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Mashaqbeh H, Obaidat RM, Alsmadi MM. Solvent-free method for masking the bitter taste of azithromycin dihydrate using supercritical fluid technology. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:102-111. [PMID: 38180038 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2298892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE The unpleasant extremely bitter taste of the orally administered broad-spectrum antibiotic azithromycin decreases patient compliance, especially in pediatrics. This issue can be overcome by decreasing drug interaction with the tasting buds using insoluble polymers at salivary pH (6.8 - 7.4), like the cationic polymer Eudragit EPO. Supercritical fluid technology is a green synthesis method for preparing pharmaceutical preparations that replace organic solvents with safe supercritical CO2. This study aimed to mask the bitter taste of azithromycin using the supercritical fluid method and a pH-sensitive Eudragit EPO polymer. METHODS A foaming process was investigated for preparing a formulation (TEST), which comprises treating the polymer with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) fluid to prepare a taste-masked dosage form without employing organic solvents or flavors. RESULTS The use of the supercritical technique at 40 °C and 10 MPa for 2 h allowed the manufacturing of solvent-free polymeric foam with azithromycin dispersions; the average calculated percentage of apparent volume change was 62.5 ± 5.9% with an average pore diameter of 34.879 Å. The formulated sample showed low drug release in simulated salivary fluid while keeping its crystalline nature. Moreover, clinical studies on healthy subjects showed that the formula successfully masked azithromycin's bitter taste. CONCLUSIONS Overall, it has been shown herein that the supercritical fluid technology foaming method is promising in masking the bitter taste of bitter ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeia Mashaqbeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rana M Obaidat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mo'tasem M Alsmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Nanotechnology Institute, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Niyitanga T, Khan MQ, Ahmad K, Khan RA. Fabrication of an Azithromycin Sensor. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:986. [PMID: 37998161 PMCID: PMC10669414 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZY) is a well-known top-prioritized antibiotic and is used by humans in strong concentrations. However, the side effects of the AZY antibiotic may cause some serious and significant damage to humans and the environment. Thus, there is a need to develop effective and sensitive sensors to monitor accurate concentrations of AZY. In the last decade, electrochemistry-based sensors have received enormous attention from the scientific community because of their high sensitivity, selectivity, cost-effectiveness, fast response, rapid detection response, simple fabrication, and working principle. It is important to mention that electrochemical sensors rely on the properties of electrode modifiers. Hence, the selection of electrode materials is of great significance when designing and developing efficient and robust electrochemical sensors. In this study, we fabricated an AZY sensor by utilizing a molybdenum disulfide/titanium aluminum carbide (MoS2@Ti3AlC2) composite as the electrode material. The MoS2@Ti3AlC2 composite was synthesized via a simple sonication process. The synthesized MoS2@Ti3AlC2 composite was characterized using a powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) method to examine the phase purity and formation of the MoS2@Ti3AlC2 composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the surface morphological features of the prepared MoS2@Ti3AlC2 composite, whereas energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) was adopted to determine the elemental composition of the prepared MoS2@Ti3AlC2 composite. The glassy carbon (GC) electrode was modified with the prepared MoS2@Ti3AlC2 composite and applied as the AZY sensor. The sensing performance of the MoS2@Ti3AlC2 composite-modified GC electrode was studied using linear sweep voltammetry. The sensor demonstrated excellent performance when determining AZY and showed a good detection limit of 0.009 µM with a sensitivity of 6.77 µA/µM.cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophile Niyitanga
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mohd Quasim Khan
- Department of Chemistry, M.M.D.C, Moradabad, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 244001, UP, India
| | - Khursheed Ahmad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Rais Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Huynh DTM, Hai HT, Hau NM, Lan HK, Vinh TP, Tran VD, Pham DT. Preparations and characterizations of effervescent granules containing azithromycin solid dispersion for children and elder: Solubility enhancement, taste-masking, and digestive acidic protection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16592. [PMID: 37292293 PMCID: PMC10245243 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotics, is one of the frequently used drugs in the children and elder. However, due to these population difficulty in swallowing and inefficient absorption, and azithromycin inherent poor solubility, bitter taste, and instability in the stomach acidic condition, it is a challenge to reach high oral bioavailability of this drug. To overcome these issues, we developed and characterized the effervescent granules containing azithromycin solid dispersion. Firstly, the solid dispersion was prepared, employing both wet grinding and solvent evaporation methods, with different types/amounts of polymers. The optimal solid dispersion with β-cyclodextrin at a drug:polymer ratio of 1:2 (w/w), prepared by the solvent evaporation method, significantly enhanced the azithromycin solubility 4-fold compared to the free drug, improved its bitterness from "bitter" to "normal", possessed intermolecular bonding