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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Ma B, Chen H, Gong J, Liu W, Wei X, Zhang Y, Li X, Li M, Wang Y, Shang S, Tian B, Li Y, Wang R, Tan Z. Enhancing Protein Solubility via Glycosylation: From Chemical Synthesis to Machine Learning Predictions. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3001-3010. [PMID: 38598264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a valuable tool for modulating protein solubility; however, the lack of reliable research strategies has impeded efficient progress in understanding and applying this modification. This study aimed to bridge this gap by investigating the solubility of a model glycoprotein molecule, the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), through a two-stage process. In the first stage, an approach involving chemical synthesis, comparative analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations of a library of glycoforms was employed to elucidate the effect of different glycosylation patterns on solubility and the key factors responsible for the effect. In the second stage, a predictive mathematical formula, innovatively harnessing machine learning algorithms, was derived to relate solubility to the identified key factors and accurately predict the solubility of the newly designed glycoforms. Demonstrating feasibility and effectiveness, this two-stage approach offers a valuable strategy for advancing glycosylation research, especially for the discovery of glycoforms with increased solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hedi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinyuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yani Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiying Shang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boxue Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Chemical Engineering College, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Barcelo-Chong CM, Filipe V, Nakach M, Inês Ré M. How spray drying processing and solution composition can affect the mAbs stability in reconstituted solutions for subcutaneous injections. Part II: Exploring each protein stabilizer effect. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124014. [PMID: 38513817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive research in spray drying of biopharmaceuticals, identifying the optimal formulation composition and process conditions to minimize the various stresses a biopharmaceutical undergoes during this drying process. The current study extends previous research on investigating how spray drying processing and solution composition can affect the stability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in reconstituted solutions for subcutaneous injections. The decoupling process stresses on a model mAb (mAb-A) compared to the effect of coupled spray-drying stresses revealed that excipients and protein concentration had a more pronounced effect on stabilizing mAb-A against shear and thermal/dehydration stresses than spray drying operating conditions. These results prompted the continuation of the study, with the aim to investigate in greater depth the effect of mAb-A concentration in the formulation designated to spray-drying and then the effect of type and the concentration of individual excipients (sugars, amino acids and surfactants). The outcomes of this investigation suggest that a general increase in the concentration of excipients, particularly surfactants, correlates with a reduction in aggregation and turbidity observed in the reconstituted spray-dried mAb-A powders. These results, contribute to the identification of a suitable composition for a spray-dried mAb-A powder that ensures robust stability of the protein in reconstituted solutions intended for subcutaneous injection. This valuable insight has important implications for advancing the development of pharmaceutical formulations with enhanced stability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasco Filipe
- Sanofi R&D, 1, Impasse des Ateliers, 94403 Vitry sur Seine, France
| | - Mostafa Nakach
- Sanofi R&D, 1, Impasse des Ateliers, 94403 Vitry sur Seine, France
| | - Maria Inês Ré
- IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE UMR CNRS 5302, Albi, France
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Barceló-Chong CM, Filipe V, Nakach M, Ré MI. How spray drying processing and solution composition can affect the mAbs stability in reconstituted solutions for subcutaneous injections. Part I: Contribution of processing stresses against composition. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:123925. [PMID: 38518870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Spray drying is increasingly being applied to process biopharmaceuticals, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, due to their protein nature, mAbs are susceptible to degradation when subjected to various stresses during a drying process. Despite extensive research in this domain, identifying the appropriate formulation composition and spray drying conditions remains a complex challenge, requiring further studies to enhance the understanding on how process and formulation parameters impact mAb stability in reconstituted solutions. This research aims to explore spray drying as technique for producing pharmaceutical mAbs-based powders intended for reconstitution and subcutaneous injection. In the initial phase of this study, using a model mAb (mAb-A), the influence of dissociated and coupled process stresses on protein stability after solution reconstitution was investigated. The findings revealed a detrimental interplay of mechanical, interfacial, and thermal/dehydration stresses on mAb-A stability, notably characterized by an increase in protein aggregation. Subsequently, in a second phase, the study delved into the impact of spray drying processing conditions, the level of excipients, and protein concentration on mAb-A aggregation in reconstituted solutions. The obtained results highlighted the critical role of formulation composition as a parameter deserving further study, specifically concerning the selection of type and concentration of stabilizers to be added in the liquid mAb-A solution to be dried.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasco Filipe
- Sanofi R&D, 1, Impasse des Ateliers, 94403 Vitry sur Seine, France
| | - Mostafa Nakach
- Sanofi R&D, 1, Impasse des Ateliers, 94403 Vitry sur Seine, France
| | - Maria Inês Ré
- IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE UMR CNRS 5302, Albi, France
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Gao H, Ge XZ, Liu JW, Wang ST, Xu J, Fang WJ. Effect of Annealing on Visible-Bubble Formation and Stability Profiles of Freeze-Dried High Concentration Omalizumab Formulations. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1691-1704. [PMID: 38430187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In the clinical application of freeze-dried highly concentrated omalizumab formulations, extensive visible bubbles (VBs) can be generated and remain for a long period of time in the reconstitution process, which greatly reduces the clinical use efficiency. It is necessary to understand the forming and breaking mechanism of VBs in the reconstitution process, which is a key factor for efficient and safe administration of biopharmaceutical injection. The effects of different thermal treatments on the volume of VBs and stability of omalizumab, mAb-1, and mAb-2 were investigated. The internal microvoids of the cake were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Electron paramagnetic resonance was applied to obtain the molecular mobility of the protein during annealing. A large number of VBs were generated in the reconstitution process of unannealed omalizumab and remained for a long period of time. When annealing steps were added, the volume of VBs was dramatically reduced. When annealed at an aggressive temperature (i.e., -6 °C), although the volume of VBs decreased, the aggregation and acidic species increased significantly. Thus, our observations highlight the importance of setting an additional annealing step with a suitable temperature, which contributes to reducing the VBs while maintaining the stability of the high concentration freeze-dried protein formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xin-Zhe Ge
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jia-Wei Liu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Si-Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou 317000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, China
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou 317000, China
- Jinhua Hongyao Biotech Co., Ltd., Jinhua 321000, China
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Tian Z, Jiang X, Chen Z, Huang C, Qian F. Quantifying Protein Shape to Elucidate Its Influence on Solution Viscosity in High-Concentration Electrolyte Solutions. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1719-1728. [PMID: 38411904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins with a high concentration and low viscosity are highly desirable for subcutaneous and certain local injections. The shape of a protein is known to influence solution viscosity; however, the precise quantification of protein shape and its relative impact compared to other factors like charge-charge interactions remains unclear. In this study, we utilized seven model proteins of varying shapes and experimentally determined their shape factors (v) based on Einstein's viscosity theory, which correlate strongly with the ratios of the proteins' surface area to the 2/3 power of their respective volumes, based on protein crystal structures resolved experimentally or predicted by AlphaFold. This finding confirms the feasibility of computationally estimating protein shape factors from amino acid sequences alone. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that, in high-concentration electrolyte solutions, a more spherical protein shape increases the protein's critical concentration (C*), the transition concentration beyond which protein viscosity increases exponentially relative to concentration increases. In summary, our work elucidates protein shape as a key determinant of solution viscosity through quantitative analysis and comparison with other contributing factors. This provides insights into molecular engineering strategies to optimize the molecular design of therapeutic proteins, thus optimizing their viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xuling Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chengnan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Hu G, Bonanno D, Su Y, Zhao X, Krishnamachari Y, Forrest W, Persak S, Givand J, Mannes D, Olbinado M, Wagner M, Grünzweig C, Novak V. Unraveling Pre-filled Syringe Needle Clogging: Exploring a Fresh Outlook Through Innovative Techniques. Pharm Res 2024; 41:547-556. [PMID: 38326531 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the movement of liquid in the needle region of staked-in-needle pre-filled syringes using neutron imaging and synchrotron X-ray tomography. The objective was to gain insights into the dynamics of liquid presence and understand the factors contributing to needle clogging. METHODS Staked-in-needle pre-filled syringes were examined using neutron radiography and synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography. Neutron radiography provided a 2D visualization of liquid presence in the needle, while synchrotron X-ray tomography offered high-resolution 3D imaging to study detailed morphological features of the liquid. RESULTS Neutron radiography revealed liquid presence in the needle region for as-received samples and after temperature and pressure cycling. Pressure cycling had a more pronounced effect on liquid formation. Synchrotron X-ray tomography confirmed the presence of liquid and revealed various morphologies, including droplets of different sizes, liquid segments blocking sections of the needle, and a thin layer covering the needle wall. Liquid presence was also observed between the steel needle and the glass barrel. CONCLUSIONS The combination of neutron imaging and synchrotron X-ray tomography provided valuable insights into the dynamics of liquid movement in staked-in-needle pre-filled syringes. Temperature and pressure cycling were found to contribute to additional liquid formation, with pressure changes playing a significant role. The detailed morphological analysis enhanced the understanding of microstructural arrangements within the needle. This research contributes to addressing the issue of needle clogging and can guide the development of strategies to improve pre-filled syringe performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Daniel Bonanno
