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Sarma M, Bora K, Ranjan P, Dubey VK. Identification of novel anti-leishmanials targeting glutathione synthetase of the parasite: a drug repurposing approach. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 39266470 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Drug repurposing has emerged as an effective strategy against infectious diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis. Here, we evaluated four FDA-approved drugs-valrubicin, ciclesonide, deflazacort, and telithromycin-for their anti-leishmanial activity on Leishmania donovani parasites, especially their ability to target the enzyme glutathione synthetase (LdGS), which enables parasite survival under oxidative stress in host macrophages. Valrubicin and ciclesonide exhibited superior inhibitory effects compared to deflazacort and telithromycin, inhibiting the promastigotes at very low concentrations, with IC50 values of 1.09 ± 0.09 μm and 2.09 ± 0.09 μm, respectively. Subsequent testing on amastigotes revealed the IC50 values of 1.74 ± 0.05 μm and 3.32 ± 0.21 μm for valrubicin and ciclesonide, respectively. Molecular and cellular level analysis further elucidated the mechanisms underlying the anti-leishmanial activity of valrubicin and ciclesonide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Sarma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Kushal Bora
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Preeti Ranjan
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
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2
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Ilyina IV, Patrusheva OS, Goltsova VV, Christopher KM, Gatilov YV, Sidorenko AY, Agabekov VE, Salakhutdinov NF, Alabugin IV, Volcho KP. Unusual Cascade Reactions of 8-Acetoxy-6-hydroxymethyllimonene with Salicylic Aldehydes: Diverse Oxygen Heterocycles from Common Precursors. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11593-11606. [PMID: 39083794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Chiral oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds are of great interest for the development of pharmaceuticals. Monoterpenes and their derivatives are naturally abundant precursors of novel synthetic chiral oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds. In this study, acid catalyzed reactions of salicylic aldehydes with (-)-8-acetoxy-6-hydroxymethyllimonene, readily accessible from α-pinene, leads to the formation of chiral polycyclic products of various structural types. Three of the six isolated chiral heterocyclic products obtained from salicylic aldehyde contain previously unknown polycyclic ring types. Having carried out the reaction in the presence of Brønsted or Lewis acids (Amberlyst 15, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and boron trifluoride etherate) or aluminosilicates (montmorillonite K10, halloysite nanotubes), we found that the nature of products depends on the catalyst as well as the reaction conditions (reaction time, reactant ratio, presence or absence of solvent). Detailed mechanistic insight on the complex cascade reactions for product formation is provided with extensive experimental and quantum mechanical computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Ilyina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Oksana S Patrusheva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Victoria V Goltsova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kimberley M Christopher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Yuri V Gatilov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Sidorenko
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Skaryna Str, 36, Minsk 220141, Belarus
| | - Vladimir E Agabekov
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Skaryna Str, 36, Minsk 220141, Belarus
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Konstantin P Volcho
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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González-Montero MC, Andrés-Rodríguez J, García-Fernández N, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, García-Estrada C. Targeting Trypanothione Metabolism in Trypanosomatids. Molecules 2024; 29:2214. [PMID: 38792079 PMCID: PMC11124245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by trypanosomatids, including African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), Chagas disease, and different forms of leishmaniasis, are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people worldwide, mainly in vulnerable territories of tropical and subtropical areas. In general, current treatments against these diseases are old-fashioned, showing adverse effects and loss of efficacy due to misuse or overuse, thus leading to the emergence of resistance. For these reasons, searching for new antitrypanosomatid drugs has become an urgent necessity, and different metabolic pathways have been studied as potential drug targets against these parasites. Considering that trypanosomatids possess a unique redox pathway based on the trypanothione molecule absent in the mammalian host, the key enzymes involved in trypanothione metabolism, trypanothione reductase and trypanothione synthetase, have been studied in detail as druggable targets. In this review, we summarize some of the recent findings on the molecules inhibiting these two essential enzymes for Trypanosoma and Leishmania viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Cristina González-Montero
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Julia Andrés-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Nerea García-Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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4
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González-Matos M, Aguado ME, Izquierdo M, Monzote L, González-Bacerio J. Compounds with potentialities as novel chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis at preclinical level. Exp Parasitol 2024; 260:108747. [PMID: 38518969 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are neglected infectious diseases caused by kinetoplastid protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania. These sicknesses are present mainly in tropical regions and almost 1 million new cases are reported each year. The absence of vaccines, as well as the high cost, toxicity or resistance to the current drugs determines the necessity of new treatments against these pathologies. In this review, several compounds with potentialities as new antileishmanial drugs are presented. The discussion is restricted to the preclinical level and molecules are organized according to their chemical nature, source and molecular targets. In this manner, we present antimicrobial peptides, flavonoids, withanolides, 8-aminoquinolines, compounds from Leish-Box, pyrazolopyrimidines, and inhibitors of tubulin polymerization/depolymerization, topoisomerase IB, proteases, pteridine reductase, N-myristoyltransferase, as well as enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, response against oxidative stress, signaling pathways, and sterol biosynthesis. This work is a contribution to the general knowledge of these compounds as antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Mirtha Elisa Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Research, Diagnosis and Reference, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia Del Mediodía Km 6½, La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
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Abirami M, Karan Kumar B, Dey S, Johri S, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, Gowri Chandra Sekhar KV, Sankaranarayanan M. Molecular-level strategic goals and repressors in Leishmaniasis - Integrated data to accelerate target-based heterocyclic scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115471. [PMID: 37257213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex of neglected tropical diseases caused by various species of leishmanial parasites that primarily affect the world's poorest people. A limited number of standard medications are available for this disease that has been used for several decades, these drugs have many drawbacks such as resistance, higher cost, and patient compliance, making it difficult to reach the poor. The search for novel chemical entities to treat leishmaniasis has led to target-based scaffold research. Among several identified potential molecular targets, enzymes involved in the purine salvage pathway include polyamine biosynthetic process, such as arginase, ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, trypanothione reductase as well as enzymes in the DNA cell cycle, such as DNA topoisomerases I and II plays vital role in the life cycle survival of leishmanial parasite. This review mainly focuses on various heterocyclic scaffolds, and their specific inhibitory targets against leishmaniasis, particularly those from the polyamine biosynthesis pathway and DNA topoisomerases with estimated activity studies of various heterocyclic analogs in terms of their IC50 or EC50 value, reported molecular docking analysis from available published literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abirami
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India; Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Sanchita Dey
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Samridhi Johri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | | | - Kondapalli Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India.