between the drug and polymer, and transformed the azithromycin molecules from crystalline to amorphous state. Secondly, the effervescent granules incorporating the solid dispersion were formulated with varied excipients of sweeteners, gas-generators, pH modulators, and glidants/lubricants. The optimal formula satisfied all the properties stated in the Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia. In summary, the final effervescent granules product could be further investigated in in-vivo and in clinical settings to become a potential azithromycin delivery system with high bioavailability for the children and elder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen Thi My Huynh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Huynh Thien Hai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Hau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Huynh Kim Lan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Truong Phu Vinh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Van De Tran
- Department of Health Organization and Management, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
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Dung PTP, Thanh-Dat T, Quoc-Hoai N, Huu-Manh N, Ngoc-Chien N, Ngoc-Bao T, Cao-Son T, Thi-Hong-Ngoc N, Tung NT. Development of taste masking microcapsules containing azithromycin by fluid bed coating for powder for suspension and in vivo evaluation. J Microencapsul 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37129865 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2023.2209639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to develop bitter taste masking microcapsules containing azithromycin by a simpler and familiar method, fluid-bed coating technology, in comparison with Zithromax®. Cores of microcapsules, azithromycin microparticles, were prepared by fluid-bed granulation, then taste-masking polymer was covered on by fluid-bed coating technique. Eudragit L100, Eudragit RL100, ethyl cellulose in single and combined with Eudragit L100, Eudragit E100 were used as taste-masking polymers. The obtained microcapsules were characterized by taste masking ability, in-vitro release, SEM, coating thickness and coating efficiency. Combination of ethyl cellulose and Eudragit E100 (3:1) in coating thickness of 45.13 ± 2.12% w/w prevent azithromycin release from microcapsules below bitter taste threshold (1.78 ± 1.17 μg/ml). Bioavailability of powders containing azithromycin microcapsules and pH modulators (50mg Na3PO4 and 35mg Mg(OH)2) was not significantly different from the reference product (Zithromax®, Pfizer) in the rabbit model (p > 0.05). These results support the possibility of developing a generic product containing azithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham-Thi-Phuong Dung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dai Nam University, Vietnam
| | - Trinh Thanh-Dat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quoc-Hoai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huu-Manh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Ngoc-Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Nguyen-Thach Tung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam
- National Institute for Food Control, Vietnam
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Synergistic effect of miscible cellulose-based microparticles and pH modulators on the bioavailability of a weakly basic drug and its metabolites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123555. [PMID: 36746304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the miscibility of cellulose derivatives to improve the release rate and stability of microparticles containing the weakly basic drug itraconazole (ITZ). We also investigated the effect of some organic acids on the microenvironmental pH (pHm) and the release rate of ITZ from the cellulose-based microparticles. The synergistic effect of cellulose-based microparticles and pHm modulators on the bioavailability of ITZ compared with the reference product was investigated in a rabbit model. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that ITZ, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate were miscible at a ratio of 1.5:3:1 (w/w/w), and the stability of the microparticles was maintained for 6 months under accelerated conditions. In addition, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the properties of the microparticles. Through the titration technique and determination of pHm, the combination of fumaric acid and maleic acid (1:2, w/w) was found to be the most effective pHm modulator for microparticles. The integration of cellulose-based microparticles and pHm modulators showed a synergistic effect on the flux and relative bioavailability of ITZ and its active metabolite OH-ITZ (182.60 % and 217.67 %, respectively) when compared with the reference product.
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Hu S, Liu X, Zhang S, Quan D. An Overview of Taste-Masking Technologies: Approaches, Application, and Assessment Methods. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:67. [PMID: 36788171 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that plenty of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) inherently possess an unpleasant taste, which influences the acceptance of patients, especially children. Therefore, manufacturing taste-masked dosage forms has attracted a lot of attention. This review describes in detail the taste-masking technologies based on the difference in the taste transmission mechanism which is currently available. In particular, the review highlights the application of various methods, with a special focus on how to screen the appropriate masking technology according to the properties of API. Subsequently, we overviewed how to assess taste-masking efficacy, guiding researchers to rationally design taste-masking formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Hu
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China.,China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyi Quan
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China.
