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Aucoin M, Cardozo V, McLaren MD, Garber A, Remy D, Baker J, Gratton A, Kala MA, Monteiro S, Warder C, Perciballi A, Cooley K. A systematic review on the effects of Echinacea supplementation on cytokine levels: Is there a role in COVID-19? Metabol Open 2021; 11:100115. [PMID: 34341776 PMCID: PMC8320399 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is the respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Cytokine storm appears to be a factor in COVID-19 mortality. Echinacea species have been used historically for immune modulation. A previous rapid review suggested that Echinacea supplementation may decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in cytokine storm. The objective of the present systematic review was to identify all research that has assessed changes in levels of cytokines relevant to cytokine storm in response to administration of Echinacea supplementation. The following databases were searched: Medline (Ovid), AMED (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), EMBASE (Ovid). Title and abstract screening, full text screening, and data extraction were completed in duplicate using a piloted extraction template. Risk of bias assessment was completed. Qualitative analysis was used to assess for trends in cytokine level changes. The search identified 279 unique publications. After full text screening, 105 studies met criteria for inclusion including 13 human studies, 24 animal studies, and 71 in vitro or ex vivo studies. The data suggest that Echinacea supplementation may be associated with a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF, as well as an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The risk of bias in the included studies was generally high. While there is currently no substantive research on the therapeutic effects of Echinacea in the management of either cytokine storm or COVID-19, the present evidence related to the herb's impact on cytokine levels suggests that further research may be warranted in the form of a clinical trial involving patients with COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- CCL, C–C motif ligand chemokine
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CSF, Colony-stimulating factor
- Cytokine
- Cytokine release syndrome
- Cytokine storm
- Echinacea
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- Herbal medicine
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein
- MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein
- SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TFN, tumor necrosis factor
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Garber
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Canada
| | - Daniella Remy
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Canada
- ph360.me/Shae, Australia
| | - Joy Baker
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Canada
| | - Adam Gratton
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Canada
| | | | | | - Cara Warder
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Canada
| | | | - Kieran Cooley
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Canada
- University Technology, Sydney, Australia
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine at Southern Cross University, Australia
- Pacific College of Health and Science, United States
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Echinacea angustifolia DC. Lipophilic Extract Patch for Skin Application: Preparation, In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111096. [PMID: 33207557 PMCID: PMC7697022 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamide (tetraene) is the main component of Echinacea angustifolia DC. lipophilic extract, the bioavailability and immunomodulatory effect after oral administration in soft gel capsules in healthy volunteers of which we have already demonstrated. In the present work, we assessed the transdermal administration as an alternative route of administration of such an alkamide. The first step, therefore, encompassed the preparation of a drug-in-adhesive patch with an area of 868 mm2 and containing a dose of 0.64 mg of tetraene. In vitro skin permeation studies in Franz-type diffusion chambers resulted in a tetraene flux of (103 ± 10) ng × cm−2 × h−1 with a very good linearity (r = 0.99). The relatively low lag time of just 13 min indicates low binding and the accumulation of tetraene in the skin. Finally, the patch was administered to six healthy volunteers, and the pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by nonlinear mixed effects modelling with soft gel oral capsules serving as the reference formulation. The in vivo results correlated well with the in vitro permeation and indicated an initial burst tetraene absorption from the patch that was in parallel with the zero-order kinetics of absorption. The rate of the latter process was in good agreement with the one estimated in vitro. The tetraene absorption rate was therefore slow and prolonged with time, resulting in a bioavailability of 39% relative to the soft gel capsules and a very flat plasma concentration profile.