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6
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Aguado ME, Izquierdo M, González-Matos M, Varela AC, Méndez Y, Del Rivero MA, Rivera DG, González-Bacerio J. Parasite Metalo-aminopeptidases as Targets in Human Infectious Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:416-461. [PMID: 36825701 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230224140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic human infectious diseases are a worldwide health problem due to the increased resistance to conventional drugs. For this reason, the identification of novel molecular targets and the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents are urgently required. Metalo- aminopeptidases are promising targets in parasitic infections. They participate in crucial processes for parasite growth and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE In this review, we describe the structural, functional and kinetic properties, and inhibitors, of several parasite metalo-aminopeptidases, for their use as targets in parasitic diseases. CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum M1 and M17 aminopeptidases are essential enzymes for parasite development, and M18 aminopeptidase could be involved in hemoglobin digestion and erythrocyte invasion and egression. Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania major acidic M17 aminopeptidases can play a nutritional role. T. brucei basic M17 aminopeptidase down-regulation delays the cytokinesis. The inhibition of Leishmania basic M17 aminopeptidase could affect parasite viability. L. donovani methionyl aminopeptidase inhibition prevents apoptosis but not the parasite death. Decrease in Acanthamoeba castellanii M17 aminopeptidase activity produces cell wall structural modifications and encystation inhibition. Inhibition of Babesia bovis growth is probably related to the inhibition of the parasite M17 aminopeptidase, probably involved in host hemoglobin degradation. Schistosoma mansoni M17 aminopeptidases inhibition may affect parasite development, since they could participate in hemoglobin degradation, surface membrane remodeling and eggs hatching. Toxoplasma gondii M17 aminopeptidase inhibition could attenuate parasite virulence, since it is apparently involved in the hydrolysis of cathepsin Cs- or proteasome-produced dipeptides and/or cell attachment/invasion processes. These data are relevant to validate these enzymes as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha E Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana C Varela
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yanira Méndez
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday A Del Rivero
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
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Identification of L. infantum trypanothione synthetase inhibitors with leishmanicidal activity from a (non-biased) in-house chemical library. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ali V, Behera S, Nawaz A, Equbal A, Pandey K. Unique thiol metabolism in trypanosomatids: Redox homeostasis and drug resistance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:75-155. [PMID: 35878950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are mainly responsible for heterogeneous parasitic diseases: Leishmaniasis, Sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease and control of these diseases implicates serious challenges due to the emergence of drug resistance. Redox-active biomolecules are the endogenous substances in organisms, which play important role in the regulation of redox homeostasis. The redox-active substances like glutathione, trypanothione, cysteine, cysteine persulfides, etc., and other inorganic intermediates (hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide) are very useful as defence mechanism. In the present review, the suitability of trypanothione and other essential thiol molecules of trypanosomatids as drug targets are described in Leishmania and Trypanosoma. We have explored the role of tryparedoxin, tryparedoxin peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutaredoxins in the anti-oxidant mechanism and drug resistance. Up-regulation of some proteins in trypanothione metabolism helps the parasites in survival against drug pressure (sodium stibogluconate, Amphotericin B, etc.) and oxidative stress. These molecules accept electrons from the reduced trypanothione and donate their electrons to other proteins, and these proteins reduce toxic molecules, neutralize reactive oxygen, or nitrogen species; and help parasites to cope with oxidative stress. Thus, a better understanding of the role of these molecules in drug resistance and redox homeostasis will help to target metabolic pathway proteins to combat Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India.
| | - Sachidananda Behera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Afreen Nawaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Asif Equbal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Botany, Araria College, Purnea University, Purnia, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
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Herrera-Acevedo C, Dos Santos Maia M, Cavalcanti ÉBVS, Coy-Barrera E, Scotti L, Scotti MT. Selection of antileishmanial sesquiterpene lactones from SistematX database using a combined ligand-/structure-based virtual screening approach. Mol Divers 2021; 25:2411-2427. [PMID: 32909084 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis refers to a complex of diseases, caused by the intracellular parasitic protozoans belonging to the genus Leishmania. Among the three types of disease manifestations, the most severe type is visceral leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania donovani, and is diagnosed in more than 20,000 cases annually, worldwide. Because the current therapeutic options for disease treatment are associated with several limitations, the identification of new potential leads/drugs remains necessary. In this study, a combined approach was used, based on two different virtual screening (VS) methods, which were designed to select promising antileishmanial agents from among the entire sesquiterpene lactone (SL) dataset registered in SistematX, a web interface for managing a secondary metabolite database that is accessible by multiple platforms on the Internet. Thus, a ChEMBL dataset, including 3159 and 1569 structures that were previously tested against L. donovani amastigotes and promastigotes in vitro, respectively, was used to develop two random forest models, which performed with greater than 74% accuracy in both the cross-validation and test sets. Subsequently, a ligand-based VS assay was performed against the 1306 SistematX-registered SLs. In parallel, the crystal structures of three L. donovani target proteins, N-myristoyltransferase, ornithine decarboxylase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, and a homology model of pteridine reductase 1 were used to perform a structure-based VS, using molecular docking, of the entire SistematX SL dataset. The consensus analysis of these two VS approaches resulted in the normalization of probability scores and identified 13 promising, enzyme-targeting, antileishmanial SLs from SistematX that may act against L. donovani. A combined approach based on two different virtual screening methods (structure-based and ligand-based) was performed using an in-house dataset composed of 1306 sesquiterpene lactones to identify potential antileishmanial (Leishmania donovani) structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonny Herrera-Acevedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, 250247, Colombia
| | - Mayara Dos Santos Maia
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, 250247, Colombia
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil.
