophorbide A allow perfectly defined photosensitizer prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Bouilloux
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Genève 4
| | - Oleksandr Yuschenko
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Ultrafast Photochemistry
- University of Geneva
- Genève 4
| | - Bogdan Dereka
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Ultrafast Photochemistry
- University of Geneva
- Genève 4
| | - Gianluca Boso
- Group of Applied Physics
- University of Geneva
- Genève 4
- Switzerland
| | - Hugo Zbinden
- Group of Applied Physics
- University of Geneva
- Genève 4
- Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Ultrafast Photochemistry
- University of Geneva
- Genève 4
| | - Andréj Babič
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Genève 4
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Genève 4
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15
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Croissant JG, Fatieiev Y, Khashab NM. Degradability and Clearance of Silicon, Organosilica, Silsesquioxane, Silica Mixed Oxide, and Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604634. [PMID: 28084658 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The biorelated degradability and clearance of siliceous nanomaterials have been questioned worldwide, since they are crucial prerequisites for the successful translation in clinics. Typically, the degradability and biocompatibility of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been an ongoing discussion in research circles. The reason for such a concern is that approved pharmaceutical products must not accumulate in the human body, to prevent severe and unpredictable side-effects. Here, the biorelated degradability and clearance of silicon and silica nanoparticles (NPs) are comprehensively summarized. The influence of the size, morphology, surface area, pore size, and surface functional groups, to name a few, on the degradability of silicon and silica NPs is described. The noncovalent organic doping of silica and the covalent incorporation of either hydrolytically stable or redox- and enzymatically cleavable silsesquioxanes is then described for organosilica, bridged silsesquioxane (BS), and periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) NPs. Inorganically doped silica particles such as calcium-, iron-, manganese-, and zirconium-doped NPs, also have radically different hydrolytic stabilities. To conclude, the degradability and clearance timelines of various siliceous nanomaterials are compared and it is highlighted that researchers can select a specific nanomaterial in this large family according to the targeted applications and the required clearance kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G Croissant
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yevhen Fatieiev
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Kunz-Schughart LA, Dubrovska A, Peitzsch C, Ewe A, Aigner A, Schellenburg S, Muders MH, Hampel S, Cirillo G, Iemma F, Tietze R, Alexiou C, Stephan H, Zarschler K, Vittorio O, Kavallaris M, Parak WJ, Mädler L, Pokhrel S. Nanoparticles for radiooncology: Mission, vision, challenges. Biomaterials 2016; 120:155-184. [PMID: 28063356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading non-communicable diseases with highest mortality rates worldwide. About half of all cancer patients receive radiation treatment in the course of their disease. However, treatment outcome and curative potential of radiotherapy is often impeded by genetically and/or environmentally driven mechanisms of tumor radioresistance and normal tissue radiotoxicity. While nanomedicine-based tools for imaging, dosimetry and treatment are potential keys to the improvement of therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects, radiotherapy is an established technique to eradicate the tumor cells. In order to progress the introduction of nanoparticles in radiooncology, due to the highly interdisciplinary nature, expertise in chemistry, radiobiology and translational research is needed. In this report recent insights and promising policies to design nanotechnology-based therapeutics for tumor radiosensitization will be discussed. An attempt is made to cover the entire field from preclinical development to clinical studies. Hence, this report illustrates (1) the radio- and tumor-biological rationales for combining nanostructures with radiotherapy, (2) tumor-site targeting strategies and mechanisms of cellular uptake, (3) biological response hypotheses for new nanomaterials of interest, and (4) challenges to translate the research findings into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoni A Kunz-Schughart
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Peitzsch
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Ewe
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samuel Schellenburg
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael H Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Silke Hampel
- Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research Dresden, 01171 Dresden, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Francesca Iemma
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Rainer Tietze
- ENT-Department, Section for Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- ENT-Department, Section for Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristof Zarschler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Orazio Vittorio
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; CIC Biomagune, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Lutz Mädler
