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Domsta V, Boralewski T, Ulbricht M, Schick P, Krause J, Seidlitz A. Stability of Dexamethasone during Hot-Melt Extrusion of Filaments based on Eudragit® RS, Ethyl Cellulose and Polyethylene Oxide. Int J Pharm X 2024; 8:100263. [PMID: 39040516 PMCID: PMC11260382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) potentially coupled with 3D printing is a promising technique for the manufacturing of dosage forms such as drug-eluting implants which might even be individually adapted to patient-specific anatomy. However, these manufacturing methods involve the risk of thermal degradation of incorporated drugs during processing. In this work, the stability of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) was studied during HME using the polymers Eudragit® RS, ethyl cellulose and polyethylene oxide. The extrusion process was performed at different temperatures. Furthermore, the influence of accelerated screw speed, the addition of the plasticizers triethyl citrate and polyethylene glycol 6000 or the addition of the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and tocopherol in two concentrations were studied. The DEX recovery was analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography method suitable for the detection of thermal degradation products. The strongest impact on the drug stability was found for the processing temperature, which was found to reduce the DEX recovery to <20% for certain processing conditions. In addition, differences between tested polymers were observed, whereas the use of additives did not result in remarkable changes in drug stability. In conclusion, suitable extrusion parameters were identified for the processing of DEX with high drug recovery rates for the tested polymers. Moreover, the importance of a suitable analysis method for drug stability during HME that is influenced by several parameters was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Domsta
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tessa Boralewski
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Ulbricht
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Schick
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julius Krause
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Wang J, Wang H, Dang Y. Rho-Kinase Inhibitors as Emerging Targets for Glaucoma Therapy. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:2943-2957. [PMID: 37837578 PMCID: PMC10640453 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is a chronic and progressive optic neuropathy characterized by damage to the optic and retinal nerve fiber layers, which can lead to permanent loss of peripheral or central vision. Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only known modifiable risk factor for preventing and treating glaucoma. Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors are a new class of glaucoma drugs with a novel mechanism of action and good safety profile. They exert neuroprotective effects, act on the trabecular tissue, increase the outflow of aqueous humor, and reduce intraocular pressure. However, they also cause local adverse reactions, including common conjunctival congestion and subconjunctival bleeding; however, most are self-limiting and temporary. Netarsudil (0.02%), a ROCK inhibitor, relaxes the trabecular meshwork, increases the outflow of aqueous humor, reduces scleral venous pressure, and directly decreases IOP. Conjunctival congestion can be reduced if netarsudil is administered at night. The combination of these medications is always more effective than the single drug. Ripasudil (0.4%), another ROCK inhibitor, also lowers IOP; however, conjunctival hyperemia is the most common adverse drug reaction. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects and adverse reactions of ROCK inhibitors in the experimental trial stage and in clinical treatment in recent years, providing suggestions for future clinical drug use, and research and development to reduce the side effects of these drugs, maximize the potential for reducing IOP, and improve the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hanke Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yalong Dang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Outflow Engineering, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Sanmenxia, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia, 472000, China.