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Zaker H, Taymouri S, Mostafavi A. Formulation and physicochemical characterization of azithromycin-loaded cubosomes. Res Pharm Sci 2022; 18:49-58. [PMID: 36846738 PMCID: PMC9951788 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.363595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Azithromycin (AZ) is a macrolide antibiotic that is soluble in saliva pH; its bitter taste can be well sensed, decreasing the ability of the patient to get the drug. Thus, handling such a bitter taste is challenging in developing the oral formulation. A wide range of methods has been applied to tackle this problem. Cubosomes are considered nanoparticles forming cubic three-dimensional structures with a taste-masking effect. This research aimed to apply cubosomes to mask AZ's bitter taste. Experimental approach Cubosomes which contained AZ were obtained by applying the film hydration method. Design expert software (version 11) was then employed for optimizing cubosomes that contained the drug. The encapsulation efficiency, particle size as well as polydispersity index of drug-loaded cubosomes were then subjected to evaluation. Assessment of particle morphology was done through SEM. The antimicrobial qualities of AZ-loaded cubosomes were then assessed by utilizing the disc diffusion method. Then, the taste masking study was carried out by referring to human volunteers. Finding/Results AZ-loaded cubosomes were spherical in terms of shape and in the 166-272 nm range, with a polydispersity index of 0.17-0.33 and encapsulation efficiency of 80-92%. The results related to the microbial culture revealed that the antimicrobial qualities related to AZ-loaded cubosomes were like those of AZ. The results obtained by taste evaluation also revealed that the cubosomes could well mask the drug's bitter taste. Conclusion and implications These findings, thus, revealed that while the antimicrobial impact of AZ is not under the influence of loading in cubosomes, its taste could be well improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoorieh Zaker
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Somayeh Taymouri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran,Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran,Corresponding authors: A. Mostafavi, Tel: +98-3137927117, Fax: +98-3136680011
S. Taymouri, Tel: +98-37927065, Fax: +98-3136680011
| | - Abolfazl Mostafavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran,Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran,Corresponding authors: A. Mostafavi, Tel: +98-3137927117, Fax: +98-3136680011
S. Taymouri, Tel: +98-37927065, Fax: +98-3136680011
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Wu H, Ma J, Qian S, Jiang W, Liu Y, Li J, Ke Z, Feng K. Co-amorphization of posaconazole using citric acid as an acidifier and a co-former for solubility improvement. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Swarup P, Agrawal GP. A Review on Delivery and Bioavailability Enhancement Strategies of Azithromycin. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:251-257. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Swarup
- Department of Pharmacy, Agra Public Pharmacy College, Heera Lal Ki Pyau, Artoni, Agra, India
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Zhang W, Li G, Xiao C, Chang X, Sun Y, Fan W, Tian B, Gao D, Xiao Y, Wu X, He S, Zhai G. Mesoporous Silica Carrier-Based Composites for Taste-Masking of Bitter Drug: Fabrication and Palatability Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:75. [PMID: 35169970 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Palatability is one of the most critical characteristics of oral preparations. Therefore, the exploration of new techniques to mask the aversive taste of drugs is in continuous demand. In this study, we fabricated and characterized composites based on mesoporous silica (MPS) that consisted of MPS, a bitter drug, and release regulators. We conducted a palatability evaluation to assess the taste-masking efficacy of the composites. The composites were prepared using the dry impregnation method combined with hot-melt extrusion. Morphology and components distribution in composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, powder flow properties evaluation, and nitrogen-sorption measurement. The results demonstrated that drugs mainly existed in the inner pore of composites, and release regulators existed in the inner pore and covered the composites' surface. Interactions among the composite components were studied using powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The drug loaded into the composites was amorphous, and an intermolecular interaction occurred between the drug and the MPS. Taste-masked composites significantly reduced drug release levels under mouth conditions; thus, they prevented the interaction of the dissolved drug with taste receptors and improved palatability. An electronic tongue evaluation and a human taste panel assessment confirmed the better palatability of taste-masked composites. Moreover, the desired drug release behavior can be adjusted by choosing an appropriate release regulator, with stronger hydrophobicity of release regulators resulting in slower drug release. This work has provided new insights into taste-masking strategies for drugs with unpleasant tastes.