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Abstract
In chemotherapy a fine balance between therapeutic and toxic effects needs to be found for each patient, adapting standard combination protocols each time. Nanotherapeutics has been introduced into clinical practice for treating tumors with the aim of improving the therapeutic outcome of conventional therapies and of alleviating their toxicity and overcoming multidrug resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive procedure emerging in cancer treatment. It involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) which, under light irradiation and in the presence of molecular oxygen, produces cytotoxic species. Unfortunately, most PSs lack specificity for tumor cells and are poorly soluble in aqueous media, where they can form aggregates with low photoactivity. Nanotechnological approaches in PDT (nanoPDT) can offer a valid option to deliver PSs in the body and to solve at least some of these issues. Currently, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as nanoPDT system because their features (size, surface properties, and release rate) can be readily manipulated by selecting appropriate materials in a vast range of possible candidates commercially available and by synthesizing novel tailor-made materials. Delivery of PSs through NPs offers a great opportunity to overcome PDT drawbacks based on the concept that a nanocarrier can drive therapeutic concentrations of PS to the tumor cells without generating any harmful effect in non-target tissues. Furthermore, carriers for nanoPDT can surmount solubility issues and the tendency of PS to aggregate, which can severely affect photophysical, chemical, and biological properties. Finally, multimodal NPs carrying different drugs/bioactive species with complementary mechanisms of cancer cell killing and incorporating an imaging agent can be developed. In the following, we describe the principles of PDT use in cancer and the pillars of rational design of nanoPDT carriers dictated by tumor and PS features. Then we illustrate the main nanoPDT systems demonstrating potential in preclinical models together with emerging concepts for their advanced design.
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Debele TA, Peng S, Tsai HC. Drug Carrier for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22094-136. [PMID: 26389879 PMCID: PMC4613299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive combinatorial therapeutic modality using light, photosensitizer (PS), and oxygen used for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. When PSs in cells are exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they are transformed from the singlet ground state (S₀) to an excited singlet state (S₁-Sn), followed by intersystem crossing to an excited triplet state (T₁). The energy transferred from T₁ to biological substrates and molecular oxygen, via type I and II reactions, generates reactive oxygen species, (¹O₂, H₂O₂, O₂*, HO*), which causes cellular damage that leads to tumor cell death through necrosis or apoptosis. The solubility, selectivity, and targeting of photosensitizers are important factors that must be considered in PDT. Nano-formulating PSs with organic and inorganic nanoparticles poses as potential strategy to satisfy the requirements of an ideal PDT system. In this review, we summarize several organic and inorganic PS carriers that have been studied to enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Ayane Debele
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 106 Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sydney Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 300 Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 106 Taipei, Taiwan.
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Boix-Garriga E, Acedo P, Casadó A, Villanueva A, Stockert JC, Cañete M, Mora M, Sagristá ML, Nonell S. Poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles as delivery agents for photodynamic therapy: enhancing singlet oxygen release and photototoxicity by surface PEG coating. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:365104. [PMID: 26293792 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/36/365104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) are being considered as nanodelivery systems for photodynamic therapy. The physico-chemical and biological aspects of their use remain largely unknown. Herein we report the results of a study of PLGA NPs for the delivery of the model hydrophobic photosensitizer ZnTPP to HeLa cells. ZnTPP was encapsulated in PLGA with high efficiency and the NPs showed negative zeta potentials and diameters close to 110 nm. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coating, introduced to prevent opsonization and clearance by macrophages, decreased the size and zeta potential of the NPs by roughly a factor of two and improved their stability in the presence of serum proteins. Photophysical studies revealed two and three populations of ZnTPP and singlet oxygen in uncoated and PEGylated NPs, respectively. Singlet oxygen is confined within the NPs in bare PLGA while it is more easily released into the external medium after PEG coating, which contributes to a higher photocytotoxicity towards HeLa cells in vitro. PLGA NPs are internalized by endocytosis, deliver their cargo to lysosomes and induce cell death by apoptosis upon exposure to light. In conclusion, PLGA NPs coated with PEG show high potential as delivery systems for photodynamic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Boix-Garriga