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3
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Sapino S, Chindamo G, Peira E, Chirio D, Foglietta F, Serpe L, Vizio B, Gallarate M. Development of ARPE-19-Equipped Ocular Cell Model for In Vitro Investigation on Ophthalmic Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2472. [PMID: 37896232 PMCID: PMC10610172 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated intravitreal (IVT) injections in the treatment of retinal diseases can lead to severe complications. Developing innovative drug delivery systems for IVT administration is crucial to prevent adverse reactions, but requires extensive investigation including the use of different preclinical models (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo). Our previous work described an in vitro tricompartmental ocular flow cell (TOFC) simulating the anterior and posterior cavities of the human eye. Based on promising preliminary results, in this study, a collagen scaffold enriched with human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19) was developed and introduced into the TOFC to partially mimic the human retina. Cells were cultured under dynamic flow conditions to emulate the posterior segment of the human eye. Bevacizumab was then injected into the central compartment of the TOFC to treat ARPE-19 cells and assess its effects. The results showed an absence of cytotoxic activity and a significant reduction in VEGF fluorescent signal, underscoring the potential of this in vitro model as a platform for researching new ophthalmic formulations addressing the posterior eye segment, eventually decreasing the need for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sapino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (D.C.); (F.F.); (L.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Giulia Chindamo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (D.C.); (F.F.); (L.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Elena Peira
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (D.C.); (F.F.); (L.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Daniela Chirio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (D.C.); (F.F.); (L.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Federica Foglietta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (D.C.); (F.F.); (L.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (D.C.); (F.F.); (L.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Barbara Vizio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Marina Gallarate
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (D.C.); (F.F.); (L.S.); (M.G.)
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4
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Bakhrushina EO, Dubova AI, Nikonenko MS, Grikh VV, Shumkova MM, Korochkina TV, Krasnyuk II, Krasnyuk II. Thermosensitive Intravitreal In Situ Implant of Cefuroxime Based on Poloxamer 407 and Hyaluronic Acid. Gels 2023; 9:693. [PMID: 37754374 PMCID: PMC10530203 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main method of treatment and prevention of endophthalmitis is a combination of intravitreal and topical administration of antibiotics, such as cefuroxime moxifloxacin or vancomycin. However, this method is ineffective due to the rapid elimination of the drug. This problem can be solved with the help of intravitreal in situ injection systems, which are injected with a syringe into the vitreous body and provide prolonged action of the drug at the focus of inflammation. Under the influence of temperature, the liquid drug undergoes a phase transition and turns into a gel after injection. This ensures its prolonged action. The study aimed to develop an intravitreal in situ cefuroxime delivery system for the treatment of endophthalmitis based on a thermosensitive biodegradable composition of poloxamer 407 and hyaluronic acid. A combination of poloxamer Kolliphor® P407, Kolliphor® P188, and PrincipHYAL® hyaluronic acids of different molecular weights was used as a delivery system. The potency of cefuroxime solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone-10000, polyethylene glycol-400, and polyethylene glycol-1500 in a 1:2 ratio was studied for prolonged action compared to cefuroxime substance. The experimental formulations were studied for the parameters of gelation temperature in a long-term test (4 months), pH, and release of cefuroxime using dialysis bags. To study the distribution parameter in the vitreous body, an in vitro model (1/13) was developed, which was a hollow agar sphere filled with 1% (w/v) polyacrylate gel. For the superior formulations, a HET-CAM test (chorioallantoic membrane test) was performed to determine the absence of irritant effects. According to the study results, a formulation containing a solid dispersion of cefuroxime:PEG-400 (1:2), the matrix of which contained 18% (w/v) Kolliphor® P407 poloxamer, 3% (w/v) Kolliphor® P188 poloxamer, and 0.5% (w/v) hyaluronic acid (1400-1800), was selected. This sample had an average gelation temperature of 34.6 °C, pH 6.7 ± 0.5, and a pronounced prolonged effect. Only 7.6% was released in 3 h of the experiment, whereas about 38% of cefuroxime was released in 72 h. No irritant effect on the chorioallantoic membrane was observed for any formulations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena O. Bakhrushina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (T.V.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Anastasia I. Dubova
- Student of Educational Department, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (A.I.D.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Maria S. Nikonenko
- Student of Educational Department, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (A.I.D.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Viktoriya V. Grikh
- Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (V.V.G.); (I.I.K.J.)
| | - Marina M. Shumkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (T.V.K.); (I.I.K.)
- PHARMA-PREMIUM Scientific Educational Center, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Korochkina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (T.V.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Ivan I. Krasnyuk
- Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (V.V.G.); (I.I.K.J.)
| | - Ivan I. Krasnyuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (T.V.K.); (I.I.K.)