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Xi Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Yogita Krishnamachari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - William Forrest
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Steven Persak
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Jeffrey Givand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - David Mannes
- ANAXAM, PARK INNOVAARE: deliveryLAB, CH-5234, Villigen, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Margie Olbinado
- ANAXAM, PARK INNOVAARE: deliveryLAB, CH-5234, Villigen, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wagner
- ANAXAM, PARK INNOVAARE: deliveryLAB, CH-5234, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Vladimir Novak
- ANAXAM, PARK INNOVAARE: deliveryLAB, CH-5234, Villigen, Switzerland
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Pang MJ, Wang MW, Mao LF, Guo Z, Qian C, Zheng XH, Fang WJ. The Osmolality and Hemolysis of High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. Pharm Res 2024; 41:281-291. [PMID: 38172366 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSES Highly concentrated monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations for subcutaneous administration are becoming increasingly preferred within the biopharmaceutical industry for ease of use and improved patient compliance. A common phenomenon observed in the industry is that osmolality detected via freezing-point depression (FPD) in high-concentration mAb formulations is much higher than the theoretical concentrations, yet the occurrence of this phenomenon and its possible safety issues have been rarely reported. METHODS The current study summarized theoretical osmolality of U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved high-concentration mAb formulations and evaluated effects of high osmolality on safety using hemolysis experiments for the first time. Two mAbs formulated at 150 mg/mL were used as models and configured into two isotonic solutions: a, a theoretically calculated molarity in the isotonic range (H) and b, an osmolality value measured via the FPD in the isotonic range (I). The H and I formulations of each mAb were individually subjected to hemolysis experiments, and the hemolysis rates of the two formulations of the same mAb were compared. Besides, the effect of mAb concentration on osmolality detected by FPD was explored as well. RESULTS The results indicated that the hemolysis rates were similar between the H and I formulations of mAbs at the same sample addition volume, and the osmolality values increased approximately linearly with the increase in mAb concentration. CONCLUSIONS High osmolality for high-concentration mAb formulations would not affect product safety and the excipients could be added at relatively high levels to maintain product stability, especially for labile products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Juan Pang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Meng-Wen Wang
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Li-Fei Mao
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Ze Guo
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Ci Qian
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Xiao-He Zheng
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321000, China.
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou, 317000, China.
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Zhang X, Zhou N, Yang C, Jin Z, Guo J. Multiple approaches to reduce reconstitution time of lyophilized drug products with high protein concentration. Antib Ther 2024; 7:67-76. [PMID: 38371955 PMCID: PMC10873283 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lyophilized drug products with high protein concentration often perform long reconstitution time, which is inconvenient for clinical use. The objective of this work is to achieve short reconstitution time with multiple and combined strategies. Methods Here, we describe the following approaches that lead to reduction of reconstitution time, including adding annealing step, decreasing headspace pressure, decreasing protein concentration with reducing diluent volume, increasing high surface-area-to-height ratio of the cakes, increasing frequency of swirling and diluent temperature. Results Among these strategies, reducing diluent volume to achieve high protein concentration and reducing headspace pressure show markedly reduction of reconstitution time. Moreover, we propose combined strategies to mitigate the reconstitution time, at the same time, to achieve same target dose in clinics. Conclusions Therefore, this paper provides insights on the application of multiple strategies to accelerate the reconstitution of lyophilized drug products with high concentration, and facilitates their widespread clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhang Zhang
- Drug Product Development, WuXi Biologics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 190 Hedan Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Ningning Zhou
- Drug Product Development, WuXi Biologics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 190 Hedan Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Chunsheng Yang
- Drug Product Development, WuXi Biologics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 190 Hedan Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Zhaowei Jin
- Drug Product Development, WuXi Biologics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 190 Hedan Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jeremy Guo
- Drug Product Development, WuXi Biologics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 190 Hedan Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
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10
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Carle S, Evers DH, Hagelskamp E, Garidel P, Buske J. All-in-one stability indicating polysorbate 20 degradation root-cause analytics via UPLC-QDa. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123955. [PMID: 38128165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are the most frequently used surfactants to stabilize biologicals. Ironically, these excellent stabilizing non-ionic surfactants have inherent structural properties, which lead to instabilities of their own. Such PS degradation can be triggered by multiple root-causes, like chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis or oxidative degradation. This can on the one hand reduce the concentration of surface-active PS and on the other hand lead to the formation of unfavorable degradants, like poorly soluble free fatty acids (FFA), which may phase separate and form visible FFA particles. Due to the potential criticality of PS degradation in biopharmaceutical formulations, various analytics have been established in recent years not only to monitor the PS content but also to evaluate specific PS markers and crucial degradants. However, in most cases sample preparations and several analytical assays have to be conducted to obtain a comprehensive picture of potential PS degradation root-causes. Here we show a novel approach for PS degradation UPLC-QDa based root-cause analytics, which utilizes previously established analytics for (i) most relevant polysorbate 20 (PS20) esters, (ii) PS20 free fatty acids and (iii) a newly developed method for the evaluation of PS20 specific oxidation markers. Thereby, this triad of analytical methods uses the same sample preparation and detector, which reduces the overall necessary effort, time investment and sample volume. Furthermore, the innovative PS20 oxidation marker method allows to quantify specific concentrations of the determined markers by external calibration and possible perception of oxidative degradation processes prior to relevant losses of PS20 esters, which could serve as an early indication during formulation development. The applicability of this method set was verified using several PS20 containing stress samples, which cover the most relevant root-causes, including acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme mediated hydrolysis, oxidative AAPH stress and Fe2+/H2O2 mediated degradation as well as autoxidation via long-term storage at elevated temperatures. Overall, this analytical setup has shown to deliver in-depth data about PS20 degradation, which can be used to narrow down the causative stress without the necessity of fundamentally different methods. Therefore, it can be seen as all-in-one solution during sometimes troublesome development of biopharmaceutical formulations, that supports the elucidation of the PS degradation mechanism(s) and thus establish mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Dirk-H Evers
- RaDes GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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Hu C, Zang N, Tam YT, Dizon D, Lee K, Pang J, Torres E, Cui Y, Yen CW, Leung DH. A New Approach for Preparing Stable High-Concentration Peptide Nanoparticle Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:15. [PMID: 38276000 PMCID: PMC10821397 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The subcutaneous administration of therapeutic peptides would provide significant benefits to patients. However, subcutaneous injections are limited in dosing volume, potentially resulting in high peptide concentrations that can incur significant challenges with solubility limitations, high viscosity, and stability liabilities. Herein, we report on the discovery that low-shear resonant acoustic mixing can be used as a general method to prepare stable nanoparticles of a number of peptides of diverse molecular weights and structures in water without the need for extensive amounts of organic solvents or lipid excipients. This approach avoids the stability issues observed with typical high-shear, high-intensity milling methods. The resultant peptide nanosuspensions exhibit low viscosity even at high concentrations of >100 mg/mL while remaining chemically and physically stable. An example nanosuspension of cyclosporine nanoparticles was dosed in rats via a subcutaneous injection and exhibited sustained release behavior. This suggests that peptide nanosuspension formulations can be one approach to overcome the challenges with high-concentration peptide formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Hu
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.H.); (N.Z.); (C.-W.Y.)
| | - Nanzhi Zang
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.H.); (N.Z.); (C.-W.Y.)
| | - Yu Tong Tam
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 940802, USA;
| | - Desmond Dizon
- Device Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Kaylee Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (K.L.); (J.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jodie Pang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (K.L.); (J.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Yusi Cui
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (K.L.); (J.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chun-Wan Yen
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.H.); (N.Z.); (C.-W.Y.)
| | - Dennis H. Leung
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.H.); (N.Z.); (C.-W.Y.)