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Ramazani F, Hiemstra C, Steendam R, Kazazi-Hyseni F, Van Nostrum C, Storm G, Kiessling F, Lammers T, Hennink W, Kok R. Sunitinib microspheres based on [PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA]-b-PLLA multi-block copolymers for ocular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:368-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Cheng L, Wang C, Feng L, Yang K, Liu Z. Functional Nanomaterials for Phototherapies of Cancer. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10869-939. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400532z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1846] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liangzhu Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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22
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Muehlmann LA, Ma BC, Longo JPF, Almeida Santos MDFM, Azevedo RB. Aluminum-phthalocyanine chloride associated to poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles as a new third-generation photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1199-213. [PMID: 24634582 PMCID: PMC3952896 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s57420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is generally considered to be safer than conventional anticancer therapies, and it is effective against different kinds of cancer. However, its clinical application has been significantly limited by the hydrophobicity of photosensitizers. In this work, a system composed of the hydrophobic photosensitizer aluminum–phthalocyanine chloride (AlPc) associated with water dispersible poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles is described. AlPc was associated with nanoparticles produced by a method of solvent displacement. This system was analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics, and for its photodynamic activity in vitro in cancerous (murine mammary carcinoma cell lineage 4T1, and human mammary adenocarcinoma cells MCF-7) and noncancerous (murine fibroblast cell lineage NIH/3T3, and human mammary epithelial cell lineage MCF-10A) cell lines. Cell viability and the elicited mechanisms of cell death were evaluated after the application of photodynamic therapy. This system showed improved photophysical and photochemical properties in aqueous media in comparison to the free photosensitizer, and it was effective against cancerous cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Chiyin Ma
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Figueiró Longo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Bentes Azevedo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brazil
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Yin YB, Gao HD. Preparation, Thermostability, and Degradation In Vitro of Polylactides Bearing Porphyrins. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.837295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Giannaccini M, Cuschieri A, Dente L, Raffa V. Non-mammalian vertebrate embryos as models in nanomedicine. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:703-19. [PMID: 24103306 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Various in vivo biological models have been proposed for studying the interactions of nano-materials in biological systems. Unfortunately, the widely used small mammalian animal models (rodents) are costly and labor intensive and generate ethical issues and antagonism from the anti-vivisectionist movement. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the scientific community in the interactions between nano-materials and non-mammalian developmental organisms, which are now being recognized as valid models for the study of human disease. This review examines and discusses the biomedical applications and the interaction of nano-materials with embryonic systems, focusing on non-mammalian vertebrate models, such as chicken, zebrafish and Xenopus. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Animal models are critical components of preclinical biomedical research. This review discusses the feasibility and potential applications of non-mammalian vertebral animals, such as zebrafish, xenopus, and chicken as animal models in nanomedicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giannaccini
- Department of Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alfred Cuschieri
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Dente
- Department of Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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25
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Wang S, Fan W, Kim G, Hah HJ, Lee YEK, Kopelman R, Ethirajan M, Gupta A, Goswami LN, Pera P, Morgan J, Pandey RK. Novel methods to incorporate photosensitizers into nanocarriers for cancer treatment by photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 43:686-95. [PMID: 22057496 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A hydrophobic photosensitizer, 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH), was loaded into nontoxic biodegradable amine functionalized polyacrylamide (AFPAA) nanoparticles using three different methods (encapsulation, conjugation, and post-loading), forming a stable aqueous dispersion. Each formulation was characterized for physicochemical properties as well as for photodynamic performance so as to determine the most effective nanocarrier formulation containing HPPH for photodynamic therapy (PDT). MATERIALS AND METHODS HPPH or HPPH-linked acrylamide was added into monomer mixture and