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Metabolomic Reprogramming of C57BL/6-Macrophages during Early Infection with L. amazonensis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136883. [PMID: 34206906 PMCID: PMC8267886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania survival inside macrophages depends on factors that lead to the immune response evasion during the infection. In this context, the metabolic scenario of the host cell-parasite relationship can be crucial to understanding how this parasite can survive inside host cells due to the host's metabolic pathways reprogramming. In this work, we aimed to analyze metabolic networks of bone marrow-derived macrophages from C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis wild type (La-WT) or arginase knocked out (La-arg-), using the untargeted Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry (CE-MS) approach to assess metabolomic profile. Macrophages showed specific changes in metabolite abundance upon Leishmania infection, as well as in the absence of parasite-arginase. The absence of L. amazonensis-arginase promoted the regulation of both host and parasite urea cycle, glycine and serine metabolism, ammonia recycling, metabolism of arginine, proline, aspartate, glutamate, spermidine, spermine, methylhistidine, and glutathione metabolism. The increased L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-glutamine, oxidized glutathione, S-adenosylmethionine, N-acetylspermidine, trypanothione disulfide, and trypanothione levels were observed in La-WT-infected C57BL/6-macrophage compared to uninfected. The absence of parasite arginase increased L-arginine, argininic acid, and citrulline levels and reduced ornithine, putrescine, S-adenosylmethionine, glutamic acid, proline, N-glutamyl-alanine, glutamyl-arginine, trypanothione disulfide, and trypanothione when compared to La-WT infected macrophage. Moreover, the absence of parasite arginase leads to an increase in NO production levels and a higher infectivity rate at 4 h of infection. The data presented here show a host-dependent regulation of metabolomic profiles of C57BL/6 macrophages compared to the previously observed BALB/c macrophages infected with L. amazonensis, an important fact due to the dual and contrasting macrophage phenotypes of those mice. In addition, the Leishmania-arginase showed interference with the urea cycle, glycine, and glutathione metabolism during host-pathogen interactions.
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11
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Piñeyro MD, Arias D, Parodi-Talice A, Guerrero S, Robello C. Trypanothione Metabolism as Drug Target for Trypanosomatids. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1834-1846. [PMID: 33308115 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201211115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas Disease, African sleeping sickness, and leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites, which have a considerable impact on morbidity and mortality in poor countries. The available drugs used as treatment have high toxicity, limited access, and can cause parasite drug resistance. Long-term treatments, added to their high toxicity, result in patients that give up therapy. Trypanosomatids presents a unique trypanothione based redox system, which is responsible for maintaining the redox balance. Therefore, inhibition of these essential and exclusive parasite's metabolic pathways, absent from the mammalian host, could lead to the development of more efficient and safe drugs. The system contains different redox cascades, where trypanothione and tryparedoxins play together a central role in transferring reduced power to different enzymes, such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, non-selenium glutathione peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidases, glutaredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases, through NADPH as a source of electrons. There is sufficient evidence that this complex system is essential for parasite survival and infection. In this review, we explore what is known in terms of essentiality, kinetic and structural data, and the development of inhibitors of enzymes from this trypanothione-based redox system. The recent advances and limitations in the development of lead inhibitory compounds targeting these enzymes have been discussed. The combination of molecular biology, bioinformatics, genomics, and structural biology is fundamental since the knowledge of unique features of the trypanothione-dependent system will provide tools for rational drug design in order to develop better treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral y Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas, CONICET-UNL, Santa F, Argentina
| | | | - Sergio Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral y Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas, CONICET-UNL, Santa F, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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12
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de Figueiredo Peloso E, Merli RJ, Espuri PF, Nunes JB, Colombo FA, Sierra EJT, de Paulo DC, Dos Santos MH, Carvalho DT, Marques MJ. Investigation of 8-methoxy-3-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-6-propyl-2H-chromen-2-one as a promising coumarin compound for the development of a new and orally effective antileishmanial agent. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8465-8474. [PMID: 33021720 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in host immunity and parasite resistance to drugs are among the factors that contribute to decreased efficacy of antiparasitic drugs such as the antimonial compounds pentamidine, amphotericin (AMP B) and miltefosine. Bioactive natural products could be alternatives for the development of new drugs to treat neglected human diseases such as leishmaniasis. Natural coumarins and synthetic analogues have shown leishmanicidal activity, mainly in vitro. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activity of synthetic coumarin compounds (C1-C5) in parasites Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) infantum chagasi. The cytotoxicity of these compounds in mammalian cells and their influence on production of reactive oxygen species was also investigated. In vitro assays showed that 8-methoxy-3-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-6-propyl-2H-chromen-2-one (C4) was as active as AMP B mainly in the amastigote form (p < 0.05); C4 presented a selectivity index (65.43) four times higher than C2 (15.4) in L. amazonensis and six times higher (33.94) than C1 (5.46) in L. infantum chagasi. Additionally, coumarin C4 reduced the H2O2 concentration 32.5% more than the control group in L. amazonensis promastigotes during the lag phase of proliferation. No interference of C4 was observed on the mitochondrial membrane potential of the parasites. In vivo, coumarin C4 in corn oil (oral route) led to a reduction in the number of amastigotes from L. infantum chagasi to 1.31 × 106 and 4.09 × 104 in the spleen and liver, respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, C4 represents a candidate for further studies aiming at new treatments of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Figueiredo Peloso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG, CEP 37130-001, Brazil.
| | - Rafaella Junqueira Merli
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG, CEP 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ferreira Espuri
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG, CEP 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Juliana Barbosa Nunes
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Medical School, São Paulo University, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Fábio Antônio Colombo
- Laboratory of Clinical Parasitology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Elkin José Torres Sierra
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carvalho de Paulo
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Marques
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG, CEP 37130-001, Brazil.