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12
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Weber J, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P, Diederichs T. Oxidation of polysorbates - An underestimated degradation pathway? Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100202. [PMID: 37680877 PMCID: PMC10480556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure the stability of biologicals over their entire shelf-life, non-ionic surface-active compounds (surfactants) are added to protect biologics from denaturation and particle formation. In this context, polysorbate 20 and 80 are the most used detergents. Despite their benefits of low toxicity and high biocompatibility, specific factors are influencing the intrinsic stability of polysorbates, leading to degradation, loss in efficacy, or even particle formation. Polysorbate degradation can be categorized into chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation. Under pharmaceutical relevant conditions, hydrolysis is commonly originated from host cell proteins, whereas oxidative degradation may be caused by multiple factors such as light, presence of residual metal traces, peroxides, or temperature, which can be introduced upon manufacturing or could be already present in the raw materials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on polysorbates with a focus on oxidative degradation. Subsequently, degradation products and key characteristics of oxidative-mediated polysorbate degradation in respect of different types and grades are summarized, followed by an extensive comparison between polysorbate 20 and 80. A better understanding of the radical-induced oxidative PS degradation pathway could support specific mitigation strategies. Finally, buffer conditions, various stressors, as well as appropriate mitigation strategies, reagents, and alternative stabilizers are discussed. Prior manufacturing, careful consideration and a meticulous risk-benefit analysis are highly recommended in terms of polysorbate qualities, buffers, storage conditions, as well as mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weber
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
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13
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Dahmana N, Destruel PL, Facchetti S, Braun V, Lebouc V, Marin Z, Patel S, Schwach G. Reversible protein complexes as a promising avenue for the development of high concentration formulations of biologics. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123616. [PMID: 37977291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
High concentration formulations have become an important pre-requisite in the development of biological drugs, particularly in the case of subcutaneous administration where limited injection volume negatively affects the administered dose. In this study, we propose to develop high concentration formulations of biologics using a reversible protein-polyelectrolyte complex (RPC) approach. First, the versatility of RPC was assessed using different complexing agents and formats of therapeutic proteins, to define the optimal conditions for complexation and dissociation of the complex. The stability of the protein was investigated before and after complexation, as well as upon a 4-week storage period at various temperatures. Subsequently, two approaches were selected to develop high concentration RPC formulations: first, using up-concentrated RPC suspensions in aqueous buffers, and second, by generating spray-dried RPC and further resuspension in non-aqueous solvents. Results showed that the RPC concept is applicable to a wide range of therapeutic protein formats and the complexation-dissociation process did not affect the stability of the proteins. High concentration formulations up to 200 mg/mL could be achieved by up-concentrating RPC suspensions in aqueous buffers and RPC suspensions in non-aqueous solvents were concentrated up to 250 mg/mL. Although optimization is needed, our data suggests that RPC may be a promising avenue to achieve high concentration formulations of biologics for subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoual Dahmana
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Louis Destruel
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Samantha Facchetti
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Braun
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Lebouc
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zana Marin
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sulabh Patel
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire Schwach
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Connor RJ, Clift R, Kang DW. Identifying a predictive relationship between maximal flow rate and viscosity for subcutaneous administration of macromolecules with recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 in a miniature pig model. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2252999. [PMID: 37702020 PMCID: PMC10501162 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2252999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous (SC) infusion of large volumes at rapid flow rates has historically been limited by the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), which forms a barrier to bulk fluid flow in the SC space. Recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 (rHuPH20) depolymerizes HA, temporarily eliminating this barrier to rapid SC delivery of large volume co-administered therapeutics. Using a miniature pig model, in-line pressure and applied force to the delivery hardware were measured when subcutaneously infusing a representative macromolecule (human polyclonal immunoglobulin [Ig]), at varying concentrations and viscosities (20-200 mg/mL), co-formulated with and without rHuPH20 (2000 U/mL and 5000 U/mL). Maximal flow rate (Qmax) was calculated as the flow rate producing a statistically significant difference in mean applied force between injections administered with or without rHuPH20. There was a significant reduction in mean applied force required for SC delivery of 100 mg/mL Ig solution with 5000 U/mL rHuPH20 versus Ig solution alone. Similar significant reductions in mean applied force were observed for most Ig solution concentrations, ranging from 25-200 mg/mL when administered with or without 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. Qmax was inversely proportional to Ig solution viscosity and Qmax for solutions co-formulated with 5000 U/mL rHuPH20 was approximately double that of 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 solutions. Mathematical simulation of a hypothetical 800 mg Ig dose co-formulated with rHuPH20 showed that delivery times <30 s could be achieved across a broad range of concentrations. Addition of rHuPH20 can help overcome volume and time constraints associated with SC administration across a range of concentrations in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renee Clift
- Formerly of Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David W. Kang
- Drug Delivery, Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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15
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Meza NP, Hardy CA, Morin KH, Huang C, Raghava S, Song J, Zhang J, Wang Y. Predicting Colloidal Stability of High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Formulations in Common Pharmaceutical Buffers Using Improved Polyethylene Glycol Induced Protein Precipitation Assay. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5842-5855. [PMID: 37867303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal stability is an important consideration when developing high concentration mAb formulations. PEG-induced protein precipitation is a commonly used assay to assess the colloidal stability of protein solutions. However, the practical usefulness and the current theoretical model for this assay have yet to be verified over a large formulation space across multiple mAbs and mAb-based modalities. In the present study, we used PEG-induced protein precipitation assays to evaluate colloidal stability of 3 mAbs in 24 common formulation buffers at 20 and 5 °C. These prediction assays were conducted at low protein concentration (1 mg/mL). We also directly characterized high concentration (100 mg/mL) formulations for cold-induced phase separation, turbidity, and concentratibility by ultrafiltration. This systematic study allowed analysis of the correlation between the results of low concentration assays and the high concentration attributes. The key findings of this study include the following: (1) verification of the usefulness of three different parameters (Cmid, μB, and Tcloud) from PEG-induced protein precipitation assays for ranking colloidal stability of high concentration mAb formulations; (2) a new method to implement PEG-induced protein precipitation assay suitable for high throughput screening with low sample consumption; (3) improvement in the theoretical model for calculating robust thermodynamic parameters of colloidal stability (μB and εB) that are independent of specific experimental settings; (4) systematic evaluation of the effects of pH and buffer salts on colloidal stability of mAbs in common formulation buffers. These findings provide improved theoretical and practical tools for assessing the colloidal stability of mAbs and mAb-based modalities during formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi P Meza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Colin A Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Kylie H Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Chengbin Huang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Smita Raghava
- Sterile and Specialty Products, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jing Song
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
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16
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Drobnjakovic M, Hart R, Kulvatunyou BS, Ivezic N, Srinivasan V. Current challenges and recent advances on the path towards continuous biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3378. [PMID: 37493037 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Continuous biopharmaceutical manufacturing is currently a field of intense research due to its potential to make the entire production process more optimal for the modern, ever-evolving biopharmaceutical market. Compared to traditional batch manufacturing, continuous bioprocessing is more efficient, adjustable, and sustainable and has reduced capital costs. However, despite its clear advantages, continuous bioprocessing is yet to be widely adopted in commercial manufacturing. This article provides an overview of the technological roadblocks for extensive adoptions and points out the recent advances that could help overcome them. In total, three key areas for improvement are identified: Quality by Design (QbD) implementation, integration of upstream and downstream technologies, and data and knowledge management. First, the challenges to QbD implementation are explored. Specifically, process control, process analytical technology (PAT), critical process parameter (CPP) identification, and mathematical models for bioprocess control and design are recognized as crucial for successful QbD realizations. Next, the difficulties of end-to-end process integration are examined, with a particular emphasis on downstream processing. Finally, the problem of data and knowledge management and its potential solutions are outlined where ontologies and data standards are pointed out as key drivers of progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Drobnjakovic
- Systems Integration Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Hart
- National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Boonserm Serm Kulvatunyou
- Systems Integration Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Nenad Ivezic
- Systems Integration Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Vijay Srinivasan
- Systems Integration Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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17