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5
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Mostafa M, Al Fatease A, Alany RG, Abdelkader H. Recent Advances of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems: Prominence of Ocular Implants for Chronic Eye Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1746. [PMID: 37376194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic ocular diseases can seriously impact the eyes and could potentially result in blindness or serious vision loss. According to the most recent data from the WHO, there are more than 2 billion visually impaired people in the world. Therefore, it is pivotal to develop more sophisticated, long-acting drug delivery systems/devices to treat chronic eye conditions. This review covers several drug delivery nanocarriers that can control chronic eye disorders non-invasively. However, most of the developed nanocarriers are still in preclinical or clinical stages. Long-acting drug delivery systems, such as inserts and implants, constitute the majority of the clinically used methods for the treatment of chronic eye diseases due to their steady state release, persistent therapeutic activity, and ability to bypass most ocular barriers. However, implants are considered invasive drug delivery technologies, especially those that are nonbiodegradable. Furthermore, in vitro characterization approaches, although useful, are limited in mimicking or truly representing the in vivo environment. This review focuses on long-acting drug delivery systems (LADDS), particularly implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS), their formulation, methods of characterization, and clinical application for the treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya 61519, Egypt
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid G Alany
- School of Pharmacy, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Tames KT1 2EE, UK
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Hamdy Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Costello MA, Liu J, Chen B, Wang Y, Qin B, Xu X, Li Q, Lynd NA, Zhang F. Drug release mechanisms of high-drug-load, melt-extruded dexamethasone intravitreal implants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:46-56. [PMID: 37037387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozurdex is an FDA-approved sustained-release, biodegradable implant formulated to deliver the corticosteroid dexamethasone to the posterior segment of the eye for up to 6 months. Hot-melt extrusion is used to prepare the 0.46 mm × 6 mm, rod-shaped implant by embedding the drug in a matrix of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in a 60:40 drug:polymer ratio by weight. In our previous work, the Ozurdex implant was carefully studied and reverse engineered to produce a compositionally and structurally equivalent implant for further analysis. In this work, the reverse-engineered implant is thoroughly characterized throughout the in vitro dissolution process to elucidate the mechanisms of controlled drug release. The implant exhibits a triphasic release profile in 37 °C normal saline with a small burst release (1-2 %), a one-week lag phase with limited release (less than10 %), and a final phase where the remainder of the dose is released over 3-4 weeks. The limited intermolecular interaction between dexamethasone and PLGA renders the breakdown of the polymer the dominating mechanism of controlled release. A close relationship between drug release and total implant mass loss was observed. Unique chemical and structural differences were seen between the core of the implant and the implant surface driven by diffusional limitations, autocatalytic hydrolysis, and osmotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Costello
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Liu
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Beibei Chen
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Qi Li
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- University of Texas at Austin, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA.