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13
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Saccoliti F, Di Santo R, Costi R. Recent Advancement in the Search of Innovative Antiprotozoal Agents Targeting Trypanothione Metabolism. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2420-2435. [PMID: 32805075 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites are responsible for the challenging neglected tropical diseases leishmaniases, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis, which account for up to 40,000 deaths annually mainly in developing countries. Current chemotherapy relies on drugs with significant limitations in efficacy and safety, prompting the urgent need to explore innovative approaches to improve the drug discovery pipeline. The unique trypanothione-based redox pathway, which is absent in human hosts, is vital for all trypanosomatids and offers valuable opportunities to guide the rational development of specific, broad-spectrum and innovative anti-trypanosomatid agents. Major efforts focused on the key metabolic enzymes trypanothione synthetase-amidase and trypanothione reductase, whose inhibition should affect the entire pathway and, finally, parasite survival. Herein, we will report and comment on the most recent studies in the search for enzyme inhibitors, underlining the promising opportunities that have emerged so far to drive the exploration of future successful therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saccoliti
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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14
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Medeiros A, Benítez D, Korn RS, Ferreira VC, Barrera E, Carrión F, Pritsch O, Pantano S, Kunick C, de Oliveira CI, Orban OCF, Comini MA. Mechanistic and biological characterisation of novel N5-substituted paullones targeting the biosynthesis of trypanothione in Leishmania. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1345-1358. [PMID: 32588679 PMCID: PMC7717452 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1780227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione synthetase (TryS) produces N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine (or trypanothione) at the expense of ATP. Trypanothione is a metabolite unique and essential for survival and drug-resistance of trypanosomatid parasites. In this study, we report the mechanistic and biological characterisation of optimised N5-substituted paullone analogues with anti-TryS activity. Several of the new derivatives retained submicromolar IC50 against leishmanial TryS. The binding mode to TryS of the most potent paullones has been revealed by means of kinetic, biophysical and molecular modelling approaches. A subset of analogues showed an improved potency (EC50 0.5–10 µM) and selectivity (20–35) against the clinically relevant stage of Leishmania braziliensis (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) and L. infantum (visceral leishmaniasis). For a selected derivative, the mode of action involved intracellular depletion of trypanothione. Our findings shed light on the molecular interaction of TryS with rationally designed inhibitors and disclose a new set of compounds with on-target activity against different Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Medeiros
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Benítez
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ricarda S Korn
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Exequiel Barrera
- Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Federico Carrión
- Protein Biophysics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Otto Pritsch
- Protein Biophysics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Pantano
- Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Oliver C F Orban
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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15
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Saha G, Khamar BM, Prerna K, Kumar M, Dubey VK. BLIMP-1 Plays Important Role in the Regulation of Macrophage Pyroptosis for the Growth and Multiplication of Leishmania donovani. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:2087-2095. [PMID: 31618572 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis, one of the fatal forms of the disease, is caused by Leishmania donovani and presents morbid clinical manifestations. The parasite evades pro-inflammatory immune responses by several reported mechanisms and modulates the host immune system to cause fatal symptoms. A plethora of reports related to the role of BLIMP-1 and its involvement in suppressing the immune response in various infectious diseases have been documented. Higher parasitic burden due to increased BLIMP-1 production has been reported earlier for malaria and leishmaniasis with no detailed information. We report for the first time the role of BLIMP-1 in suppressing macrophage pyroptosis during L. donovani infection and thereby tweaking the tight regulation of the NFκβ-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Expression analyses of BLIMP-1 and NFκβ have been measured using real-time PCR and Western blotting. The importance of BLIMP-1 has been validated using a siRNA-mediated experiment along with caspase 1 activity, LDH release assay, and infectivity index analyses. An inverse relationship between BLIMP-1 and NFκβ expression has been highlighted during L. donovani infection, which is reversed in blimp-1 deficient cells infected with promastigotes. The above fact has been further validated with caspase 1 activity assay, and LDH release along with IFNγ and TNF-α release assay. Finally, resumption of pyroptosis has been concluded in infected blimp-1 deficient cells in contrast to wild type infected cells. We conjecture that parasites modulate the NFκβ-NLRP3 signaling pathway by taking advantage of BLIMP-1 dependent IL-10 production and finally disrupting an inflammation-mediated pyroptosis cell death pathway in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundappa Saha
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | | | - Kumari Prerna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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16