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Prass T, Garidel P, Blech M, Schäfer LV. Viscosity Prediction of High-Concentration Antibody Solutions with Atomistic Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6129-6140. [PMID: 37757589 PMCID: PMC10565822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The computational prediction of the viscosity of dense protein solutions is highly desirable, for example, in the early development phase of high-concentration biopharmaceutical formulations where the material needed for experimental determination is typically limited. Here, we use large-scale atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with explicit solvation to de novo predict the dynamic viscosities of solutions of a monoclonal IgG1 antibody (mAb) from the pressure fluctuations using a Green-Kubo approach. The viscosities at simulated mAb concentrations of 200 and 250 mg/mL are compared to the experimental values, which we measured with rotational rheometry. The computational viscosity of 24 mPa·s at the mAb concentration of 250 mg/mL matches the experimental value of 23 mPa·s obtained at a concentration of 213 mg/mL, indicating slightly different effective concentrations (or activities) in the MD simulations and in the experiments. This difference is assigned to a slight underestimation of the effective mAb-mAb interactions in the simulations, leading to a too loose dynamic mAb network that governs the viscosity. Taken together, this study demonstrates the feasibility of all-atom MD simulations for predicting the properties of dense mAb solutions and provides detailed microscopic insights into the underlying molecular interactions. At the same time, it also shows that there is room for further improvements and highlights challenges, such as the massive sampling required for computing collective properties of dense biomolecular solutions in the high-viscosity regime with reasonable statistical precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
M. Prass
- Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr University
Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer
Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach
an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer
Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach
an der Riss, Germany
| | - Lars V. Schäfer
- Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr University
Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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18
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Mosca I, Pounot K, Beck C, Colin L, Matsarskaia O, Grapentin C, Seydel T, Schreiber F. Biophysical Determinants for the Viscosity of Concentrated Monoclonal Antibody Solutions. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4698-4713. [PMID: 37549226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are particularly relevant for therapeutics due to their high specificity and versatility, and mAb-based drugs are hence used to treat numerous diseases. The increased patient compliance of self-administration motivates the formulation of products for subcutaneous (SC) administration. The associated challenge is to formulate highly concentrated antibody solutions to achieve a significant therapeutic effect, while limiting their viscosity and preserving their physicochemical stability. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are in fact the root cause of several potential problems concerning the stability, manufacturability, and delivery of a drug product. The understanding of macroscopic viscosity requires an in-depth knowledge on protein diffusion, PPIs, and self-association/aggregation. Here, we study the self-diffusion of different mAbs of the IgG1 subtype in aqueous solution as a function of the concentration and temperature by quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS). QENS allows us to probe the short-time self-diffusion of the molecules and therefore to determine the hydrodynamic mAb cluster size and to gain information on the internal mAb dynamics. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is jointly employed to probe structural details and to understand the nature and intensity of PPIs. Complementary information is provided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and viscometry, thus obtaining a comprehensive picture of mAb diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mosca
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Kévin Pounot
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Christian Beck
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Louise Colin
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | | | - Tilo Seydel
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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19
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Bauer J, Rajagopal N, Gupta P, Gupta P, Nixon AE, Kumar S. How can we discover developable antibody-based biotherapeutics? Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1221626. [PMID: 37609373 PMCID: PMC10441133 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1221626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based biotherapeutics have emerged as a successful class of pharmaceuticals despite significant challenges and risks to their discovery and development. This review discusses the most frequently encountered hurdles in the research and development (R&D) of antibody-based biotherapeutics and proposes a conceptual framework called biopharmaceutical informatics. Our vision advocates for the syncretic use of computation and experimentation at every stage of biologic drug discovery, considering developability (manufacturability, safety, efficacy, and pharmacology) of potential drug candidates from the earliest stages of the drug discovery phase. The computational advances in recent years allow for more precise formulation of disease concepts, rapid identification, and validation of targets suitable for therapeutic intervention and discovery of potential biotherapeutics that can agonize or antagonize them. Furthermore, computational methods for de novo and epitope-specific antibody design are increasingly being developed, opening novel computationally driven opportunities for biologic drug discovery. Here, we review the opportunities and limitations of emerging computational approaches for optimizing antigens to generate robust immune responses, in silico generation of antibody sequences, discovery of potential antibody binders through virtual screening, assessment of hits, identification of lead drug candidates and their affinity maturation, and optimization for developability. The adoption of biopharmaceutical informatics across all aspects of drug discovery and development cycles should help bring affordable and effective biotherapeutics to patients more quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joschka Bauer
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nandhini Rajagopal
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Andrew E. Nixon
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
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20
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Garcia-Villen F, Gallego I, Sainz-Ramos M, Ordoyo-Pascual J, Ruiz-Alonso S, Saenz-del-Burgo L, O’Mahony C, Pedraz JL. Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies as Solid Formulation for Auto-Injectors: A Pilot Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2049. [PMID: 37631263 PMCID: PMC10459033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug adherence is a significant medical issue, often responsible for sub-optimal outcomes during the treatment of chronic diseases such as rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis. Monoclonal antibodies (which are exclusively given parenterally) have been proven to be an effective treatment in these cases. The use of auto-injectors is an effective strategy to improve drug adherence in parenteral treatments since these pen-like devices offer less discomfort and increased user-friendliness over conventional syringe-based delivery. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of including a monoclonal antibody as a solid formulation inside an auto-injector pen. Specifically, the objective was to evaluate the drug stability after a concentration (to reduce the amount of solvent and space needed) and freeze-drying procedure. A preliminary screening of excipients to improve stability was also performed. The nano-DSC results showed that mannitol improved the stability of the concentrated, freeze-dried antibody in comparison to its counterpart without it. However, a small instability of the CH2 domain was still found for mannitol samples, which will warrant further investigation. The present results serve as a stepping stone towards advancing future drug delivery systems that will ultimately improve the patient experience and associated drug adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Garcia-Villen
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (L.S.-d.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Resarch Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Idoia Gallego
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (L.S.-d.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Resarch Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Myriam Sainz-Ramos
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (L.S.-d.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Resarch Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jorge Ordoyo-Pascual
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (L.S.-d.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Resarch Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sandra Ruiz-Alonso
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (L.S.-d.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Resarch Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura Saenz-del-Burgo
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (L.S.-d.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Resarch Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Conor O’Mahony
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland;
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (L.S.-d.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Resarch Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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21
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Blanco PM, Narambuena CF, Madurga S, Mas F, Garcés JL. Unusual Aspects of Charge Regulation in Flexible Weak Polyelectrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2680. [PMID: 37376324 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the state of the art of the studies on charge regulation (CR) effects in flexible weak polyelectrolytes (FWPE). The characteristic of FWPE is the strong coupling of ionization and conformational degrees of freedom. After introducing the necessary fundamental concepts, some unconventional aspects of the the physical chemistry of FWPE are discussed. These aspects are: (i) the extension of statistical mechanics techniques to include ionization equilibria and, in particular, the use of the recently proposed Site Binding-Rotational Isomeric State (SBRIS) model, which allows the calculation of ionization and conformational properties on the same foot; (ii) the recent progresses in the inclusion of proton equilibria in computer simulations; (iii) the possibility of mechanically induced CR in the stretching of FWPE; (iv) the non-trivial adsorption of FWPE on ionized surfaces with the same charge sign as the PE (the so-called "wrong side" of the isoelectric point); (v) the influence of macromolecular crowding on CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Blanco
- Physical Chemistry Unit, Materials Science and Physical Chemistry Department & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), Barcelona University (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Claudio F Narambuena
- Grupo de Bionanotecnologia y Sistemas Complejos, Infap-CONICET & Facultad Regional San Rafael, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, San Rafael 5600, Argentina
| | - Sergio Madurga