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7
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Paliwal H, Prajapati BG, Srichana T, Singh S, Patel RJ. Novel Approaches in the Drug Development and Delivery Systems for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020568. [PMID: 36836923 PMCID: PMC9960288 DOI: 10.3390/life13020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with ocular disorders has increased due to contributing factors such as aging populations, environmental changes, smoking, genetic abnormalities, etc. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the common ocular disorders which may advance to loss of vision in severe cases. The advanced form of AMD is classified into two types, dry (non-exudative) and wet (exudative) AMD. Although several therapeutic approaches are explored for the management of AMD, no approved therapy can substantially slow down the progression of dry AMD into the later stages. The focus of researchers in recent times has been engaged in developing targeted therapeutic products to halt the progression and maintain or improve vision in individuals diagnosed with AMD. The delivery of anti-VEGF agents using intravitreal therapy has found some success in managing AMD, and novel formulation approaches have been introduced in various studies to potentiate the efficacy. Some of the novel approaches, such as hydrogel, microspheres, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, implants, etc. have been discussed. Apart from this, subretinal, suprachoroidal, and port delivery systems have also been investigated for biologics and gene therapies. The unmet potential of approved therapeutic products has contributed to several patent applications in recent years. This review outlines the current treatment options, outcomes of recent research studies, and patent details around the novel drug delivery approach for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Paliwal
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana 384012, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana 384012, Gujarat, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-9429225025
| | - Teerapol Srichana
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ravish J. Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy (RPCP), Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand 388421, Gujarat, India
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8
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Abbasnezhad N, Shirinbayan M, Champmartin S, Bakir F. Analyzing the impact of pulsatile flow on drug release from a single strut of a drug-eluting stent. J Biomech 2023; 146:111425. [PMID: 36608544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in-vitro experiments were performed to investigate the drug release from a single strut of a drug-eluting stent with respect to the systolic-diastolic flow and the continuous flow. Regarding, a test bench comprising a single strut and agarose gel as an arterial wall model was designed. The model chosen represents a large-scaled strut of a stent, to limit the effect of the geometrical shape of the stents on the drug release results. The comparison is carried out between two continuous flow rates and a systolic-diastolic flow pattern varying between these two flow rates, with a frequency of 70 beats per minute. The stent model is a polylactic-co-glycolic acid film (50:50) loaded with 10 % diclofenac sodium. A compartment of agarose gel (1 %) and a phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37 °C are employed to mimic the arterial wall and the blood, respectively. Our results show the importance of flow type on the drug release from the stent and distribution of drug in the hydrogel, such that the pulsatility promotes an increase in the quantity of drug absorbed into the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Abbasnezhad
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE, HESAM University, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - M Shirinbayan
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE, HESAM University, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - S Champmartin
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE, HESAM University, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - F Bakir
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE, HESAM University, F-75013 Paris, France.
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9
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Auel T, Großmann L, Schulig L, Weitschies W, Seidlitz A. The EyeFlowCell: Development of a 3D-Printed Dissolution Test Setup for Intravitreal Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091394. [PMID: 34575470 PMCID: PMC8464925 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro dissolution model, the so-called EyeFlowCell (EFC), was developed to test intravitreal dosage forms, simulating parameters such as the gel-like consistency of the vitreous body. The developed model consists of a stereolithography 3D-printed flow-through cell with a polyacrylamide (PAA) gel as its core. This gel needed to be coated with an agarose sheath because of its low viscosity. Drug release from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based implants containing either triamcinolone acetonide or fluorescein sodium was studied in the EFC using a schematic eye movement by the EyeMovementSystem (EyeMoS). For comparison, studies were performed in USP apparatus 4 and USP apparatus 7. Significantly slower drug release was observed in the PAA gel for both model drugs compared with the compendial methods. Drug release from fluorescein sodium-containing model implants was completed after 40 min in USP apparatus 4, whereas drug release in the gel-based EFC lasted 72 h. Drug release from triamcinolone acetonide-containing model implants was completed after 35 min in USP apparatus 4 and after 150 min in USP apparatus 7, whereas this was delayed until 96 h in the EFC. These results suggest that compendial release methods may overestimate the drug release rate in the human vitreous body. Using a gel-based in vitro release system such as the EFC may better predict drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Auel
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (T.A.); (L.G.); (W.W.)
| | - Linus Großmann
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (T.A.); (L.G.); (W.W.)
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (T.A.); (L.G.); (W.W.)