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Colotti G, Saccoliti F, Gramiccia M, Di Muccio T, Prakash J, Yadav S, Dubey VK, Vistoli G, Battista T, Mocci S, Fiorillo A, Bibi A, Madia VN, Messore A, Costi R, Di Santo R, Ilari A. Structure-guided approach to identify a novel class of anti-leishmaniasis diaryl sulfide compounds targeting the trypanothione metabolism. Amino Acids 2019; 52:247-259. [PMID: 31037461 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania protozoans are the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease consisting of three major clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. VL is caused by Leishmania donovani in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent and by Leishmania infantum in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America, and causes an estimated 60,000 deaths per year. Trypanothione reductase (TR) is considered to be one of the best targets to find new drugs against leishmaniasis. This enzyme is fundamental for parasite survival in the human host since it reduces trypanothione, a molecule used by the tryparedoxin/tryparedoxin peroxidase system of Leishmania to neutralize the hydrogen peroxide produced by host macrophages during infection. Recently, we solved the X-ray structure of TR in complex with the diaryl sulfide compound RDS 777 (6-(sec-butoxy)-2-((3-chlorophenyl)thio)pyrimidin-4-amine), which impairs the parasite defense against the reactive oxygen species by inhibiting TR with high efficiency. The compound binds to the catalytic site and engages in hydrogen bonds the residues more involved in the catalysis, namely Glu466', Cys57 and Cys52, thereby inhibiting the trypanothione binding. On the basis of the RDS 777-TR complex, we synthesized structurally related diaryl sulfide analogs as TR inhibitors able to compete for trypanothione binding to the enzyme and to kill the promastigote in the micromolar range. One of the most active among these compounds (RDS 562) was able to reduce the trypanothione concentration in cell of about 33% via TR inhibition. RDS 562 inhibits selectively Leishmania TR, while it does not inhibit the human homolog glutathione reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Colotti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IBPM-CNR, c/o Dip. Scienze Biochimiche Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Jay Prakash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 981039, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Dip. di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Theo Battista
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mocci
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Aasia Bibi
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Messore
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IBPM-CNR, c/o Dip. Scienze Biochimiche Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Leishmania donovani evades Caspase 1 dependent host defense mechanism during infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:392-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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18
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da Silva AD, Dos Santos JA, Machado PA, Alves LA, Laque LC, de Souza VC, Coimbra ES, Capriles PVSZ. Insights about resveratrol analogs against trypanothione reductase of Leishmania braziliensis: Molecular modeling, computational docking and in vitro antileishmanial studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2960-2969. [PMID: 30058445 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1502096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we combined molecular modeling, computational docking and in vitro analysis to explore the antileishmanial effect of some resveratrol analogs (ResAn), focusing on their pro-oxidant effect. The molecular target was the trypanothione reductase of Leishmania braziliensis (LbTryR), an essential component of the antioxidant defenses in trypanosomatid parasites. Three-dimensional structures of LbTryR were modeled and molecular docking studies of ResAn1-5 compounds showed the following affinity: ResAn1 > ResAn2 > ResAn4 > ResAn5 > ResAn3. Positive correlation was observed between these compounds' affinity to the LbTryR and the IC50 values against Leishmania sp (ResAn1 < ResAn2 < ResAn4), which allows for TryR being considered an important target for them. As the compound ResAn1 showed the best antileishmanial activity, and docking studies showed its high affinity for NADP binding site (NS) of TryR, plus having been able to induce ROS production in L. braziliensis promastigotes treated, ResAn1 probably occupies NS interfering in the electron transfer processes responsible for the catalytic reaction. The in silico prediction of ADMET properties suggests that ResAn1 may be a promising drug candidate with properties to cross biological membranes and high gastrointestinal absorption, not violating Lipinski's rules. Ultimately, the antileishmanial effect of ResAn can be associated with a pro-oxidant effect which, in turn, can be exploited as an antimicrobial agent. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson D da Silva
- a Departamento de Química , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Juliana A Dos Santos
- a Departamento de Química , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Machado
- b Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia , I.C.B. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Lara A Alves
- c Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Larissa C Laque
- c Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Vinícius C de Souza
- c Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- b Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia , I.C.B. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Priscila V S Z Capriles
- c Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
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19
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Prakash J, Yadav S, Saha G, Chiranjivi AK, Kumar S, Sasidharan S, Saudagar P, Dubey VK. Episomal expression of human glutathione reductase (HuGR) in Leishmania sheds light on evolutionary pressure for unique redox metabolism pathway: Impaired stress tolerance ability of Leishmania donovani. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:498-507. [PMID: 30316767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanothione based redox metabolism is unique to the Trypanosomatida family. Despite extensive studies on redox metabolism of Leishmania parasites, a prominent question of why Leishmania adopt this unique redox pathway remains elusive. We have episomally expressed human glutathione reductase (HuGR) in Leishmania donovani (LdGR+) and investigated its effect. LdGR+ strain has slower growth compared to the wild type (Ld) indicating decreased survival ability of the strain. Further, LdGR+ strain showed enhanced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and more sensitivity to the anti-leishmanial drug, Miltefosine, inferring increased stress level. In contrast, the expression analyses of genes specific to redox metabolism were increased significantly in LdGR+ strain compared to wild type. Lower infectivity index of the LdGR+ strain substantiated the above findings and indicated that the expression of HuGR reduces the stress tolerance ability of the parasite. From molecular docking studies with HuGR, it was observed that oxidized trypanothione (TS2) binds much better than oxidized glutathione (GS2). These results also give us hints that the parasite is losing infectivity potential due to an overall increase in intracellular stress caused with the expression of HuGR, showcasing a possible role of evolutionary pressure on the Leishmania parasites posed by HuGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gundappa Saha
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Santanu Sasidharan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India
| | - Prakash Saudagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India.
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India.