- Physical Chemistry Unit, Materials Science and Physical Chemistry Department & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), Barcelona University (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Mas
- Physical Chemistry Unit, Materials Science and Physical Chemistry Department & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), Barcelona University (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep L Garcés
- Chemistry Department, Technical School of Agricultural Engineering & AGROTECNIO, Lleida University (UdL), 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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22
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Chen Z, Wang X, Chen X, Huang J, Wang C, Wang J, Wang Z. Accelerating therapeutic protein design with computational approaches toward the clinical stage. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2909-2926. [PMID: 38213894 PMCID: PMC10781723 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic protein, represented by antibodies, is of increasing interest in human medicine. However, clinical translation of therapeutic protein is still largely hindered by different aspects of developability, including affinity and selectivity, stability and aggregation prevention, solubility and viscosity reduction, and deimmunization. Conventional optimization of the developability with widely used methods, like display technologies and library screening approaches, is a time and cost-intensive endeavor, and the efficiency in finding suitable solutions is still not enough to meet clinical needs. In recent years, the accelerated advancement of computational methodologies has ushered in a transformative era in the field of therapeutic protein design. Owing to their remarkable capabilities in feature extraction and modeling, the integration of cutting-edge computational strategies with conventional techniques presents a promising avenue to accelerate the progression of therapeutic protein design and optimization toward clinical implementation. Here, we compared the differences between therapeutic protein and small molecules in developability and provided an overview of the computational approaches applicable to the design or optimization of therapeutic protein in several developability issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xinpei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Juyang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- Shenzhen Qiyu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
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23
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Fawaz I, Schaz S, Boehrer A, Garidel P, Blech M. Micro-flow imaging multi-instrument evaluation for sub-visible particle detection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 185:55-70. [PMID: 36708971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sub-visible particles (SVPs) in pharmaceutical products are a critical quality attribute, and therefore should be monitored during development. Although light obscuration (LO) and microscopic particle count tests are the primary pharmacopeial methods used to quantify SVPs, flow imaging methods like Micro-Flow Imaging (MFI™) appear to overcome shortcomings of LO such as limited sensitivity concerning smaller translucent SVPs in the size range < 10 µm. Nowadays, MFI™ is routinely utilized during development of biologicals. Oftentimes multiple devices are distributed across several laboratories and departments. This poses challenges in data interpretation and consistency as well as in the use of multiple devices for one purpose. In this study, we systematically evaluated seven MFI™ instruments concerning their counting and size precision and accuracy, using an inter-comparable approach to mimic daily working routine. Therefore, we investigated three different types of particles (i) NIST certified counting standards, (ii) protein-coated particles, and (iii) stress-induced particles from a monoclonal antibody. We compared the results to alternative particle detection methods: LO and Backgrounded Membrane Imaging (BMI). Our results showed that the precision and accuracy of particle count and size, as well as the comparability of instruments, depended on the particle source and its material properties. The various MFI™ instruments investigated showed high precision (<15 %) and data generated on different instruments were of the same order of magnitude within pharmacopeial relevant size ranges for NIST certified counting standards. However, we found limitations in the upper and lower detection limits, contrary to the limits claimed by the manufacturer. In addition, proteinaceous and protein-containing particles showed statistically significant differences in particle counts, while the measured particle diameters of all sizes were quite consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Fawaz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Simone Schaz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Armin Boehrer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Analytical Development Biologicals, CMC Statistics, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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24
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Tan M, Ding Z, Chu Y, Xie J. Potential of Good's buffers to inhibit denaturation of myofibrillar protein upon freezing. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112484. [PMID: 36869497 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic study sought to examine the potential use of three Good's buffers (MES, MOPS and HEPES) in inhibiting myofibrillar protein (MFP) denaturation induced by acidity changes. The highest degree of acidity variation was found in the center and bottom of large bottles due to the freeze-concentration effect. Good's buffer tended to basify during freezing, and it could prevent the crystallization of sodium phosphate (Na-P) buffer. Acidification upon freezing Na-P disrupted the natural conformation of MFP and induced the formation of large proteins aggregates with tight packing. The 15 mM MES, 20 mM MOPS, and 30 mM HEPES were respectively added to neutralize the strong acidity drop induced by freezing 20 mM Na-P, and all of them significantly improved the stability of the MFP conformation (P < 0.05). This work is not only critical to meet the growing demand for protein, but also groundbreaking for broadening the applicability of Good's buffers in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtang Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yuanming Chu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116034, China.
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25
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Ibrahim M, Wallace I, Ghazvini S, Manetz S, Cordoba-Rodriguez R, Patel SM. Protein Aggregates in Inhaled Biologics: Challenges and Considerations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1341-1344. [PMID: 36796636 PMCID: PMC9927828 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery is the main route of administration for treatment of local lung diseases. Recently, the interest in delivery of proteins through the pulmonary route for treatment of lung diseases has significantly increased, especially after Covid-19 pandemic. The development of an inhalable protein combines the challenges of inhaled as well as biologic products since protein stability may be compromised during manufacture or delivery. For instance, spray drying is the most common technology for manufacture of inhalable biological particles, however, it imposes shear and thermal stresses which may cause protein unfolding and aggregation post drying. Therefore, protein aggregation should be evaluated for inhaled biologics as it could impact the safety and/or efficacy of the product. While there is extensive knowledge and regulatory guidance on acceptable limits of particles, which inherently include insoluble protein aggregates, in injectable proteins, there is no comparable knowledge for inhaled ones. Moreover, the poor correlation between in vitro setup for analytical testing and the in vivo lung environment limits the predictability of protein aggregation post inhalation. Thus, the purpose of this article is to highlight the major challenges facing the development of inhaled proteins compared to parenteral ones, and to share future thoughts to resolve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ibrahim
- Dosage Form Design & Development, Early-Stage Formulation Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Ian Wallace
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Respiratory & Immunology, Neuroscience, Vaccines & Immune Therapies Safety, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saba Ghazvini
- Dosage Form Design & Development, Early-Stage Formulation Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Scott Manetz
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Respiratory & Immunology, Neuroscience, Vaccines & Immune Therapies Safety, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Ruth Cordoba-Rodriguez
- Regulatory Affairs, Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls Regulatory Affairs, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Sajal M. Patel
- Dosage Form Design & Development, Early-Stage Formulation Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA,Corresponding author
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26
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Desai PG, Garidel P, Gbormittah FO, Kamen DE, Mills BJ, Narasimhan CN, Singh S, Stokes ESE, Walsh ER. An Intercompany Perspective on Practical Experiences of Predicting, Optimizing and Analyzing High Concentration Biologic Therapeutic Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:359-369. [PMID: 36442683 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing high-dose biologic drugs for subcutaneous injection often requires high-concentration formulations and optimizing viscosity, solubility, and stability while overcoming analytical, manufacturing, and administration challenges. To understand industry approaches for developing high-concentration formulations, the Formulation Workstream of the BioPhorum Development Group, an industry-wide consortium, conducted an inter-company collaborative exercise which included several surveys. This collaboration provided an industry perspective, experience, and insight into the practicalities for developing high-concentration biologics. To understand solubility and viscosity, companies desire predictive tools, but experience indicates that these are not reliable and experimental strategies are best. Similarly, most companies prefer accelerated and stress stability studies to in-silico or biophysical-based prediction methods to assess aggregation. In addition, optimization of primary container-closure and devices are pursued to mitigate challenges associated with high viscosity of the formulation. Formulation strategies including excipient selection and application of studies at low concentration to high-concentration formulations are reported. Finally, analytical approaches to high concentration formulations are presented. The survey suggests that although prediction of viscosity, solubility, and long-term stability is desirable, the outcome can be inconsistent and molecule dependent. Significant experimental studies are required to confirm robust product definition as modeling at low protein concentrations will not necessarily extrapolate to high concentration formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti G Desai
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Sterile Product Development, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH Co KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Francisca O Gbormittah
- GlaxoSmithKline, Strategic External Development, 1000 Winter Street North, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Douglas E Kamen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Formulation Development, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Brittney J Mills
- AbbVie, NBE Drug Product Development, 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - Shubhadra Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Elaine S E Stokes
- BioPhorum, The Gridiron Building, 1 Pancras Square, London N1C 4AG UK.