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Wiedey R, Kokott M, Breitkreutz J. Orodispersible tablets for pediatric drug delivery: current challenges and recent advances. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1873-1890. [PMID: 34822316 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2011856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Child appropriate dosage forms are indispensable in modern medicine and are a prerequisite for successful pediatric drug therapy. For years, experts have called for a paradigm shift, from liquid dosage forms to novel oral solid dosage forms. This review aims to shed light on recent developments in Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) and mini-tablets (ODMTs). AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the presentation and critical discussion of current challenges as well as recent advances in ODTs for pediatric drug delivery. Highlighted aspects are the evidence for acceptability by children, e.g. in comparison to other dosage forms, and limitations given by tablet size at different ages, as well as advances in special ODT formulations (taste masking, modified release, enabling formulations). EXPERT OPINION It is the authors' belief that OD(M)Ts have significant potential as dosage forms in pediatric therapy that has not yet been fully exploited. The reasons for this are, first, that the number of direct acceptance studies is extremely low and the resulting knowledge is therefore rather anecdotal. Despite the high relevance, there seems to be reluctance both in the therapeutic use and conduction of respective studies in children. However, if one combines the knowledge from the few existing studies, surveys, and from approved products, it becomes apparent that so far there is no evidence on limitations of the use of ODTs in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Wiedey
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacy Department, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Kokott
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacy Department, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacy Department, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ul Islam N, Khan E, Naveed Umar M, Shah A, Zahoor M, Ullah R, Bari A. Enhancing Dissolution Rate and Antibacterial Efficiency of Azithromycin through Drug-Drug Cocrystals with Paracetamol. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080939. [PMID: 34438989 PMCID: PMC8388915 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystallization is a promising approach to alter physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (hereafter abbreviated as APIs) bearing poor profile. Nowadays pharmaceutical industries are focused on preparing drug-drug cocrystals of APIs that are often prescribed in combination therapies by physicians. Physicians normally prescribe antibiotic with an analgesic/antipyretic drug to combat several ailments in a better and more efficient way. In this work, azithromycin (AZT) and paracetamol (PCM) cocrystals were prepared in 1:1 molar ratio using slow solvent evaporation method. The cocrystals were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Vibrational spectroscopy and DSC confirmed that both APIs interact physically and showed chemical compatibility, while PXRD pattern of the starting material and products revealed that cocrystal have in a unique crystalline phase. The degree of hydration was confirmed by TGA analysis and result indicates monohydrate cocrystal formation. The HPLC analysis confirmed equimolar ratio of AZT:PCM in the cocrystal. The in vitro dissolution rate, saturation solubility, and antimicrobial activity were evaluated for AZT dihydrate and the resulting cocrystals. The cocrystals exhibited better dissolution rate, solubility and enhanced biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Ul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan; (N.U.I.); (E.K.)
| | - Ezzat Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan; (N.U.I.); (E.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
| | - Muhammad Naveed Umar
- Jacobs University School of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Attaullah Shah
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College (NILOP-C, PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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13
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Quaternary enteric solid dispersion prepared by hot-melt extrusion to mask the bitter taste and enhance drug stability. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120279. [PMID: 33540020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To mask the bitterness of drug is profoundly important especially in children's medication. This study designed and investigated a quaternary enteric solid dispersion (QESD) by secondary hot-melt-extrusion. Erythromycin (EM) was chosen as a model drug. The optimal QESD contained enteric polymer HPMCP-55, plasticizer and water-soluble polymer copovidone VA64. Raman and Atomic force microscope has exploited that majority EM was distributed in VA64 matrix, nanometer-sized EM-VA64 system was entrapped within enteric continuous phase to form a solid emulsion-like structure. For the prepared QESD, EM released concentration was far less than bitterness threshold (7 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL) in artificial saliva within the first 30 s. And dissolution rate was increased by 10% in article intestine fluid, which dominated by water-soluble VA64. Stress testing after two months at high-humidity (75% RH) and high-temperature (60 °C) revealed, compared with traditional enteric SDs, the chemical degradation of EM was slowed down in QESD. Furthermore, hydrogen and salt bonds were respectively formed between EM and VA64 and between leaking EM and HPMCP-55, which increasing the system stability and taste-masking. The effect of masking bitter taste can be satisfied as well as enhance drug dissolution rate in the intestine, and formulation physicochemical stability during storage.