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20
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Tiwari K, Dubey VK. Leishmania donovani asparaginase variants exhibit cytosolic localization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:35-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Baranwal A, Chiranjivi AK, Kumar A, Dubey VK, Chandra P. Design of commercially comparable nanotherapeutic agent against human disease-causing parasite, Leishmania. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8814. [PMID: 29891923 PMCID: PMC5995914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotherapeutic agents (NTA) play a crucial role in clinical medicine, if their unique properties are well understood and well exploited. In this direction, we report synthesis and characterization of highly potent phytofabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Sechium edule, which served the purpose of both reducing and capping agent. The designed AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, HR-TEM, and TGA techniques. The formation of AgNPs was also confirmed using electrochemistry, which to the best of our knowledge has never been reported before for biosynthesized nanoparticles. The antileishmanial potential of AgNPs was examined on the clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani promastigote cells in an in vitro experimental setting. A dose dependent killing activity of the AgNP was observed with an IC50 value of 51.88 ± 3.51 µg/ml. These results were also compared using commercially available drug, miltefosine. Furthermore, the clinical applicability of AgNP, as antileishmanial agent was proven by testing them against normal mammalian monocyte cell line (U937). The results were statistically analyzed and no significant toxicity of AgNPs on the normal mammalian cells was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Baranwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Chiranjivi AK, Dubey VK. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from Leishmania donovani: New insights through biochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:1241-1247. [PMID: 29466712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) regulates many crucial metabolic pathways as a multi-enzyme complex. Leishmania donovani dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LdDLDH) has two variants present on two different chromosomes with very less sequence similarities. In the current study, we cloned both the variants in pET28a (+) vector and expressed in Rosetta-gami (DE3) E. coli strain. Expressed proteins were finally purified from pellets using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Purified enzymes were biochemically characterized and different kinetic parameters were studied. Both the variants showed maximum activity in pH range of 7.0-8.0 and temperature 50±5°C in the physiological direction. The estimated Km for dihydrolipoamide (DLA) and NAD+ were 2.7±0.48mM and 171.23±11.59μM respectively for variant 1 (LdBPK291950.1). In the case of variant 2 (LdBPK323510.1), Km values for DLA and NAD+ were found to be 829.85±37μM and 226±1.56μM respectively. The variant 2 was more efficient in terms of activity. While both the forms of the enzymes showed diaphorase activity, variant 1 was found to be better. Sequence dissimilarities of both forms were analyzed for biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Fresh insights into the pyrimidine metabolism in the trypanosomatids. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:87. [PMID: 29422065 PMCID: PMC5803862 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypanosomatid parasites continue their killing spree resulting in significant annual mortality due to the lack of effective treatments and the prominence of these diseases in poorer countries. These dimorphic parasites thrive unchecked in the host system, outsmarting the immune mechanisms. An understanding of biology of these parasitic forms will help in the management and elimination of these fatal diseases. Investigation of various metabolic pathways in these parasites has shed light in the understanding of the unique biology of the trypansomatids. An understanding of these pathways have helped in tracing the soft targets in the metabolic pathways, which could be used as effective drug targets which would further impact the therupeutic implications. Pyrimidine pathway is a vital metabolic pathway which yields in the formation of pyrimidines, which are then integrated in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in sugars (UDP sugars) and lipids (CDP lipids). A wealth of data and information has been generated in the past decades by in-depth analyses of pyrimidine pathway in the trypanosomatid parasites, which can aid in the identification of anomalies between the parasitic and host counterpart which could be further harnessed to develop therapeutic interventions for the treatment of parasitic diseases. This review presents an updated and comprehensive detailing of the pyrimidine metabolism in the trypansomatids, their uniqueness and their distinctions, and its possible outcomes that would aid in the eradication of these parasitic diseases.
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Methyl 4-(7-Hydroxy-4,4,8-Trimethyl-3-Oxabicyclo[3.3.1]Nonan-2-yl)Benzoate as an Antileishmanial Agent and Its Synergistic Effect with Miltefosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01810-17. [PMID: 29133553 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01810-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our interest in oxabicyclic compounds as potent antileishmanial agents, the present work deals with the chemical synthesis of a new oxabicyclic derivative, methyl 4-(7-hydroxy-4,4,8-trimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-2-yl)benzoate (PS-207). This oxabicyclic derivative showed a good antileishmanial effect on the parasite, on both the promastigote and the amastigote. The mode of parasitic death from PS-207 seemed to be apoptosis-like. Interestingly, the combination of PS-207 with a low dose of miltefosine showed a synergistic effect against the parasite.
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25
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Sharma N, Murali A, Singh SK, Giri R. Epigallocatechin gallate, an active green tea compound inhibits the Zika virus entry into host cells via binding the envelope protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1046-1054. [PMID: 28666829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infections of Zika virus (ZIKV) are associated with serious consequences like microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. It leads to a situation of global health emergency and demand an intensive research investigation to develop safe and effective therapeutics. Various efforts have been made to reduce the pathological pressure of ZIKV, but no effective drug has been introduced against ZIKV infections. A recent study has reported the inhibition of ZIKV entry into the host cells by an active green tea ingredient, Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) in Vero E6cells. The effect of EGCG seems remarkable but lacking the information of the mechanism of action. In this study, we have investigated the binding site (Site1) of EGCG on envelope protein and provided the insights into various interactions of molecule with the binding site using molecular docking studies. Further, using molecular dynamics approaches we proposed the possible associated mechanism of inhibition of ZIKV entry by EGCG molecule. EGCG has found to interact with several residues and providing stability to the protein conformations up to 50ns simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sharma
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aarthy Murali
- Department of Bioinformatics, Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Alagappa University,Science Block, Karaikudi-630003, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Alagappa University,Science Block, Karaikudi-630003, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Rajanish Giri
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Singh S, Kumari E, Bhardwaj R, Kumar R, Dubey VK. Molecular events leading to death of Leishmania donovani under spermidine starvation after hypericin treatment. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:962-971. [PMID: 28509385 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the hypericin treatment caused spermidine starvation and death of Leishmania parasite. Here, we report different molecular events under spermidine starvation and potential role of spermidine in processes other than redox homeostasis of the parasite. We have analyzed changes in expression of several genes by using quantitative gene expression analysis. Further, these changes at molecular level were also confirmed by using biochemical and cellular studies. Altered expression of several genes involved in redox metabolism, hypusine modification of eIF5A, DNA repair pathway and autophagy was observed. There was decrease in Sir2RP expression after hypericin treatment and this decrease has been found to be associated with induced ROS due to hypericin treatment as it has been rescued by either trypanothione or spermidine supplementation. Translation initiation in the parasite was decreased upon spermidine starvation. We also observed increased AMPK expression upon hypericin treatment. The increase in intracellular ATP and NAD+ levels as well as decrease in Sir2RP expression of the parasite are cytoprotective mechanism towards generated ROS due to hypericin treatment possibly by inducing autophagy as indicated by increase in autophagy related gene expression and acridine orange staining. However, the autophagy needs to be established using more rigorous methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ekta Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ruchika Bhardwaj
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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27
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Bhardwaj R, Das M, Singh S, Chiranjivi AK, Prabhu SV, Singh SK, Dubey VK. Evaluation of CAAX prenyl protease II of Leishmania donovani as potential drug target: Infectivity and growth of the parasite is significantly lowered after the gene knockout. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 102:156-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Methionine aminopeptidase 2 is a key regulator of apoptotic like cell death in Leishmania donovani. Sci Rep 2017; 7:95. [PMID: 28273904 PMCID: PMC5427942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the role of methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MAP2) in miltefosine induced programmed cell death (PCD) in promastigote form of L. donovani. We report that TNP-470, an inhibitor of MAP2, inhibits programmed cell death in miltefosine treated promastigotes. It inhibits the biochemical features of metazoan apoptosis, including caspase3/7 protease like activity, oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and increase in cytosolic pool of calcium ions but did not prevent the cell death and phosphatidyl serine externalization. The data suggests that the MAP2 is involved in the regulation of PCD in parasite. Moreover, TNP-470 shows the leishmanicidal activity (IC50 = 15 µM) and in vitro inhibition of LdMAP2 activity (Ki = 13.5 nM). Further studies on MAP2 and identification of death signaling pathways provide valuable information that could be exploited to understand the role of non caspase proteases in PCD of L. donovani.