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Aucoin M, Cooley K, Saunders PR, Carè J, Anheyer D, Medina DN, Cardozo V, Remy D, Hannan N, Garber A. The effect of Echinacea spp. on the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections in humans: A rapid review. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 7:203-217. [PMID: 32837894 PMCID: PMC7395221 DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brief overview Current evidence suggests that Echinacea supplementation may decrease the duration and severity of acute respiratory tract infections; however, no studies using Echinacea in the prevention or treatment of conditions similar to COVID-19 have been identified. Few adverse events were reported, suggesting that this herbal therapy is reasonably safe. Because Echinacea can increase immune function, there is a concern that it could worsen over-activation of the immune system in cytokine storm; however, clinical trials show that Echinacea decreases levels of immune molecules involved in cytokine storm. Verdict Echinacea supplementation may assist with the symptoms of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and the common cold, particularly when administered at the first sign of infection; however, no studies using Echinacea in the prevention or treatment of conditions similar to COVID-19 have been identified. Previous studies have reported that Echinacea may decrease the severity and/or duration of ARI when taken at the onset of symptoms. The studies reporting benefit used E. purpurea or a combination of E. purpurea and E. angustifolia containing standardized amounts of active constituents.Few adverse events from the use of Echinacea were reported, suggesting that this herbal therapy is reasonably safe. No human trials could be located reporting evidence of cytokine storm when Echinacea was used for up to 4 months.When assessing all human trials which reported changes in cytokine levels in response to Echinacea supplementation, the results were largely consistent with a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a role in the progression of cytokine storm and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), factors that play a significant role in the death of COVID-19 patients. While there is currently no research on the therapeutic effects of Echinacea in the management of cytokine storm, this evidence suggests that further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Aucoin
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran Cooley
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Pacific College of Health Sciences, San Diego, California, United States.,National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| | | | - Jenny Carè
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dennis Anheyer
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia.,Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daen N Medina
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Torrens University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Daniella Remy
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Hannan
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Garber
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dall'Acqua S, Grabnar I, Verardo R, Klaric E, Marchionni L, Luidy-Imada E, Sut S, Agostinis C, Bulla R, Perissutti B, Voinovich D. Combined extracts of Echinacea angustifolia DC. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe in softgel capsules: Pharmacokinetics and immunomodulatory effects assessed by gene expression profiling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 65:153090. [PMID: 31557666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Echinacea angustifolia DC. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe are two natural products with documented immunomodulatory activity, both able to modulate the expression of important immune-related genes. Thus, their use in combination seems to be particularly promising. In this context, we have considered the oral supplementation of a highly standardized lipophilic extract combining both above-mentioned phytocomplexes, formulated in attractive softgel capsules, with two objectives: on the one hand to study oral pharmacokinetic of main active extracts' components and on the other hand to examine the immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory properties by gene expression profiling. METHODS Softgel capsules containing a combination of E. angustifolia DC. and Z. officinale Roscoe (5 mg and 25 mg, respectively) were given by oral administration to 10 healthy volunteers. The plasma concentrations of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamide (tetraene) for E. angustifolia DC., 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol (free and glucuronide) for Z. officinale Roscoe were determined by LC-MS analysis, and the pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. To understand the functional mechanisms responsible for the documented health benefits, we also examined the overall transcriptional remodeling induced in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and performed an integrative functional analysis on the generated gene expression. RESULTS All bioactive components were absorbed very rapidly, and their tmax were detected in plasma from 30 min to 1.40 h. The peak concentrations of tetraene, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol and their glucuronide metabolites were 14.74, 5.66, 9.25, 29.2 and 22.24 ng/ml, respectively. Integrated analysis performed on the generated gene expression data highlighted immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects similar to those exerted by hydrocortisone. CONCLUSION These data demonstrated that the bioactive ingredients are highly and rapidly absorbed from softgel capsules containing the combination of the above-mentioned lipophilic extracts, providing evidence to support their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. These data also help in defining the mechanistic pathways underlying the health benefits of these plant-derived bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Iztok Grabnar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roberto Verardo
- National Laboratory of the Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Area Science Park - Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enio Klaric
- National Laboratory of the Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Area Science Park - Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eddie Luidy-Imada
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, Viale dell'Università 16 - 35020 Legnaro, Pd, Italy
| | - Chiara Agostinis
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, 34143, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberta Bulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Valerio, 28, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatrice Perissutti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Rondanelli M, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Allegrini P, Faliva MA, Naso M, Miccono A, Peroni G, Degli Agosti I, Perna S. The effect and safety of highly standardized Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract supplementation on inflammation and chronic pain in NSAIDs poor responders. A pilot study in subjects with knee arthrosis. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:1309-1313. [PMID: 27737573 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1236097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea angustifolia extract supplementation (25 mg of ginger and 5 mg of Echinacea) for 30 days on inflammation and chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Consecutive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory-drugs (NSAIDs) poor responders with chronic inflammation and pain due to knee arthrosis were assessed (15 subjects, age: 67.2 ± 7.9, body mass index: 30.6 ± 7.1, men/women:2/13). The primary endpoint was to determine pain improvement from baseline to Day 30 by Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring. The secondary endpoints were the assessment of Visual Analog Scale for Pain, health-related quality of life, by the ShortForm36 (SF-36), anthropometric parameters, hydration. After supplementation, a significant improvement of 12.27 points was observed for Lysholm scale score (p < 0.05), SF-36 (p < 0.05), and a decrease in -0.52 cm in knee circumference (left) (p < 0.01). This pilot study provides feasibility and safety data for the use of highly standardised ginger and Echinacea extract supplementation in people with knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- a Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutri tion and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizialla Persona di Pavia , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- b Research and Development Unit , Indena , Milan , Italy
| | | | | | - Milena Anna Faliva
- a Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutri tion and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizialla Persona di Pavia , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Maurizio Naso
- a Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutri tion and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizialla Persona di Pavia , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Alessandra Miccono
- a Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutri tion and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizialla Persona di Pavia , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Gabriella Peroni
- a Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutri tion and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizialla Persona di Pavia , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Irene Degli Agosti
- c Department of Physiatry , Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita" , Pavia , Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- a Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutri tion and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizialla Persona di Pavia , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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