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Abou Assi R, M. Abdulbaqi I, Seok Ming T, Siok Yee C, A. Wahab H, Asif SM, Darwis Y. Liquid and Solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDs) as Carriers for the Oral Delivery of Azithromycin: Optimization, In Vitro Characterization and Stability Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1052. [PMID: 33158058 PMCID: PMC7693798 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZM) is a macrolide antibiotic used for the treatment of various bacterial infections. The drug is known to have low oral bioavailability (37%) which may be attributed to its relatively high molecular weight, low solubility, dissolution rate, and incomplete intestinal absorption. To overcome these drawbacks, liquid (L) and solid (S) self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDs) of AZM were developed and optimized. Eight different pseudo-ternary diagrams were constructed based on the drug solubility and the emulsification studies in various SEDDs excipients at different surfactant to co-surfactant (Smix) ratios. Droplet size (DS) < 150 nm, dispersity (Đ) ≤ 0.7, and transmittance (T)% > 85 in three diluents of distilled water (DW), 0.1 mM HCl, and simulated intestinal fluids (SIF) were considered as the selection criteria. The final formulations of L-SEDDs (L-F1(H)), and S-SEDDs (S-F1(H)) were able to meet the selection requirements. Both formulations were proven to be cytocompatible and able to open up the cellular epithelial tight junctions (TJ). The drug dissolution studies showed that after 5 min > 90% and 52.22% of the AZM was released from liquid and solid SEDDs formulations in DW, respectively, compared to 11.27% of the pure AZM, suggesting the developed SEDDs may enhance the oral delivery of the drug. The formulations were stable at refrigerator storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Abou Assi
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Altun kupri, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
| | - Ibrahim M. Abdulbaqi
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Altun kupri, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
| | - Toh Seok Ming
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Chan Siok Yee
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Habibah A. Wahab
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Shaik Mohammed Asif
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
- Pharma Research, Wockhardt Research Center, Aurangabad 431002, India
| | - Yusrida Darwis
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
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Shepard KB, Adam MS, Morgen MM, Mudie DM, Regan DT, Baumann JM, Vodak DT. Impact of process parameters on particle morphology and filament formation in spray dried Eudragit L100 polymer. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Preparation and Evaluation of Topically Applied Azithromycin Based on Sodium Hyaluronate in Treatment of Conjunctivitis. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040183. [PMID: 30991749 PMCID: PMC6523157 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZI) eye drops containing sodium hyaluronate (SH) were developed to improve the bioavailability of AZI. Interaction between AZI and SH in the AZI-SH formulation was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses. Moreover, advantages of using SH as an excipient were investigated by comparing physiological properties and pharmacokinetic behaviors of SH-containing AZI eye drops with that of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-containing formulation. In addition, safety of the developed AZI-SH eye drops was evaluated by in vitro 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-Thiazyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay) and neutral red uptake assay as well as in vivo eye irritation test and acute toxicity test. The results indicated that AZI formed a complex with SH under a slightly acidic condition. The area under the curve (AUC) of AZI in SH-containing formulation was 1.58-fold higher (P < 0.01) than that in HPMC-containing formulation due to the interaction between the amine group of AZI and the carboxyl group of SH, despite of the higher viscosity of HPMC-containing formulation. Safety evaluation showed that AZI-SH eye drops caused no obvious eye irritation and acute toxicity. In conclusion, the developed SH-containing AZI formulation possessing advantages of longer retention time and higher drug availability was a promising drug formulation for topical ocular therapy.
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Machado JC, Shimizu FM, Ortiz M, Pinhatti MS, Carr O, Guterres SS, Oliveira ON, Volpato NM. Efficient Praziquantel Encapsulation into Polymer Microcapsules and Taste Masking Evaluation Using an Electronic Tongue. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaison C. Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio M. Shimizu
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, P.O Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel Ortiz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina S. Pinhatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Olivia Carr
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, P.O Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia S. Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, P.O Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadia M. Volpato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Felton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Li Z, Zhao L, Lin X, Shen L, Feng Y. Direct compaction: An update of materials, trouble-shooting, and application. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:543-556. [PMID: 28720538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Direct compaction (DC) is the preferred choice for tablet manufacturing; however, only less than 20% of active pharmaceutical ingredients could be compacted via DC as its high requirement for functional properties of materials. Materials with improper functionalities could lead to serious troubles during DC manufacturing, such as content non-uniformity, sticking, and capping, all of which profoundly affect the properties of final products and, thus, severely restrict the practical application of DC. With undoubted importance, these seem to be unexpectedly ignored by reviewers but not researchers in terms of many original research articles published recently. Therefore, as an informative supplement and update, this review mainly focused on trouble-shooting and application situation of DC, together with several newly reported materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - LiJie Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lan Shen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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