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Abstract
In trypanosomatids, polyamine and trypanothione pathways can be considered as a whole unique metabolism, where most enzymes are essential for parasitic survival and infectivity. Leishmania parasites and all the other members of the Trypanosomatids family depend on polyamines for growth and survival: the enzymes involved in the synthesis and utilization of spermidine and trypanothione, i.e., arginase, ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase and in particular trypanothione synthetase-amidase, trypanothione reductase and tryparedoxin-dependent peroxidase are promising targets for drug development. This review deals with recent structure-based studies on these enzymes, aimed at the discovery of inhibitors of this pathway.
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30
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Biochemical characterization of dihydroorotase of Leishmania donovani: Understanding pyrimidine metabolism through its inhibition. Biochimie 2016; 131:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Mandlik V, Patil S, Bopanna R, Basu S, Singh S. Biological Activity of Coumarin Derivatives as Anti-Leishmanial Agents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164585. [PMID: 27768694 PMCID: PMC5074534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects nearly 0.7 to 1.3 million people annually. Treatment of this disease is difficult due to lack of appropriate medication and the growing problem of drug resistance. Natural compounds such as coumarins serve as complementary therapeutic agents in addition to the current treatment modalities. In this study, we have performed an in-silico screening of the coumarin derivatives and their anti-leishmanial properties has been explored both in-vitro and in-vivo. One of the compounds (compound 2) exhibited leishmanicidal activity and to further study its properties, nanoliposomal formulation of the compound was developed. Treatment of cutaneous lesions in BALB/c mice with compound 2 showed significantly reduced lesion size as compared to the untreated mice (p<0.05) suggesting that compound 2 may possess anti-leishmanial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineetha Mandlik
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Sohan Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Pashan, Pune, India
| | - Ramanamurthy Bopanna
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Pashan, Pune, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Singaram K, Marimuthu D. Indium(III) chloride–catalyzed facile synthesis of oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonenes via (3,5)-oxonium-ene cyclization. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1196703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhamodaran Marimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Karaikal, India
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Pandey RK, Kumbhar BV, Sundar S, Kunwar A, Prajapati VK. Structure-based virtual screening, molecular docking, ADMET and molecular simulations to develop benzoxaborole analogs as potential inhibitor against Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 37:60-70. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2016.1171344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bajarang Vasant Kumbhar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Rajasthan, India
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Pandey RK, Kumbhar BV, Srivastava S, Malik R, Sundar S, Kunwar A, Prajapati VK. Febrifugine analogues as Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase inhibitors: binding energy analysis assisted by molecular docking, ADMET and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:141-158. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1135298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bajarang Vasant Kumbhar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubham Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
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35
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Leroux AE, Krauth-Siegel RL. Thiol redox biology of trypanosomatids and potential targets for chemotherapy. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 206:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Understanding the importance of conservative hypothetical protein LdBPK_070020 in Leishmania donovani and its role in subsistence of the parasite. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 596:10-21. [PMID: 26926257 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, codes for approximately 65% of both conserved and non-conserved hypothetical proteins. Studies on 'conserved hypothetical' proteins are expected to reveal not only new and crucial aspects of Leishmania biochemistry, but it could also lead to discovery of novel drug candidates. Conserved hypothetical protein, LdBPK_070020, is a 31.14 kDa protein, encoded by an 810 bp gene. BLAST analysis of LdBPK_070020, performed against NCBI non-redundant database, showed 80-99% similarity with conserved hypothetical proteins of Leishmania belonging to other species. Using homologues recombination method, we have performed gene knockout of LdBPK_070020 and effects of the same were investigated on the parasite. The gene knocked out strain shows significant retardation in growth with respect to wild type. Detailed biochemical studies indicated towards important role of LdBPK_070020 in the parasite survival and growth.