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (T.A.); (L.G.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3834-420-4898
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10
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Adrianto MF, Annuryanti F, Wilson CG, Sheshala R, Thakur RRS. In vitro dissolution testing models of ocular implants for posterior segment drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1355-1375. [PMID: 34382178 PMCID: PMC9061687 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye remains a tremendously difficult task. Prolonged treatment in conventional intravitreal therapy requires injections that are administered frequently due to the rapid clearance of the drug molecules. As an alternative, intraocular implants can offer drug release for long-term therapy. However, one of the several challenges in developing intraocular implants is selecting an appropriate in vitro dissolution testing model. In order to determine the efficacy of ocular implants in drug release, multiple in vitro test models were emerging. While these in vitro models may be used to analyse drug release profiles, the findings may not predict in vivo retinal drug exposure as this is influenced by metabolic and physiological factors. This review considers various types of in vitro test methods used to test drug release of ocular implants. Importantly, it discusses the challenges and factors that must be considered in the development and testing of the implants in an in vitro setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faris Adrianto
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Febri Annuryanti
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - Ravi Sheshala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raghu Raj Singh Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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11
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Zhao Y, Liu K, Li J, Liao J, Ma L. Engineering of hybrid anticancer drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles delivery system for the treatment and care of lung cancer therapy. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1539-1547. [PMID: 34282705 PMCID: PMC8293970 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1934187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy with combination drugs has become one of the most commonly used cancer prevention treatments, with positive clinical results. The goal of this study was to develop compostable polymeric nanomaterials (NMs) for the delivery of puerarin (PRN) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU), as well as to investigate the anticancer activity of the drug delivery system (PRN-5FU NMs) against in vitro and in vivo lung cancer cells. Since double antitumor drugs PRN and 5FU are insufficiently compressed in polymer-based bio-degradable nanoparticles, encapsulation of PRN and 5FU antitumor drugs were co-encapsulated with polyethylene glycol and polylactidecoglycolide nanoparticles (NMs) is efficient. The arrangement of PRN NMs, 5FU NMs, and PRN-5FU NMs, as well as the nanoparticles shape and scale, were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 5FU-PRN NMs triggered apoptosis in lung carcinoma cell lines such as HEL-299 and A549 in vitro. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and nuclear damaging staining techniques were used to observe morphologies and cell death. The mechanistic analysis of apoptosis was also confirmed by flow cytometry analysis using dual staining. When compared to free anticancer products, the hemolysis analysis findings of the 5FU-PRN NMs showed excellent biocompatibility. Taken together the advantages, this combination drug conveyance strategy exposed that 5FU-PRN NMs could have a significant promising to improve the effectiveness of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Kefeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Third ward of Radiotherapy, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Juan Liao
- Third ward of Radiotherapy, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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12
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Xiao Y, Gao Y, Li F, Deng Z. Combinational dual drug delivery system to enhance the care and treatment of gastric cancer patients. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:1491-1500. [PMID: 33100060 PMCID: PMC7594745 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1822460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a frequently occurring cancer with high mortality each year worldwide. Finding new and effective therapeutic strategy against human gastric cancer is still urgently required. Hence, we have established a new method to achieve treatment-actuated modifications in a tumor microenvironment by utilizing synergistic activity between two potential anticancer drugs. Dual drug delivery of gemcitabine (GEM) and Camptothecin-11 (CPT-11) exhibits a great anti-cancer potential, as GEM enhances the effect of CPT-11 treatment of human gastric cells by providing microenvironment stability. However, encapsulation of GEM and CPT-11 obsessed by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) is incompetent owing to unsuitability between the binary free GEM and CPT-11 moieties and the polymeric system. Now, we display that CPT-11 can be prepared by hydrophobic covering of the drug centers with dioleoylphosphatidic acid (DOPA). The DOPA-covered CPT-11 can be co-encapsulated in PLGA NPs alongside GEM to stimulate excellent anticancer property. The occurrence of the CPT-11 suggestively enhanced the encapsulations of GEM into PLGA NPs (GEM-CPT-11 NPs). Formation of the nanocomposite (GEM-CPT-11 NPs) was confirmed by FTIR and X-ray spectroscopic techniques. Further, the morphology of GEM NPs, CPT-11 NPs, and GEM-CPT-11 NPs and NP size was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Furthermore, GEM-CPT-11 NPs induced significant apoptosis in human gastric NCI-N87 and SGC-791 cancer cells in vitro. The morphological observation and apoptosis were confirmed by the various biochemical assays (AO-EB, nuclear staining, and annexin V-FITC). In addition, evaluation of the hemolysis assay with erythrocytes of human shows excellent biocompatibility of free GEM, free CPT-11, GEM NPs, CPT-11 NPs, and GEM-CPT-11 NPs. The results suggest that GEM-CPT-11 NPs are one of the promising nursing cares for human gastric cancer therapeutic candidates worthy of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Second Department of General Surgery, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Yuewen Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, PR China
| | - Fajuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, PR China
| | - Zhihe Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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13
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Mietzner R, Kade C, Froemel F, Pauly D, Stamer WD, Ohlmann A, Wegener J, Fuchshofer R, Breunig M. Fasudil Loaded PLGA Microspheres as Potential Intravitreal Depot Formulation for Glaucoma Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080706. [PMID: 32727014 PMCID: PMC7464914 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors allow for causative glaucoma therapy. Unfortunately, topically applied ROCK inhibitors suffer from high incidence of hyperemia and low intraocular bioavailability. Therefore, we propose the use of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres as a depot formulation for intravitreal injection to supply outflow tissues with the ROCK inhibitor fasudil over a prolonged time. Fasudil-loaded microspheres were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The chemical integrity of released fasudil was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The biological activity was measured in cell-based assays using trabecular meshwork cells (TM cells), Schlemm’s canal cells (SC cells), fibroblasts and adult retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19). Cellular response to fasudil after its diffusion through vitreous humor was investigated by electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. Microspheres ranged in size from 3 to 67 µm. The release of fasudil from microspheres was controllable and sustained for up to 45 days. Released fasudil reduced actin stress fibers in TM cells, SC cells and fibroblasts. Decreased collagen gel contraction provoked by fasudil was detected in TM cells (~2.4-fold), SC cells (~1.4-fold) and fibroblasts (~1.3-fold). In addition, fasudil readily diffused through vitreous humor reaching its target compartment and eliciting effects on TM cells. No negative effects on ARPE-19 cells were observed. Since fasudil readily diffuses through the vitreous humor, we suggest that an intravitreal drug depot of ROCK inhibitors could significantly improve current glaucoma therapy particularly for patients with comorbid retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mietzner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Christian Kade
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (C.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Franziska Froemel
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (F.F.); (R.F.)
| | - Diana Pauly
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Andreas Ohlmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Mathildenstrasse 8, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Joachim Wegener
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (C.K.); (J.W.)
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (F.F.); (R.F.)
| | - Miriam Breunig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-941-943-4828
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14
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Luaces-Rodríguez A, Mondelo-García C, Zarra-Ferro I, González-Barcia M, Aguiar P, Fernández-Ferreiro A, Otero-Espinar FJ. Intravitreal anti-VEGF drug delivery systems for age-related macular degeneration. Int J Pharm 2019; 573:118767. [PMID: 31669558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of vision loss in elderly people in developed countries. Nowadays, in clinical practice, three anti-VEGF drugs are commonly used (bevacizumab, aflibercept and ranibizumab), requiring repeated intravitreal injections. In order to minimise the number of injections, research on intravitreal drug delivery systems (DDSs) is needed. In this review, the DDSs developed up to date regarding intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs have been summarised, which include systems as hydrogels, liposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles or implants. Most of the studies have focused on the extended in vitro release behaviour of the developed DDSs, but data as antibody bioactivity, biocompatibility or in vivo stability is sometimes scarce. Moreover, as DDS development relies on in vivo pharmacokinetic analyses to evaluate the extended drug release, all the information regarding anti-VEGF intravitreal pharmacokinetics in different animal species have been compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luaces-Rodríguez
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Mondelo-García
- Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Irene Zarra-Ferro
- Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Barcia
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Aguiar
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Molecular Imaging Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Otero-Espinar
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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15
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Matter B, Ghaffari A, Bourne D, Wang Y, Choi S, Kompella UB. Dexamethasone Degradation in Aqueous Medium and Implications for Correction of In Vitro Release from Sustained Release Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:320. [PMID: 31646399 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro drug release in an aqueous medium is a critical performance metric for a sustained release drug product. During long-term release studies, drugs may degrade in the release medium, and such degradation can lead to errors in drug release quantitation. Using dexamethasone as a model drug and LC-MS/MS methods employing dexamethasone-d4 as an internal standard, this study identified that dexamethasone can degrade into 13 major degradation products in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a function of time, temperature (25, 37, and 45°C), and light exposure. A putative scheme for dexamethasone degradation pathways in PBS has been proposed. In proof-of-concept studies, the analytical method was used to quantitate dexamethasone and its degradation products during in vitro release studies with sustained release dexamethasone-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) implants incubated in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Further, mathematical approaches were developed to estimate drug release from implants after accounting for drug degradation in PBS. The LC-MS/MS analytical method and the mathematical approaches developed could be used for assessing the stability and/or release of dexamethasone during manufacturing, storage, and use of various dosage forms.
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Wojcik-Pastuszka D, Krzak J, Macikowski B, Berkowski R, Osiński B, Musiał W. Evaluation of the Release Kinetics of a Pharmacologically Active Substance from Model Intra-Articular Implants Replacing the Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1202. [PMID: 31013801 PMCID: PMC6515312 DOI: 10.3390/ma12081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Implants are readily applied as a convenient method of therapy. There is great interest in the prolonged release of active substances from implants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the dissolution kinetics of steroidal anti-inflammatory preparation (SAP) released from novel implants, and to test the influence of the technology on SAP release kinetics. The proposed long-acting preparations may overcome difficulties resulting from repeated injections and often visits to ambulatory clinic, as the stabilizing function of the artificial ligament would be enriched with pharmacological activity. The potential advantages provided by the new coatings of knee implants include the continuous, sustained, and prolonged release of an active substance. The study was carried out using a modified United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) apparatus 4. The amount of SAP was measured spectroscopically. It was revealed that the transport of the drug was mainly a diffusion process. The drug release kinetics was analyzed using zero-, first-, and second-order kinetics as well as Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and Hixon-Crowell models. The highest values of the release rate constants were k0 = (7.49 ± 0.05) × 10-5 mg × min-1, k1 = (6.93 ± 0.05) × 10-6 min-1, and k2 = (7.70 ± 0.05) × 10-7 mg-1 × min-1 as calculated according to zero-, first-, and second-order kinetics equations, respectively. The values of the rate constants obtained for the slowest process were k0 = (3.63 ± 0.06) × 10-5 mg × min-1, k1 = (2.50 ± 0.03) × 10-6 min-1, and k2 = (2.80 ± 0.03) × 10-7 mg-1 × min-1. They may suggest the possibility of sustained release of betamethasone from the system. Due to the statistical analysis, differences were observed between most of the studied implants. Incubation, temperature, time of stabilization of layers, and the method of SAP deposition on the matrix affected the drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wojcik-Pastuszka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 55-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Krzak
- Department of Mechanics, Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Macikowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 55-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Berkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 55-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Bogdan Osiński
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Witold Musiał
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 55-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
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17
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Paixão P, Bermejo M, Hens B, Tsume Y, Dickens J, Shedden K, Salehi N, Koenigsknecht MJ, Baker JR, Hasler WL, Lionberger R, Fan J, Wysocki J, Wen B, Lee A, Frances A, Amidon GE, Yu A, Benninghoff G, Löbenberg R, Talattof A, Sun D, Amidon GL. Gastric emptying and intestinal appearance of nonabsorbable drugs phenol red and paromomycin in human subjects: A multi-compartment stomach approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:162-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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