| | - Erika R Walsh
- Merck & Co., Inc., Sterile and Specialty Products, Rahway, NJ, USA
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27
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Messina KMM, Woys AM. Random Heteropolymer Excipients Improve the Colloidal Stability of a Monoclonal Antibody for Subcutaneous Administration. Pharm Res 2023; 40:525-536. [PMID: 36380169 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developing stable high concentration monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations is increasingly important to move toward subcutaneous (SC) administration for better patient experience. Challenges stemming from protein-protein interactions in these crowded solutions, such as colloidal instability, limit the feasibility of some formulations because of concerns of safety, product quality, and/or manufacturability. Herein, we report novel random heteropolymer excipients that improve the colloidal stability of a high concentration mAb formulation for SC administration. METHODS A library of polymers was synthesized and screened by a high-throughput, absorbance-based assay. The lead polymers were selected and characterized for their ability to alter the precipitation kinetics of a mAb in physiologically relevant conditions using two model systems. RESULTS Biophysical testing via surface tension measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), microscale thermophoresis (MST), and intrinsic fluorescence quenching indicated that the polymers delayed onset of mAb precipitation from a combination of surfactant behaviour and interactions with the protein to prevent protein-protein interactions leading to colloidal instability. CONCLUSIONS The random heteropolymers described are a new class of excipients that may enable development of SC mAb formulations previously inaccessible to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M M Messina
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ann Marie Woys
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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28
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Desai M, Kundu A, Hageman M, Lou H, Boisvert D. Monoclonal antibody and protein therapeutic formulations for subcutaneous delivery: high-concentration, low-volume vs. low-concentration, high-volume. MAbs 2023; 15:2285277. [PMID: 38013454 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2285277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologic drugs are used to treat a variety of cancers and chronic diseases. While most of these treatments are administered intravenously by trained healthcare professionals, a noticeable trend has emerged favoring subcutaneous (SC) administration. SC administration of biologics poses several challenges. Biologic drugs often require higher doses for optimal efficacy, surpassing the low volume capacity of traditional SC delivery methods like autoinjectors. Consequently, high concentrations of active ingredients are needed, creating time-consuming formulation obstacles. Alternatives to traditional SC delivery systems are therefore needed to support higher-volume biologic formulations and to reduce development time and other risks associated with high-concentration biologic formulations. Here, we outline key considerations for SC biologic drug formulations and delivery and explore a paradigm shift: the flexibility afforded by low-to-moderate-concentration drugs in high-volume formulations as an alternative to the traditionally difficult approach of high-concentration, low-volume SC formulation delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Desai
- Medical Affairs, Enable Injections, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Kundu
- Manufacturing Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Brooklyn Park, MN, USA
| | - M Hageman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - H Lou
- Biopharmaceutical Innovation & Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - D Boisvert
- Independent Chemistry Manufacturing & Controls (CMC) Consultant, El Cerrito, CA, USA
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29
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Ghosh I, Gutka H, Krause ME, Clemens R, Kashi RS. A systematic review of commercial high concentration antibody drug products approved in the US: formulation composition, dosage form design and primary packaging considerations. MAbs 2023; 15:2205540. [PMID: 37243580 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2205540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three critical aspects that define high concentration antibody products (HCAPs) are as follows: 1) formulation composition, 2) dosage form, and 3) primary packaging configuration. HCAPs have become successful in the therapeutic sector due to their unique advantage of allowing subcutaneous self-administration. Technical challenges, such as physical and chemical instability, viscosity, delivery volume limitations, and product immunogenicity, can hinder successful development and commercialization of HCAPs. Such challenges can be overcome by robust formulation and process development strategies, as well as rational selection of excipients and packaging components. We compiled and analyzed data from US Food and Drug Administration-approved and marketed HCAPs that are ≥100 mg/mL to identify trends in formulation composition and quality target product profile. This review presents our findings and discusses novel formulation and processing technologies that enable the development of improved HCAPs at ≥200 mg/mL. The observed trends can be used as a guide for further advancements in the development of HCAPs as more complex antibody-based modalities enter biologics product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Ghosh
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hiten Gutka
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mary E Krause
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan Clemens
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Ramesh S Kashi
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
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30
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Marschall C, Witt M, Hauptmeier B, Frieß W. Drug Product Characterization of High Concentration Non-Aqueous Protein Powder Suspensions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:61-75. [PMID: 35779665 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High concentration protein formulations for subcutaneous injection represent a substantial number of development projects in the pharmaceutical industry. Such concentrated aqueous protein solutions face some specific challenges such as increased viscosity and aggregation propensity. Protein powder suspensions in non-aqueous vehicles could be an alternative providing lower viscosity than the respective aqueous solution. The choice of potential suspension vehicles is limited as traditional non-aqueous liquids, such as oils, show an inherent high viscosity. We studied suspensions prepared by dispersing spray-dried protein powder in different vehicles including sesame oil and medium chain triglycerides, as well as fluorinated and semifluorinated alkanes. We found, that semifluorinated alkanes enable formulations with high concentrations up to 280 mg/ml monoclonal antibody with a low viscosity of less than 10 mPa·s and low injection forces. The glide force of suspensions containing 210 mg/ml protein was not affected by the particle size of the spray-dried powders with medians ranging from 1 to 14 µm. In contrast, suspensions prepared with cryo-milled powder showed markedly higher viscosities and were not injectable at the same concentration. Protein powder suspensions were syringeable using a 25G needle. Vial filling using a peristaltic pump was possible and lead to a uniform filling. Sedimentation of the suspension was slow and does not lead to challenges upon vial filling during manufacturing or transfer of the suspension into syringes. Thus, we could show that dispersions of spray-dried protein powders in non-aqueous vehicles, such as semifluorinated alkanes, are a promising alternative to aqueous protein solutions at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Marschall
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmceutics, Butenandtstraße 5, D-81377 München, Germany; AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Knollstraße 50, D-67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Madlen Witt
- Novaliq GmbH, Im Neuenheimer, Feld 515, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauptmeier
- Novaliq GmbH, Im Neuenheimer, Feld 515, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmceutics, Butenandtstraße 5, D-81377 München, Germany.
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31
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Spray Freeze Drying of Biologics: A Review and Applications for Inhalation Delivery. Pharm Res 2022; 40:1115-1140. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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32
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Gao T, Korb JP, Lukšič M, Mériguet G, Malikova N, Rollet AL. Ion influence on surface water dynamics and proton exchange at protein surfaces - A unified model for transverse and longitudinal NMR relaxation dispersion. J Mol Liq 2022; 367:120451. [PMID: 37790165 PMCID: PMC10544814 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In all biologically relevant media, proteins interact in the presence of surrounding ions, and such interactions are water-mediated. Water molecules play a crucial role in the restructuring of proteins in solution and indeed in their biological activity. Surface water dynamics and proton exchange at protein surfaces is investigated here using NMR relaxometry, for two well-known globular proteins, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, with particular attention to the role of surface ions. We present a unified model of surface water dynamics and proton exchange, accounting simultaneously for the observed longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates. The most notable effect of salt (0.1 M) concerns the slow surface water dynamics, related to rare water molecules embedded in energy wells on the protein surface. This response is protein-specific. On the other hand, the proton exchange time between labile protein-protons and water-protons at the protein surface seems to be very similar for the two proteins and is insensitive to the addition of salts at the concentration studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Gao
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Jean-Pierre Korb
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Miha Lukšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Guillaume Mériguet
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Natalie Malikova
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Rollet
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
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Advanced Formulations/Drug Delivery Systems for Subcutaneous Delivery of Protein-Based Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2968-2982. [PMID: 36058255 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple advanced formulations and drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been developed to deliver protein-based biotherapeutics via the subcutaneous (SC) route. These formulations/DDSs include high-concentration solution, co-formulation of two or more proteins, large volume injection, protein cluster/complex, suspension, nanoparticle, microparticle, and hydrogel. These advanced systems provide clinical benefits related to efficacy and safety, but meanwhile, have more complicated formulations and manufacturing processes compared to conventional solution formulations. To develop a fit-for-purpose formulation/DDS for SC delivery, scientists need to consider multiple factors, such as the primary indication, targeted site, immunogenicity, compatibility, biopharmaceutics, patient compliance, etc. Next, they need to develop appropriate formulation (s) and manufacturing processes using the QbD principle and have a control strategy. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of advanced formulations/DDSs recently developed for SC delivery of proteins, as well as some knowledge gaps and potential strategies to narrow them through future research.