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37
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Saikia AK, Sultana S, Devi NR, Deka MJ, Tiwari K, Dubey VK. Diastereoselective synthesis of substituted hexahydrobenzo[de]isochromanes and evaluation of their antileishmanial activity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:970-9. [PMID: 26625982 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hexahydrobenzo[de]isochromanes and hexahydropyrano[3,4,5-ij]isoquinolines can be efficiently synthesized via Friedel Crafts and oxa Pictet-Spengler reaction of acrylyl enol ethers mediated by triflic acid in good yields. The reaction is highly stereoselective. Two of the hexahydrobenzo[de]isochromanes are found to have moderate antileishmanial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Saikia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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38
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Singh S, Vijaya Prabhu S, Suryanarayanan V, Bhardwaj R, Singh SK, Dubey VK. Molecular docking and structure-based virtual screening studies of potential drug target, CAAX prenyl proteases, of Leishmania donovani. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:2367-86. [PMID: 26551589 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeting CAAX prenyl proteases of Leishmania donovani can be a good approach towards developing a drug molecule against Leishmaniasis. We have modeled the structure of CAAX prenyl protease I and II of L. donovani, using homology modeling approach. The structures were further validated using Ramachandran plot and ProSA. Active site prediction has shown difference in the amino acid residues present at the active site of CAAX prenyl protease I and CAAX prenyl protease II. The electrostatic potential surface of the CAAX prenyl protease I and II has revealed that CAAX prenyl protease I has more electropositive and electronegative potentials as compared CAAX prenyl protease II suggesting significant difference in their activity. Molecular docking with known bisubstrate analog inhibitors of protein farnesyl transferase and peptidyl (acyloxy) methyl ketones reveals significant binding of these molecules with CAAX prenyl protease I, but comparatively less binding with CAAX prenyl protease II. New and potent inhibitors were also found using structure-based virtual screening. The best docked compounds obtained from virtual screening were subjected to induced fit docking to get best docked configurations. Prediction of drug-like characteristics has revealed that the best docked compounds are in line with Lipinski's rule. Moreover, best docked protein-ligand complexes of CAAX prenyl protease I and II are found to be stable throughout 20 ns simulation. Overall, the study has identified potent drug molecules targeting CAAX prenyl protease I and II of L. donovani whose drug candidature can be verified further using biochemical and cellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Sitrarasu Vijaya Prabhu
- b Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu 630004 , India
| | - Venkatesan Suryanarayanan
- b Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu 630004 , India
| | - Ruchika Bhardwaj
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- b Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu 630004 , India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
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Das M, Singh S, Dubey VK. Novel Inhibitors of Ornithine Decarboxylase ofLeishmaniaParasite (LdODC): The Parasite ResistsLdODC Inhibition by Overexpression of Spermidine Synthase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:352-60. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam 781039 India
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam 781039 India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam 781039 India
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40
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Pandey RK, Sharma D, Bhatt TK, Sundar S, Prajapati VK. Developing imidazole analogues as potential inhibitor forLeishmania donovanitrypanothione reductase: virtual screening, molecular docking, dynamics and ADMET approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 33:2541-53. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1085904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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Novel Agents against Miltefosine-Unresponsive Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7826-9. [PMID: 26392497 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00928-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly endemic disease. Unresponsiveness to the only available oral drug miltefosine poses a big challenge for the chemotherapy of the disease. We report a novel molecule, PS-203 {4-(4,4,8-trimethyl-7-oxo-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-yl)-benzoic acid methyl ester}, as effective against a miltefosine-unresponsive strain of the parasite. Further, combinations of PS-203 with miltefosine were also evaluated and showed promising results against a miltefosine-unresponsive strain.
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Angiulli G, Lantella A, Forte E, Angelucci F, Colotti G, Ilari A, Malatesta F. Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase is a promiscuous enzyme carrying an NADPH:O2 oxidoreductase activity shared by glutathione reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1891-7. [PMID: 26033467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania infantum is a protozoan of the trypanosomatid family causing visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies to the human host and are phagocyted by macrophages. The parasites synthesize N1-N8-bis(glutationyl)-spermidine (trypanothione, TS2), which furnishes electrons to the tryparedoxin-tryparedoxin peroxidase couple to reduce the reactive oxygen species produced by macrophages. Trypanothione is kept reduced by trypanothione reductase (TR), a FAD-containing enzyme essential for parasite survival. METHODS The enzymatic activity has been studied by stopped-flow, absorption spectroscopy, and amperometric measurements. RESULTS The study reported here demonstrates that the steady-state parameters change as a function of the order of substrates addition to the TR-containing solution. In particular, when the reaction is carried out by adding NADPH to a solution containing the enzyme and trypanothione, the KM for NADPH decreases six times compared to the value obtained by adding TS2 as last reagent to start the reaction (1.9 vs. 12μM). More importantly, we demonstrate that TR is able to catalyze the oxidation of NADPH also in the absence of trypanothione. Thus, TR catalyzes the reduction of O2 to water through the sequential formation of C(4a)-(hydro)peroxyflavin and sulfenic acid intermediates. This NADPH:O2 oxidoreductase activity is shared by Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutathione reductase (GR). CONCLUSIONS TR and GR, in the absence of their physiological substrates, may catalyze the electron transfer reaction from NADPH to molecular oxygen to yield water. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE TR and GR are promiscuous enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Angiulli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome Italy
| | - Antonella Lantella
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome Italy
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Malatesta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome Italy.
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Probing the molecular mechanism of hypericin-induced parasite death provides insight into the role of spermidine beyond redox metabolism in Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:15-24. [PMID: 25313212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04169-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericin, a natural compound from Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), has been identified as a specific inhibitor of Leishmania donovani spermidine synthase (LdSS) using integrated computational and biochemical approaches. Hypericin showed in vitro inhibition of recombinant LdSS enzyme activity. The in vivo estimation of spermidine levels in Leishmania promastigotes after hypericin treatment showed significant decreases in the spermidine pools of the parasites, indicating target specificity of the inhibitor molecule. The inhibitor, hypericin, showed significant antileishmanial activity, and the mode of death showed necrosis-like features. Further, decreased trypanothione levels and increased glutathione levels with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were observed after hypericin treatment. Supplementation with trypanothione in the medium with hypericin treatment restored in vivo trypanothione levels and ROS levels but could not prevent necrosis-like death of the parasites. However, supplementation with spermidine in the medium with hypericin treatment restored in vivo spermidine levels and parasite death was prevented to a large extent. The data overall suggest that the parasite death due to spermidine starvation as a result of LdSS inhibition is not related to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. This suggests the involvement of spermidine in processes other than redox metabolism in Leishmania parasites. Moreover, the work provides a novel scaffold, i.e., hypericin, as a potent antileishmanial molecule.
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