polymerized in a microemulsion for encapsulation and conjugation, respectively. For post-loading, HPPH was added to an aqueous suspension of pre-formed nanoparticles. Those nanoparticles were tested for optical characteristics, dye loading, dye leaching, particle size, singlet oxygen production, dark toxicity, in vitro photodynamic cell killing, whole body fluorescence imaging and in vivo PDT. RESULTS HPPH was successfully encapsulated, conjugated or post-loaded into the AFPAA nanoparticles. The resultant nanoparticles were spherical with a mean diameter of 29 ± 3 nm. The HPPH remained intact after entrapment and the HPPH leaching out of nanoparticles was negligible for all three formulations. The highest singlet oxygen production was achieved by the post-loaded formulation, which caused the highest phototoxicity in in vitro assays. No dark toxicity was observed. Post-loaded HPPH AFPAA nanoparticles were localized to tumors in a mouse colon carcinoma model, enabling fluorescence imaging, and producing a similar photodynamic tumor response to that of free HPPH in equivalent dose. CONCLUSIONS Post-loading is the promising method for loading nanoparticles with hydrophobic photosensitizers to achieve effective in vitro and in vivo PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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26
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Li P, Zhou G, Zhu X, Li G, Yan P, Shen L, Xu Q, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy with hyperbranched poly(ether-ester) chlorin(e6) nanoparticles on human tongue carcinoma CAL-27 cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 9:76-82. [PMID: 22369732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperbranched polymers represent a new class of drug-delivery vehicle that can be used to prepare nanoparticles with uniform size distribution. METHODS In this study we prepared covalent conjugates between the photosensitizer chlorin(e6) and hyperbranched poly(ether-ester), HPEE. HPEE-ce6 nanoparticles were synthesized by carbodiimide-mediated reaction between HPEE and ce6, and characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The uptake and phototoxicity of HPEE-ce6 nanoparticles towards human oral tongue cancer CAL-27 cells was detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and MTT assay, respectively. RESULTS The absorption peak of HPEE-ce6 nanoparticles was red-shifted 12-nm compared with ce6, and TEM showed uniform nanoparticles with a diameter of 50-nm. HPEE-ce6 nanoparticles were taken up by CAL-27 cells after 4h incubation and localized in the cytoplasm. The MTT assay showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher phototoxicity compared to free ce6 after 12 J/cm² of 660-nm laser illumination. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time to our knowledge that hyperbranched polymers have been used in PDT drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Li
- Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College, School of Stomatology, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Point Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
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27
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Nanodrug applications in photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:14-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a relatively new clinical therapeutic modality that is based on three key components: photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen. Nanoparticles, especially targeted ones, have recently emerged as an efficient carrier of drugs or contrast agents, or multiple kinds of them, with many advantages over molecular drugs or contrast agents, especially for cancer detection and treatment. This paper describes the current status of PDT, including basic mechanisms, applications, and challenging issues in the optimization and adoption of PDT; as well as recent developments of nanoparticle-based PDT agents, their advantages, designs and examples of in vitro and in vivo applications, and demonstrations of their capability of enhancing PDT efficacy over existing molecular drug-based PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Eun Koo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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29
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Huang RB, Mocherla S, Heslinga MJ, Charoenphol P, Eniola-Adefeso O. Dynamic and cellular interactions of nanoparticles in vascular-targeted drug delivery. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:312-27. [PMID: 21028938 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.522117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted drug delivery systems could provide more efficient and effective pharmaceutical interventions for treating a variety of diseases including cardiovascular, pulmonary, inflammatory, and malignant disorders. However, several factors must be taken into account when designing these systems. The diverse blood hemodynamics and rheology, and the natural clearance process that tend to decrease the circulation time of foreign particles all lessen the probability of successful carrier interaction with the vascular wall. An effective vascular-targeted drug delivery system must be able to navigate through the bloodstream while avoiding immune clearance, attach to the vascular wall, and release its therapeutic cargo at the intended location. This review will summarize and analyze current literature reporting on (1) nanocarrier fabrication methods and materials that allow for optimum therapeutic encapsulation, protection, and release; (2) localization and binding dynamics of nanocarriers as influenced by hemodynamics and blood rheology in medium-to-large vessels; (3) blood cells' responses to various types of nanocarrier compositions and its effects on particle circulation time; and (4) properties that affect nanocarrier internalization at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Huang RB, Mocherla S, Heslinga MJ, Charoenphol P, Eniola-Adefeso O. Dynamic and cellular interactions of nanoparticles in vascular-targeted drug delivery (review). Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:190-205. [PMID: 20615080 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.499548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted drug delivery systems could provide more efficient and effective pharmaceutical interventions for treating a variety of diseases including cardiovascular, pulmonary, inflammatory, and malignant disorders. However, several factors must be taken into account when designing these systems. The diverse blood hemodynamics and rheology, and the natural clearance process that tend to decrease the circulation time of foreign particles all lessen the probability of successful carrier interaction with the vascular wall. An effective vascular-targeted drug delivery system must be able to navigate through the bloodstream while avoiding immune clearance, attach to the vascular wall, and release its therapeutic cargo at the intended location. This review will summarize and analyze current literature reporting on (1) nanocarrier fabrication methods and materials that allow for optimum therapeutic encapsulation, protection, and release; (2) localization and binding dynamics of nanocarriers as influenced by hemodynamics and blood rheology in medium-to-large vessels; (3) blood cells' responses to various types of nanocarrier compositions and its effects on particle circulation time; and (4) properties that affect nanocarrier internalization at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Vasilchenko SY, Volkova AI, Ryabova AV, Loschenov VB, Konov VI, Mamedov AA, Kuzmin SG, Lukyanets EA. Application of aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles for fluorescent diagnostics in dentistry and skin autotransplantology. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:336-346. [PMID: 20414903 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the possibility of application of aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) nanoparticles in clinical practice. AlPc fluoresces in the molecular form but in the form of nanoparticles it does not. Separation of molecules from an AlPc nanoparticle and therefore the appearance of fluorescence occurs under the effect of a number of biochemo-physical factors. Owing to this feature the application of AlPc nanoparticles followed by the measurement of fluorescence spectra is proposed as a diagnostics method. It was shown that after AlPc nanoparticle application on a tooth surface the fluorescence intensity in the enamel microdamage area is 2-3 times higher than that in the normal enamel area. The appearance of fluorescence after application of AlPc nanoparticles on skin autografts testifies to the presence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yu Vasilchenko
- Natural Sciences Center of AM Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Lim SH, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Kamarulzaman FA, van den Bergh H, Wagnières G, Lee HB. The neovessel occlusion efficacy of 15-hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone dimethyl ester induced with photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:397-402. [PMID: 20074086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) induced efficacy of a semi-synthesized analogue 15(1)-hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone dimethyl ester or G2, in terms of chick chorioallantoic membrane blood vessel occlusion was evaluated in reference to verteporfin. Early formulation studies showed that G2 prepared in a system of cremophor EL 2.5% and ethanol 2.5% in saline was biocompatible up to 20 microL volume of injection. Following injection, G2 accumulation peaked within the first minute and its extravasation from intra- to extra-vascular occurred somewhat slower as compared with verteporfin. In the PDT study, closure of capillaries and small neovessels was observed with 4 microg per embryo of G2 and a light dose of 20 J cm(-2) at a fluence rate of 40 mW cm(-2) filtered at 400-440 nm-a result that may be considered optimum for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Also, partial occlusion of the large vessels was observed using the same dose of G2 and light-an effect which is desirable for cancer treatment. From this study, we conclude that G2 has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for photodynamic treatment for AMD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang Hui Lim