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Goli VAR, Butreddy A. Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies: Challenges and approaches towards formulation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110116. [PMID: 36007632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many biologic drug products, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), were off-patented between 2015 and 2020, and this process is continuing as the number of biologics approvals has increased. However, the availability of affordable biosimilars is delayed by secondary patents related to the formulation and manufacturing process. Therefore, an alternative formulation development is required to avoid infringement of formulation related patents. Several variables must be considered while developing alternative non-infringement formulations, including the time gap between the expiration of the molecule patent and the formulation patent, the ability not to infringe other secondary patents (process-related), and project timelines. As a part of life cycle management, innovator companies are adopting multiple strategies to delay biosimilar competition. Biosimilar companies could use the innovator formulation knowledge space to develop alternative formulations at the expense of time and cost. The present review discusses the key approaches in biosimilar formulation development, and further summarizes the use of innovator formulation knowledge space for biosimilar mAbs product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Appa Reddy Goli
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S, Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Srivastava A, O'Dell C, Bolessa E, McLinden S, Fortin L, Deorkar N. Viscosity reduction and stability enhancement of monoclonal antibody formulations using derivatives of amino acids. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2848-2856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krieg D, Winter G, Svilenov HL. It is never too late for a cocktail - Development and analytical characterization of fixed-dose antibody combinations. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2149-2157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moehrle JJ. Development of New Strategies for Malaria Chemoprophylaxis: From Monoclonal Antibodies to Long-Acting Injectable Drugs. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7040058. [PMID: 35448833 PMCID: PMC9024890 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery for malaria has traditionally focused on orally available drugs that kill the abundant, parasitic blood stage. Recently, there has also been an interest in injectable medicines, in the form of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with long-lasting plasma half-lives or long-lasting depot formulations of small molecules. These could act as prophylactic drugs, targeting the sporozoites and other earlier parasitic stages in the liver, when the parasites are less numerous, or as another intervention strategy targeting the formation of infectious gametocytes. Generally speaking, the development of mAbs is less risky (costly) than small-molecule drugs, and they have an excellent safety profile with few or no off-target effects. Therefore, populations who are the most vulnerable to malaria, i.e., pregnant women and young children would have access to such new treatments much faster than is presently the case for new antimalarials. An analysis of mAbs that were successfully developed for oncology illustrates some of the feasibility aspects, and their potential as affordable drugs in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg J Moehrle
- Integrated Sciences, R&D, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré Bois 20, CH-1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
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38
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Briskot T, Hillebrandt N, Kluters S, Wang G, Studts J, Hahn T, Huuk T, Hubbuch J. Modeling the Gibbs–Donnan effect during ultrafiltration and diafiltration processes using the Poisson–Boltzmann theory in combination with a basic Stern model. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Utility of High Resolution 2D NMR Fingerprinting in Assessing Viscosity of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2022; 39:529-539. [PMID: 35174433 PMCID: PMC9043092 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The viscosity of highly concentrated therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations at concentrations ≥ 100 mg/mL can significantly affect the stability, processing, and drug product development for subcutaneous delivery. An early identification of a viscosity prone mAb during candidate selection stages are often beneficial for downstream processes. Higher order structure of mAbs may often dictate their viscosity behavior at high concentration. Thus it is beneficial to gauge or rank-order their viscosity behavior using noninvasive structural fingerprinting methods and to potentially screen for suitable viscosity lowering excipients. Methods In this study, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and 2D NMR based methyl fingerprinting were used to correlate viscosity behavior of a set of Pfizer mAbs. The viscosities of mAbs were determined. Respective Fab and Fc domains were generated for studies. Result Methyl fingerprinting of intact mAbs allows for differentiation of viscosity prone mAbs from well behaved ones even at 30–40 mg/ml, where bulk viscosity of the solutions are near identical. For viscosity prone mAbs, peak broadening and or distinct chemical shift changes were noted in intact and fragment fingerprints, unlike the well-behaved mAbs, indicative of protein protein interactions (PPI). Conclusion Fab-Fab or Fab-Fc interactions may lead to formation of protein networks at high concentration. The early transients to these network formation may be manifested through peak broadening or peak shift in the 2D NMR spectrum of mAb/mAb fragments. Such insights go beyond rank ordering mAbs based on viscosity behavior, which can be obtained by other methods as well.. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03200-6.
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40
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Tokuda JM, Xie J, Jawa V, Hawkins JM, Ferbas J, Joh NH, Joubert MK. Use of in vitro human skin models to assess potential immune activation in response to biotherapeutic attributes and process-related impurities. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1012-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hartl J, Friesen S, Johannsmann D, Buchner R, Hinderberger D, Blech M, Garidel P. Dipolar Interactions and Protein Hydration in Highly Concentrated Antibody Formulations. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:494-507. [PMID: 35073097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular interaction mechanisms in high-concentrated protein systems are of fundamental importance for the rational development of biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations. In such high-concentrated protein systems, the intermolecular distances between mAb molecules are reduced to the size of the protein diameter (approx. 10 nm). Thus, protein-protein interactions are more pronounced at high concentrations; so a direct extrapolation of physicochemical properties obtained from measurements at a low protein concentration of the corresponding properties at a high protein concentration is highly questionable. Besides the charge-charge interaction, the effects of molecular crowding, dipolar interaction, changes in protein hydration, and self-assembling tendency become more relevant. Here, protein hydration, protein dipole moment, and protein-protein interactions were studied in protein concentrations up to 200 mg/mL (= 1.3 mM) in different formulations for selected mAbs using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). These data are correlated with the second virial coefficient, A2, the diffusion interaction parameter, kD, the elastic shear modulus, G', and the dynamic viscosity, η. When large contributions of dipolar protein-protein interactions were observed, the tendency of self-assembling and an increase in solution viscosity were detected. These effects were examined using specific buffer conditions. Furthermore, different types of protein-water interactions were identified via DRS, whereby the effect of high protein concentration on protein hydration was investigated for different high-concentrated liquid formulations (HCLFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Hartl
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sergej Friesen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Richard Buchner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Page S, Khan T, Kühl P, Schwach G, Storch K, Chokshi H. Patient Centricity Driving Formulation Innovation: Improvements in Patient Care Facilitated by Novel Therapeutics and Drug Delivery Technologies. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 62:341-363. [PMID: 34990203 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052120-093517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Innovative formulation technologies can play a crucial role in transforming a novel molecule to a medicine that significantly enhances patients' lives. Improved mechanistic understanding of diseases has inspired researchers to expand the druggable space using new therapeutic modalities such as interfering RNA, protein degraders, and novel formats of monoclonal antibodies. Sophisticated formulation strategies are needed to deliver the drugs to their sites of action and to achieve patient centricity, exemplified by messenger RNA vaccines and oral peptides. Moreover, access to medical information via digital platforms has resulted in better-informed patient groups that are requesting consideration of their needs during drug development. This request is consistent with health authority efforts to upgrade their regulations to advance age-appropriate product development for patients. This review describes formulation innovations contributingto improvements in patient care: convenience of administration, preferred route of administration, reducing dosing burden, and achieving targeted delivery of new modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Page
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Tarik Khan
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Peter Kühl
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Gregoire Schwach
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Kirsten Storch
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 68305 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hitesh Chokshi
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche TCRC Inc., Little Falls, New Jersey 07424, USA
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43
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Wang SS, Yan YS, Ho K. US FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies with high-concentration formulation: summaries and perspectives. Antib Ther 2021; 4:262-272. [PMID: 34909579 PMCID: PMC8664682 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty four (34) of the total US FDA approved 103 therapeutic antibody drugs, accounts for one third of the total approved mAbs, are formulated with high protein concentration (100 mg/mL or above) which are the focus of this article. The highest protein concentration of these approved mAbs is 200 mg/mL. The dominant administration route is subcutaneous (76%). Our analysis indicates that it may be rational to implement a platform formulation containing polysorbate, histidine and sucrose to accelerate high concentration formulation development for antibody drugs. Since 2015, the FDA approval numbers are significantly increased which account for 76% of the total approval numbers, i.e., 26 out of 34 highly concentrated antibodies. Thus, we believe that the high concentration formulations of antibody drugs will be the future trend of therapeutic antibody formulation development, regardless of the challenges of highly concentrated protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Shouye Wang
- CMC Management, WuXi Biologics, 1 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Yifei Susie Yan
- Biologics CMC Leadership training program, WuXi Biologics, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kin Ho
- CMC Management, WuXi Biologics, 1 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
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Trainor K, Doyle CM, Metcalfe-Roach A, Steckner J, Lipovšek D, Malakian H, Langley D, Krystek SR, Meiering EM. Design for Solubility May Reveal Induction of Amide Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange by Protein Self-Association. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167398. [PMID: 34902431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural heterogeneity often constrains the characterization of aggregating proteins to indirect or low-resolution methods, obscuring mechanistic details of association. Here, we report progress in understanding the aggregation of Adnectins, engineered binding proteins with an immunoglobulin-like fold. We rationally design Adnectin solubility and measure amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) under conditions that permit transient protein self-association. Protein-protein binding commonly slows rates of HDX; in contrast, we find that Adnectin association may induce faster HDX for certain amides, particularly in the C-terminal β-strand. In aggregation-prone proteins, we identify a pattern of very different rates of amide HDX for residues linked by reciprocal hydrogen bonds in the native structure. These results may be explained by local loss of native structure and formation of an inter-protein interface. Amide HDX induced by self-association, detected here by deliberate modulation of propensity for such interactions, may be a general phenomenon with the potential to expose mechanisms of aggregation by diverse proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Trainor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen M Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Avril Metcalfe-Roach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Julia Steckner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daša Lipovšek
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA 02140, United States.
| | | | - David Langley
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA 02140, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth M Meiering
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
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Jiskoot W, Hawe A, Menzen T, Volkin DB, Crommelin DJA. Ongoing Challenges to Develop High Concentration Monoclonal Antibody-based Formulations for Subcutaneous Administration: Quo Vadis? J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:861-867. [PMID: 34813800 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many subcutaneously (s.c.) delivered, high-concentration antibody formulations (HCAF) have received regulatory approval and are widely used commercially, formulation scientists are still presented with many ongoing challenges during HCAF development with new mAb and mAb-based candidates. Depending on the specific physicochemical and biological properties of a particular mAb-based molecule, such challenges vary from pharmaceutical attributes e.g., stability, viscosity, manufacturability, to clinical performance e.g., bioavailability, immunogenicity, and finally to patient experience e.g., preference for s.c. vs. intravenous delivery and/or preferred interactions with health-care professionals. This commentary focuses on one key formulation obstacle encountered during HCAF development: how to maximize the dose of the drug? We examine methodologies for increasing the protein concentration, increasing the volume delivered, or combining both approaches together. We discuss commonly encountered hurdles, i.e., physical protein instability and solution volume limitations, and we provide recommendations to formulation scientists to facilitate their development of s.c. administered HCAF with new mAb-based product candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jiskoot
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Hawe
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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More RV, Barrio-Zhang A, Ahmadzadegan A, Dabiri S, Ardekani AM. Monitoring heterogeneity in therapeutic samples using Schlieren. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121096. [PMID: 34562558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antigen, antibodies, and other therapeutic biomolecule solutions are likely to undergo physical and chemical processes during their development, manufacturing, transport, and storage. This can induce internal stresses in the sample, resulting in aggregation, heterogeneities, and an overall reduction in the sample quality, e.g., freeze-thawing of samples for storage. Monitoring mixing is thus crucial to ensure homogeneity and consistency while further optimizing downstream processes. We present a simple and portable all-lens Schlieren setup to detect, visualize, and quantify heterogeneities in the protein/antigen or other pharmaceutical solutions during and after thawing in real-time. We illustrate the capabilities of the proposed method by visualizing and quantifying heterogeneities during the thawing of BSA and IgG in four different formulation buffers. The local concentration gradients in a thawing sample lead to light intensity variations which are captured using the Schlieren technique. The sample heterogeneity can then be quantified by relating these light intensity variations to concentration gradients. To this end, we first measure the refractive index of the sample solutions, which varies linearly with the sample concentration. This linear relation is then used to extract the concentration gradient field from the light intensity data. We establish the validity of the proposed approach by demonstrating its accuracy in measuring the diffusion coefficient of a diffusing interface. The portability of the setup and its applicability to a wide range of pharmaceutical solutions make this Schlieren-based technique suitable for monitoring the mixing, heterogeneity, and stability of pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh V More
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andres Barrio-Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Adib Ahmadzadegan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sadegh Dabiri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering & School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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47
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A microfluidic approach to studying the injection flow of concentrated albumin solutions. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 3:783. [PMID: 34723096 PMCID: PMC8550001 DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Subcutaneous injection by means of prefilled syringes allows patients to self-administrate high-concentration (100 g/L or more) protein-based drugs. Although the shear flow of concentrated globulins or monoclonal antibodies has been intensively studied and related to the injection force proper of SC processes, very small attention has been paid to the extensional behavior of this category of complex fluids. This work focuses on the flow of concentrated bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions through a microfluidic “syringe-on-chip” contraction device which shares some similarities with the geometry of syringes used in SC self-injection. By comparing the velocity and pressure measurements in complex flow with rheometric shear measurements obtained by means of the “Rheo-chip” device, it is shown that the extensional viscosity plays an important role in the injection process of protinaceous drugs. Article Highlights A microfluidic “syringe on chip” device mimicking the injection flow of protinaceous drugs has been developed. The velocity field of concentrated BSA solutions through the “syringe on chip” is Newtonian-like. The extensional viscosity of concentrated protein solutions should also be considered when computing injection forces through needles.
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48
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Roche A, Gentiluomo L, Sibanda N, Roessner D, Friess W, Trainoff SP, Curtis R. Towards an improved prediction of concentrated antibody solution viscosity using the Huggins coefficient. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1813-1824. [PMID: 34624723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The viscosity of a monoclonal antibody solution must be monitored and controlled as it can adversely affect product processing, packaging and administration. Engineering low viscosity mAb formulations is challenging as prohibitive amounts of material are required for concentrated solution analysis, and it is difficult to predict viscosity from parameters obtained through low-volume, high-throughput measurements such as the interaction parameter, kD, and the second osmotic virial coefficient, B22. As a measure encompassing the effect of intermolecular interactions on dilute solution viscosity, the Huggins coefficient, kh, is a promising candidate as a parameter measureable at low concentrations, but indicative of concentrated solution viscosity. In this study, a differential viscometry technique is developed to measure the intrinsic viscosity, [η], and the Huggins coefficient, kh, of protein solutions. To understand the effect of colloidal protein-protein interactions on the viscosity of concentrated protein formulations, the viscometric parameters are compared to kD and B22 of two mAbs, tuning the contributions of repulsive and attractive forces to the net protein-protein interaction by adjusting solution pH and ionic strength. We find a strong correlation between the concentrated protein solution viscosity and the kh but this was not observed for the kD or the b22, which have been previously used as indicators of high concentration viscosity. Trends observed in [η] and kh values as a function of pH and ionic strength are rationalised in terms of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Roche
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Currently at: National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Lorenzo Gentiluomo
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 18, 56307 Dernbach, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany; Currently at: Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstraße 18B, 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Sibanda
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Dierk Roessner
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 18, 56307 Dernbach, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Steven P Trainoff
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, 6330 Hollister Ave, Goleta, CA 93117, United States
| | - Robin Curtis
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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Tsumura K, Hsu W, Mimura M, Horiuchi A, Shiraki K. Lowering the viscosity of a high-concentration antibody solution by protein-polyelectrolyte complex. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:17-24. [PMID: 34629298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-concentration and low-viscosity antibody formulations are necessary when administering these solutions subcutaneously (SC) due to limitations on injection volume. Here we show a method to decrease the viscosity of monoclonal antibody solution by protein-polyelectrolyte complex (PPC) with poly-l-glutamic acid (polyE). The viscosity of omalizumab solutions was 90 cP at the concentration of 150 mg/mL. In the presence of 20-50 mM polyE, the viscosity of PPC solution of 150 mg/mL omalizumab dramatically decreased below 10 cP due to the formation of crowded solution. The crowded state of PPC, named aggregated PPC (A-PPC), contained water droplets with a diameter of 10 μm or larger with low antibody concentrations. In the presence of 60 mM or more polyE, the omalizumab solution was transparent with the viscosity of 40 cP or less, named soluble PPC (S-PPC). More importantly, the solutions of both A-PPC and S-PPC were fully redissolved by the addition of phosphate saline buffer confirmed by secondary structure, the amount of aggregates, and binding activity to antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tsumura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - WeiLin Hsu
- Research and Development Center, Terumo Corporation, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mimura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Aiko Horiuchi
- Research and Development Center, Terumo Corporation, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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Hirschman J, Venkataramani D, Murphy MI, Patel SM, Du J, Amin S. Application of thin gap rheometry for high shear rate viscosity measurement in monoclonal antibody formulations. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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