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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De Magalhães N, Liaw LHL, Berns M, Cristini V, Chen Z, Stupack D, Lowengrub J. Applications of a new In vivo tumor spheroid based shell-less chorioallantoic membrane 3-D model in bioengineering research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:20-26. [PMID: 21243108 DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2010.31003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a classical in vivo biological model in studies of angiogenesis. Combined with the right tumor system and experimental configuration this classical model can offer new approaches to investigating tumor processes. The increase in development of biotechnological devices for cancer diagnosis and treatment, calls for more sophisticated tumor models that can easily adapt to the technology, and provide a more accurate, stable and consistent platform for rapid quantitative and qualitative analysis. As we discuss a variety of applications of this novel in vivo tumor spheroid based shell-less CAM model in biomedical engineering research, we will show that it is extremely versatile and easily adaptable to an array of biomedical applications. The model is particularly useful in quantitative studies of the progression of avascular tumors into vascularized tumors in the CAM. Its environment is more stable, flat and has a large working area and wider field of view excellent for imaging and longitudinal studies. Finally, rapid data acquisition, screening and validation of biomedical devices and therapeutics are possible with the short experimental window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzola De Magalhães
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Zinc phthalocyanine-loaded PLGA biodegradable nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy in tumor-bearing mice. Lasers Med Sci 2009; 25:283-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-009-0740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Saw CLL, Heng PWS, Liew CV. Chick chorioallantoic membrane as an in situ biological membrane for pharmaceutical formulation development: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 34:1168-77. [PMID: 18663656 DOI: 10.1080/03639040801974295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of animals in research has always been a debatable issue. Over the past few decades, efforts have been made to reduce, replace, and refine experiments for ethical use of experimental animals. The use of chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was one of the proposed alternatives to the Draize rabbit ocular irritation test with several advantages including simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, ease of performance, and cost-effectiveness. The recent use of CAM in the development of pharmaceuticals and testing models to mimic human tissue, including drug transport across CAM, will be discussed in this review.
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Zeisser-Labouèbe M, Delie F, Gurny R, Lange N. Screening of nanoparticulate delivery systems for the photodetection of cancer in a simple and cost-effective model. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:135-43. [PMID: 19193181 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.4.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In urology, fluorescence-based imaging methods have been proven to significantly improve the detection of small, barely visible tumors and reduce the recurrence rate. Under ethical and economical pressure, new effective screening systems have to be developed to exploit and assess novel strategies for fluorescence photodetection in other areas. For this purpose, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the developing chick embryo is an attractive alternative model to the mammalian models. MATERIALS & METHODS Hypericin encapsulated into nanoparticles for the photodetection of ovarian metastases was evaluated in the CAM model with respect to vascular extravazation and tumor targeting and compared with free drug following intravenous administration. RESULTS To validate the CAM model as a valuable screening system for photodetection of cancer, we drew a comparison with results obtained on a conventional rodent model. CONCLUSION Rodent and CAM models led to the same conclusion regarding the benefits of nanoencapsulation to improve selective accumulation of drug in ovarian micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Zeisser-Labouèbe
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30, Quai E Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Khdair A, Handa H, Mao G, Panyam J. Nanoparticle-mediated combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy overcomes tumor drug resistance in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bechet D, Couleaud P, Frochot C, Viriot ML, Guillemin F, Barberi-Heyob M. Nanoparticles as vehicles for delivery of photodynamic therapy agents. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:612-21. [PMID: 18804298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment involves the uptake of a photosensitizer by cancer tissue followed by photoirradiation. The use of nanoparticles as carriers of photosensitizers is a very promising approach because these nanomaterials can satisfy all the requirements for an ideal PDT agent. This review describes and compares the different individual types of nanoparticles that are currently in use for PDT applications. Recent advances in the use of nanoparticles, including inorganic oxide-, metallic-, ceramic-, and biodegradable polymer-based nanomaterials as carriers of photosensitizing agents, are highlighted. We describe the nanoparticles in terms of stability, photocytotoxic efficiency, biodistribution and therapeutic efficiency. Finally, we summarize exciting new results concerning the improvement of the photophysical properties of nanoparticles by means of biphotonic absorption and upconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bechet
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Nancy-University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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